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Yam an expansive kingdom
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[QUOTE]Originally posted by Djehuti: [QB] ^ Yes that theory of Yam being located west of the Nile was discussed also. It's just that unfortunately archaeologists still haven't found Yam and only know of inferences from Weni and Harkhuf's expeditions. [URL=https://journals.librarypublishing.arizona.edu/jaei/article/1104/galley/1099/download/]SOME GEOGRAPHICAL AND POLITICAL ASPECTS TO RELATIONS BETWEEN EGYPT AND NUBIA INC-GROUP AND KERMA TIMES, CA. 2500 - 1500 B.C.[/URL] [QUOTE][i] Sometime in the early Sixth Dynasty, Egyptian records indicate contact with specific regions and peoples located to the south, some previously known only by the larger geographic designation Ta-Seti, or Land of the Bow, or Ta-Nehes, Land of the Nubian. While these appear as names for the first time, it is clear that they were well established, and had been in place for some time. They occur both in contexts where persons were assigned to regulate conracts16 and where there was active fieldwork involved, notably the recruiting of soldiers and travel to foreign lands. The places and peoples have occasioned a good deal of discussion with various locations being proposed for some of them, while ochers are well-known and located. At this point we deal with a tendency in Egyptology to underestimate the reach of Egyptian engagement in Africa, which has recently been confronted by evidence chat the country called was truly far away. Following are the more important lands, as mentioned in the principal documents, of Weni and Harkhuf, which give some geographical perspective: WAwAt: Later established as the name for Lower Nubia from the First to the Second Cataract, it probably roughly corresponded to that territory. IrTt: Linked in order with and in a single polity by the time of Harkhuf's Third Journey, it may have been the southernmost of the three, although the order of and may not be geographical in relation to Egypt. SaTjw: Linked in a polity with Irtt Wawat. Makhr: Mentioned once, reached from the Elephantine road, apparently above and Satjw. Trrs: Mentioned once, reached from the Elephantine road, apparently above Irtt and Satjw. Kaaw: Mentioned only by Weni, its relationships are uncertain. Tmh: Associated later with Libya, it was the objective ofa campaign by the chief of [b]Iam[/b], which Harkhuf interrupted. [b]Iam: As che main objective of Harkhuf's expeditions, Yam has received considerable discussion. It has been assigned locations from the southern Libyan Desert (oases) to Kerma, to the Isle of Meroe, based on Harkhuf's statement that it took a long time to get there and return to Egypt and Harkhuf's mention that he was exploring a road to Yam in one instance, taking the Elephantine Road in another, and thirdly the Wehat (oasis) road. Some fairly elaborate and well-formed estimates involving time, distance and original starting points have been brought to bear on the question, a number of them starting Harkhuf from Memphis by donkey in order to use up the seven or eight months required.[/b] Medja: Well-known from Old through the New Kingdoms, Medja is widely associated with the Eastern Desert. For the Old Kingdom, scholars have argued variously for a location east of Upper Egypt or as far south as the Second Cataract. If the Egyptians had been faring as far south and west as Darfur in the west, and as far south as Punt in the east-both difficult, time-consuming, and hazardous journeys-- is there any reason to limit Medja so severely? Later, Sobeknakht II recounts that Kush mustered forces from Medjay and Punt, which would indicate that they were adjacent. This would imply chat Medja had much the same location as the Bedja do today, occupying the Eastern Desert from about the Wadi Hamamat to the Ethiopian highlands. Given that this area is larger than the Levant, diversity is to be expected.[/i][/QUOTE]Here's an older source from David O'Connor: [URL=https://sci-hub.ru/https://doi.org/10.2307/40001089]The Locations of Yam and Kush and Their Historical Implications [/URL] [/QB][/QUOTE]
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