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Genomic Ancestry of North Africans Supports Back-to-Africa Migrations Brenna M. Henn
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[QUOTE]Originally posted by The Explorer: [QB] [QUOTE]Originally posted by Swenet: The haplotypes implied here have differentiated in Africa and are simply not explicable in terms of recent slave trade: [QUOTE]In addition, it has to be taken into account [b]that half of the H lineages detected in North Africa are not shared with other regions and that this percentage is even greater in the putative source regions of the Near East (70%) and the Iberian Peninsula (76%).[/b] These facts point to a higher differentiation among regions and between populations than those observed previously. [b]Indeed, complete or nearly complete sequencing of some apparently identical samples indicates that the real genetic heterogeneity among regions is greater than those estimated above (Figure 2).[/b] To begin with, the HVSI motif 16093 -16189 that characterizes subgroup H1f was found in an individual (Mor 2047) from Morocco (Figure 2) also in an H1 background. This sub-group is particularly abundant and mainly restricted to Finland and the surrounding populations [36]. [b]At first sight, this coincidence would seem to point to a new link between North European with North African populations like that found previously for U5b1b [26]. However, in this case, further analysis of the coding region in the North African sample revealed a lack of the three coding region mutations that additionally characterize the Finish H1f subgroup [38] (Figure 2).[/b][/QUOTE]--Ennafaa 2009 ...[/QUOTE]Funny you should mention Ennafaa et al. 2009, because I have a different take on their data: [i]The relative affinities among regions are based on subhaplogroup frequencies, which do not take into account differences between haplotypes assorted in the same subgroup, or in haplotypic matches, whose identity is based only on partial HVSI sequences. In addition, it has to be taken into account that [b]half of the H lineages detected in North Africa are not shared with other regions[/b] and that [b]this percentage is even greater[/b] in the [b]putative source regions [/b]of the Near East ([b]70%[/b]) and the Iberian Peninsula ([b]76%[/b]). These [b]facts point to a higher differentiation among regions and between populations than those observed previously[/b]. Indeed, complete or nearly complete sequencing of some apparently identical samples indi- cates that the real genetic heterogeneity among regions is greater than those estimated above (Figure 2). To begin with, the [b]HVSI motif 16093 -16189 that characterizes subgroup H1f was found in an individual[/b] (Mor 2047) [b]from Morocco[/b] (Figure 2) also in an H1 background. [b]This subgroup is particularly abundant and mainly restricted to Finland and the surrounding populations[/b] [36]. At [b]first sight[/b], this [b]coincidence[/b] would [b]seem to point to a new link between North European with North African populations[/b] like that found previously for U5b1b [26]. However, in this case, [b]further analysis of the coding region in the North African sample revealed a lack of the three coding region mutations that additionally characterize the Finish H1f [/b]subgroup [38] (Figure 2). This [b]lack of identity between haplotypes assorted in the same subgroup[/b] and sharing the same or similar HVSI motif can be [b]extended to other cases[/b]. For instance, there is [b]a group of H sequences that shares the 16145 – 16222 HVSI motif consistently found in Northwestern Africa, the Sahara and several Western Sahelian populations[/b] [15]. The [b]complete sequencing of a Mauritanian sample[/b] (Mau 2027) allowed the [b]assignation of this type to the subhaplogroup H1[/b] (Figure 2). The [b]direct connection of this motif with a German sequence was previously suggested[/b] [15]. However, the [b]additional presence of transitions 16304 and 456 in the HVSI and HVSII regions respectively in that German haplotype [43] indicated that it should be classified as belonging to the H5 instead of the H1[/b] subgroup, which [b]does not support a direct link between these regions[/b]. In contrast, the [b]two 16145 – 16222 haplotypes sporadically detected in the Iberian Peninsula[/b] [[44] and unpublished results] [b]belonged to the North African subgroup as they shared the coding 10257[/b] mutation, in addition to the H1 diagnostic transition 3010, with the totally sequenced Mauritanian sample (Figure 2). It seems that the 10257 transition [b]defines a new subgroup within H1[/b]. This fact [b]points to a possible, although not recent, North African demic influence on the Iberian genetic pool[/b].[/i] Going further... [i]Another interesting group of sequences belonging to the H1 subgroup in North Africa is that [b]characterized by the 16172 – 16311 motif[/b], which we [15] and others [19] have found mainly in Saharan samples. Haplotypes with, or including, [b]this HVSI motif have also been detected in European[/b] [45,43,8][46-49] and [b]in Asian[/b] [50-54] samples, but [b]not in the Iberian Peninsula yet[/b] (see Additional file 1). However, the [b]possibility of direct phylogenetic links among such distant regions is very weak[/b], because [b]all of those individuals further classified in both regions belong to the H5 subgroup or the HV[/b] haplogroup [48,49] in Europe, [b]or to the HV or the R2 haplogroups [53,54] in the Middle East[/b], which [b]strongly points to yet another case of HVSI convergence in distinct backgrounds of coding regions[/b]. In addition to the CRS, the 16189 and the 16311 HVSI motifs are quite abundant in North Africa (see Additional file 1). However, when [b]these samples were screened for the coding region positions observed in completely sequenced European or Middle East individuals that held the same HVSI motifs[/b] (Figure 2), [b]none[/b] of these positions [b]appeared in the North African samples[/b]. This [b]lack of homogeneity again strongly points to their different monophyletic coding backgrounds, in spite of their HVSI matches[/b], a fact repeatedly found in other studies [38].[/i] Not done yet... [i]Indeed, in this study, there are [b]also instances of molecular convergence in the coding region[/b]. Sequences [b]How 73H and Jor 843 share the 12236 transition[/b], although they [b]respectively belong to the H* and H5 subgropups[/b] (Figure 2). The [b]12358 transition also presents one such case that is shared by four sequences[/b] (Her 127, Ach 28, MM H2, and Mau 2027) [b]belonging to different H subgroups[/b] (Figure 2).[/i] The point being, that pointing to H does not necessarily serve as unequivocal proof of a European origin. This is not to say that elements of Hg H are not due to European gene pool, but that not all the clade is necessarily implicated in such a gene flow. That aside, dating estimates are just that, estimates, and are a subject to the methodology applied and [b]assumptions[/b] that went along with that, by the authors. I've noted this time and again, and can't stress it enough! PS: You keep reminding readers of what a total nutcase you are in your incessant blind and dumb reliance on Kefi et al.'s discredited reports. [/QB][/QUOTE]
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