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[QUOTE]Originally posted by Trollkillah # Ish Gebor: [QB] ^^^ Derived immune and ancestral pigmentation alleles in a 7,000-year-old Mesolithic European [QUOTE] Ancient genomic sequences have started to reveal the origin and the demographic impact of farmers from the Neolithic period spreading into Europe1, 2, 3. The adoption of farming, stock breeding and sedentary societies during the Neolithic may have resulted in adaptive changes in genes associated with immunity and diet4. However, the limited data available from earlier hunter-gatherers preclude an understanding of the selective processes associated with this crucial transition to agriculture in recent human evolution. Here we sequence an approximately 7,000-year-old Mesolithic skeleton discovered at the La Braña-Arintero site in León, Spain, to retrieve a complete pre-agricultural European human genome. Analysis of this genome in the context of other ancient samples suggests the existence of a common ancient genomic signature across western and central Eurasia from the Upper Paleolithic to the Mesolithic. The La Braña individual carries ancestral alleles in several skin pigmentation genes, suggesting that the light skin of modern Europeans was not yet ubiquitous in Mesolithic times. Moreover, we provide evidence that a significant number of derived, putatively adaptive variants associated with pathogen resistance in modern Europeans were already present in this hunter-gatherer. [/QUOTE] [QUOTE] Extended Data Figure 1: Alignment and coverage statistics of the La Braña 1 genome. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/fig_tab/nature12960_SF1.html a, Alignment summary of the La Braña 1 sequence data to hg19 assembly. b, Coverage statistics per chromosome. The percentage of the chromosome covered by at least one read is shown, as well as the mean read depth of all positions and positions covered by at least one read. c, Percentage of the genome covered at different minimum read depths. [/QUOTE] [QUOTE] Extended Data Figure 2: Damage pattern of La Braña 1 sequenced reads. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/fig_tab/nature12960_SF2.html a, b, Frequencies of C to T (red) and G to A (blue) misincorporations at the 5′ end (left) and 3′ end (right) are shown for the nuclear DNA (nuDNA) (a) and mtDNA (b). c, d, Fragment length distribution of reads mapping to the nuclear genome (c) and mtDNA genome (d). Coefficients of determination (R2) for an exponential decline are provided for the four different data sets. The exponential coefficients for the four data sets correspond to the damage fraction (λ); e is the base of the natural logarithm. [/QUOTE] [QUOTE] Extended Data Figure 3: Genetic affinities of the La Braña 1 genome. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/fig_tab/nature12960_SF3.html a, PCA of the La Braña 1 SNP data and the 1000 Genomes Project European individuals. b, PCA of La Braña 1 versus world-wide data genotyped with the Illumina Omni 2.5M array. Continental terms make reference to each Omni population grouping as follows: Africans, Yoruba and Luyha; Asians, Chinese (Beijing, Denver, South, Dai), Japanese and Vietnamese; Europeans, Iberians, Tuscans, British, Finns and CEU; and Indian Gujarati from Texas. c, Each panel shows PC1 and PC2 based on the PCA of one of the ancient samples with the merged POPRES+FINHM sample, before Procrustes transformation. The ancient samples include the La Braña 1 sample and four Neolithic samples from refs 1 and 3. [/QUOTE] [QUOTE] Extended Data Figure 4: Allele-sharing analysis. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/fig_tab/nature12960_SF4.html Each panel shows the allele-sharing of a particular Neolithic sample from refs 1 and 3 with La Braña 1 sample. The sample IDs are presented in the upper left of each panel (Ajv52, Ajv70, Ire8, Gok4 and Ötzi). In the upper right of each panel, the Pearson’s correlation coefficient is given with the associated P value. [/QUOTE] [QUOTE] Extended Data Figure 5: Pairwise outgroup f3 statistics. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/fig_tab/nature12960_SF5.html a, Sardinian versus Karitiana. b, Sardinian versus Han. c, La Braña 1 versus Mal’ta. d, Sardinian versus Mal’ta. e, La Braña 1 versus Karitiana. The solid line represents y = x. [/QUOTE] [QUOTE]Extended Data Figure 6: Analysis of heterozygosity. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/fig_tab/nature12960_SF6.html a, Heterozygosity distributions of La Braña 1 and modern individuals with similar coverage from the 1000 Genomes Project (using 1-Mb windows with 200 kb overlap). CEU, northern- and western-European ancestry. CHB, Han Chinese; FIN, Finns; GBR, Great Britain; IBS, Iberians; JPT, Japanese; LWK, Luhya; TSI, Tuscans; YRI, Yorubans. b, Heterozygosity values in 1-Mb windows (with 200 kb overlap) across each chromosome. [/QUOTE] [QUOTE] Extended Data Figure 7: Amylase copy-number analysis. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/fig_tab/nature12960_SF7.html a, Size distribution of diploid control regions. b, AMY1 gene copy number in La Braña 1. CN, copy number; DGV, Database of Genomic Variation. c, La Braña 1 AMY1 gene copy number in the context of low- and high-starch diet populations. d, Classification of low- and high-starch diet individuals based on AMY1 copy number. Using data from ref. 18, individuals were classified as in low-starch (less or equal than) or high-starch (higher than) categories and the fraction of correct predictions was calculated. In addition, we calculated the random expectation and 95% limit of low-starch-diet individuals classified correctly at each threshold value. [/QUOTE] [QUOTE] Extended Data Figure 8: Neighbouring variants for three diagnostic SNPs related to immunity. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/fig_tab/nature12960_SF8.html a, rs2745098 (PTX4 gene). b, rs11755393 (UHRF1BP1 gene). c, rs10421769 (GPATCH1 gene). For PTX4, UHRF1BP1 and GPATCH1, La Braña 1 displays the derived allele and the European-specific haplotype, indicating that the positive-selection event was already present in the Mesolithic. Blue, ancestral; red, derived. [/QUOTE] [QUOTE] Extended Data Figure 9: Metagenomic analysis of the non-human reads. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/fig_tab/nature12960_SF9.html a, Domain attribution of the reads that did not map to hg19. b, Proportion of different Bacteria groups. c, Proportion of different types of Proteobacteria. d, Microbial attributes of the microbes present in the La Braña 1 sample. [/QUOTE]Iñigo Olalde, Morten E. Allentoft, Federico Sánchez-Quinto, Gabriel Santpere, Charleston W. K. Chiang, Michael DeGiorgio, Javier Prado-Martinez, Juan Antonio Rodríguez, Simon Rasmussen, Javier Quilez, Oscar Ramírez, Urko M. Marigorta, Marcos Fernández-Callejo, María Encina Prada, Julio Manuel Vidal Encinas, Rasmus Nielsen, Mihai G. Netea, John Novembre, Richard A. 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