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RACE WAR Among Muslims in Al-Andalus: How Berbers were treated in Spain due to color
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[QUOTE]Originally posted by Troll Patrol: [QB] [QUOTE]Originally posted by melchior7: [qb] [QUOTE]Originally posted by Djehuti: [qb] ^ You keep repeating that there were back-migrations. The only significant back-migrations we know of only occurred during Islamic times unless you have proof--valid and uncontested proof-- of back-migrations before this. As Brada has told you there was NO "limit" for blacks as per evidence of the multiple waves of emmigrations outside of Africa both into Southwest Asia as well as into Europe!! As for 'Middle Eastern' types, the 'Middle East' is a geo-political term of Europeans. If by Middle East you mean Southwest Asia, then there were multiple and diverse types due to its location as a crossroads with some types resembling Africans right next door while other types resembling colder-adapted Eurasian types. The latter which you are no doubt referring to when it comes to the stereotypical light-skinned Middle Easterners quite naturally first appeared in the northern most areas of the 'Middle East' and likely originated from Central Asia, the Caucasus, etc. [/qb][/QUOTE]I can't believe you would even question pre islamic back migrations. Is it the New Afrocentric theory now that no back migrations into North Africa ever took place? I guess I've been away too long. I guess genetics is bogus too. You say Eurasians orginated in the Central Asia. Now that's a good start. Obviously they eventually made their way down into the Arabian peninsula, no? So here is another way to ask the question, how far south did these Eurasian types extend during the early days of the Egyptian kingdom??? As you can probably guess, I firmly believe they extended well into North Africa along the coastal areas, and that the Egyptians were a fusion of tropical Africans and these people. Hell even the Badarians seemed to have been mixed. "By the individual analysis of nasal measurements and indices of the first Badarian series in comparison with the mixed Europoid-Negroid series from Wadi Qitna in Nubia (fourth-fifth century AD), with the Europoid series from Manfalout in Upper Egypt (Ptolemaic period) and with a series of recent Nilotes, I came to the conclusion that the distribution of the Badarian skulls extends from the Europoid to the Negroid range." "Of the total 117 skulls, 15 were found to be markedly Europoid, 9 of these were of the gracile Mediterranean type, 6 were of very robust structure reminiscent of the North African Cromagnon type. Eight skulls were clearly Negroid... We may conclude that the share of both components was nearly the same, with some overweight to the Europoid side." "In some of the Badarian crania hair was preserved, thanks to good conditions in the desert sand. In the first series, according to the descriptions of the excavators, they were curly in 6 cases, wavy in 33 cases and straight in 10 cases. They were black in 16 samples, dark brown in 11, brown in 12, light brown in 1 and grey in 11 cases." Eugen Strouhal,The Journal of African History, Vol. 12, No. 1. (1971), Say what you want be these folks showed admixture. [/qb][/QUOTE]So who exactly were those "europoid"? lol And where is the admixture you claim, when did this happen? But yes, multiple times it was stated that North Egypt especially the Delta region has a most admixed population. [IMG]http://i746.photobucket.com/albums/xx108/khazraj/NubianBeauty.png[/IMG] [IMG]http://images.travelpod.com/users/ebowley/1.1243516440.nubians.jpg[/IMG] [URL=http://www.flickr.com/photos/73303991@N03/6987518920/] [IMG]http://farm9.staticflickr.com/8017/6987518920_4a78f1df4c.jpg[/IMG][/URL] [b]Variation in ancient Egyptian stature and body proportions[/b] Sonia R. Zakrzewski* American Journal of Physical Anthropology Volume 121, Issue 3, pages 219–229, July 2003 [QUOTE] Stature and the pattern of body proportions were investigated in a series of six time-successive Egyptian populations in order to investigate the biological effects on human growth of the development and intensification of agriculture, and the formation of state-level social organization. Univariate analyses of variance were performed to assess differences between the sexes and among various time periods. Significant differences were found both in stature and in raw long bone length measurements between the early semipastoral population and the later intensive agricultural population. The size differences were greater in males than in females. This disparity is suggested to be due to greater male response to poor nutrition in the earlier populations, and with the increasing development of social hierarchy, males were being provisioned preferentially over females. [b]Little change in body shape was found through time, suggesting that all body segments were varying in size in response to environmental and social conditions. The change found in body plan is suggested to be the result of the later groups having a more tropical (Nilotic) form than the preceding populations.[/b] Am J Phys Anthropol, 2003. [/QUOTE][b]Population continuity or population change: Formation of the ancient Egyptian state[/b] Sonia R. Zakrzewski* American Journal of Physical Anthropology Volume 132, Issue 4, pages 501–509, April 2007 [QUOTE] The origins of the ancient Egyptian state and its formation have received much attention through analysis of mortuary contexts, skeletal material, and trade. Genetic diversity was analyzed by studying craniometric variation within a series of six time-successive Egyptian populations in order to investigate the evidence for migration over the period of the development of social hierarchy and the Egyptian state. Craniometric variation, based upon 16 measurements, was assessed through principal components analysis, discriminant function analysis, and Mahalanobis D2 matrix computation. Spatial and temporal relationships were assessed by Mantel and Partial Mantel tests. [b]The results indicate overall population continuity over the Predynastic and early Dynastic, and high levels of genetic heterogeneity, thereby suggesting that state formation occurred as a mainly indigenous process. [/b]Nevertheless, significant differences were found in morphology between both geographically-pooled and cemetery-specific temporal groups, indicating that some migration occurred along the Egyptian Nile Valley over the periods studied. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2007. [/QUOTE][b]An Examination of Nubian and Egyptian biological distances: Support for biological diffusion or in situ development? [/b] Homo. 2009;60(5):389-404. Epub 2009 Sep 19. Godde K. et al. [QUOTE] "The clustering of the Nubian and Egyptian samples together supports this paper's hypothesis and demonstrates that there may be a close relationship between the two populations. This relationship is consistent with Berry and Berry (1972), among others, who noted a similarity between Nubians and Egyptians. If Nubians and Egyptians were not biologically similar, one would expect the scores to separately cluster by population (e.g. Nubians compared to Nubians would have small biological distances, and Nubians compared to Egyptians would have high biological distances). However, this was not the case in the current analysis and the Results suggest homogeneity between the two populations." [/QUOTE][b]The nubian mesolithic: A consideration of the Wadi Halfa remains [/b] Meredith F. Small* et al. [QUOTE] [b]Morphological variation of the skeletal remains of ancient Nubia has been traditionally explained as a product of multiple migrations into the Nile Valley. [/b] In contrast, various researchers have noted a continuity in craniofacial variation from Mesolithic through Neolithic times. This apparent continuity could be explained by in situ cultural evolution producing shifts in selective pressures which may act on teeth, the facial complex, and the cranial vault. A series of 13 Mesolithic skulls from Wadi Halfa, Sudan, are compared to Nubian Neolithic remains by means of extended canonical analysis. Results support recent research which suggests consistent trends of facial reduction and cranial vault expansion from Mesolithic through Neolithic times. [/QUOTE]"....inhabitants of East Africa right on the equator have appreciably longer, narrower, and higher noses than people in the Congo at the same latitude. A former generation of anthropologists used to explain this paradox by invoking an invasion by an itinerant "white" population from the Mediterranean area, although this solution raised more problems than it solved since the East Africans in question include some of the blackest people in the world with characteristically wooly hair and a body build unique among the world's populations for its extreme linearity and height.... The relatively long noses of East Africa become explicable then when one realizes that much of the area is extremely dry for parts of the year." (C. Loring Brace, "Nonracial Approach Towards Human Diversity," cited in The Concept of Race, Edited by Ashley Montagu, The Free Press, 1980, pp. 135-136, 138) [IMG]http://www.waa.ox.ac.uk/XDB/images/world/tours/nile-kerma-chronology-small.jpg[/IMG] [IMG]http://www.waa.ox.ac.uk/XDB/images/world/tours/nile-el-barga-site.jpg[/IMG] [IMG]http://www.kerma.ch/carte/en/carte_en.jpg[/IMG] [IMG]http://www.waa.ox.ac.uk/XDB/images/world/tours/nile-nubia.jpg[/IMG] [/QB][/QUOTE]
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