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Berbers are primarily not African ?
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[QUOTE]Originally posted by Trollkillah # Ish Gebor: [QB] [QUOTE]Originally posted by the lioness,: [qb] https://home.bt.com/news/uknews/ancestors-suffered-tooth-decay-11363864831193 [IMG]https://home.bt.com/images/ancestors-suffered-tooth-decay-136386483115114201?v=140107085607[/IMG] skeletons were recovered from Grotte des Pigeons, a cave system at Taforalt, Morocco - a site containing a plethora of preserved Stone Age remains. http://www.nerc.ac.uk/research/programmes/efched/results/barton.asp?cookieConsent=A [URL=http://www.ephotobay.com/share/picture-24-124.html] [IMG]http://www.ephotobay.com/image/picture-24-124.png[/IMG][/URL[b]notice the difference?_____________________________^^^^[/b] Iberomaurusian burial from Hattab 2 Cave. This site was also investigated by the project. The cranium reveals the same pattern of incisor extraction as seen in the burials from Taforalt. The earliest date of 12.675ka from the base of the grey sequence provides a likely maximum age for the burials. [/qb][/QUOTE]Thanks for posting. [QUOTE] [b]While it is possible that the types found belong to [i]hitherto u[/i]nrecognised 'transitional Middle-Upper Palaeolithic industries', [/b]we believe it more prudent at the moment to leave any precise attribution until further work has been completed. [/QUOTE] http://www.nerc.ac.uk/research/programmes/efched/results/barton.asp?cookieConsent=A [IMG]http://bokbot.e-monsite.com/medias/album/images/dscn4450-f0mrs.jpg[/IMG] [IMG]http://bokbot.e-monsite.com/medias/album/images/fig-rzp36.jpg[/IMG] [qb] Libya and the Maghreb:[/qb] [i] If the archaeology of the Sahara’s southern margins remains relatively poorly understood, the Maghreb has long been the focus of sustained activity focused on the Pleistocene/Holocene transition (Lubell 2000, 2005). Here and at Haua Fteah in northeastern Libya, the Iberomaurusian industry introduced in Chapter 7 continued to be made into the terminal Pleistocene (McBurney 1967; Close and Wendorf 1990). Several unusual features are of interest, including evidence, rare at this time depth, for sculpture. This takes the form of anthropomorphic and zoomorphic ceramic figurines from Afalou, Algeria, baked from locally available clay to temperatures of 500◦–800◦C (Hachi 1996, Hachi et al. 2002). Dating 15–11 kya, they are complemented by an earlier fragmentary figurine from the nearby site of Tamar Hat (Saxon 1976). Distinctive, too, are the many burials known from these later Iberomaurusian contexts, including apparent cemeteries at Afalou (Hachi 1996) and Taforalt, Morocco (almost 200 individuals; Ferembach et al. 1962). Analysis of these remains (see inset) raises issues of territoriality, limited mobility, and group identity that economic data are still too few to explore further. Knowing that people hunted Barbary sheep and other large mammals and that they collected molluscs, both terrestrial and marine, is very different from being able to develop this checklist of ingredients into a meaningful set of recipes or menus that could illuminate the details of Iberomaurusian subsistence-settlement strategies. [/i] [qb] WHAT BONES CAN TELL: BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON THE HUNTER-GATHERERS OF THE MAGHREB:[/qb] [i] The extremely large skeletal samples that come from sites such as Taforalt (Fig. 8.13) and Afalou constitute an invaluable resource for understanding the makers of Iberomaurusian artifacts, and their number is unparalleled elsewhere in Africa for the early Holocene. Frequently termed Mechta-Afalou or [b]Mechtoid, these were a skeletally robust people and definitely African in origin, [/b]though attempts, such as those of Ferembach (1985), to establish similarities with much older and rarer Aterian skeletal remains are tenuous given the immense temporal separation between the two (Close and Wendorf 1990). At the opposite end of the chronological spectrum, [b]dental morphology does suggest connections with later Africans, including those responsible for the Capsian Industry (Irish 2000) and early mid-Holocene human remains from the western half of the Sahara (Dutour 1989), something that points to the Maghreb as one of the regions from which people recolonised the desert (MacDonald 1998).[/b] Turning to what can be learned about cultural practices and disease, the individuals from Taforalt, the largest sample by far, display little evidence of trauma, though they do suggest a high incidence of infant mortality, with evidence for dental caries, arthritis, and rheumatism among other degenerative conditions. Interestingly, Taforalt also provides one of the oldest known instances of the practice of trepanation, the surgical removal of a portion of the cranium; the patient evidently survived for some time, as there are signs of bone regrowth in the affected area. [b]Another form of body modification was much more widespread and, indeed, a distinctive feature of the Iberomaurusian skeletal sample as a whole. This was the practice of removing two or more of the upper incisors, usually around puberty and from both males and females, something that probably served as both a rite of passage and an ethnic marker (Close and Wendorf 1990), just as it does in parts of sub-Saharan Africa today (e.g., van Reenen 1987).[/b] Cranial and postcranial malformations are also apparent and may indicate pronounced endogamy at a much more localised level (Hadjouis 2002), perhaps supported by the degree of variability between different site samples noted by Irish (2000). [/i] --Lawrence Barham [i]The First Africans: African Archaeology from the Earliest Toolmakers to Most Recent Foragers (Cambridge World Archaeology) [/i] [/QB][/QUOTE]
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