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Berbers are primarily not African ?
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[QUOTE]Originally posted by the lioness,: [QB] [QUOTE]Originally posted by xyyman: mtDNA hg-H was [b]NOT[/b] present in Europe until about 3000BC. This is NOT a hypothesis. This LIVE data. [/QUOTE]you should be citing the title of the article title when you say that but H is not the only Hg discussed. The following article describes a pronounced population increase at ~7000 BC " incompatible with traditional views" not 3000BC You also only consider Africa and Europe but for get about the Near East and Caucus http://www.nature.com/ncomms/journal/v4/n4/full/ncomms2656.html NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | ARTICLE Received 20 September 2012 Accepted 27 February 2013 Published 23 April 2013 [b]Neolithic mitochondrial haplogroup H genomes and the genetic origins of Europeans[/b] Paul Brotherton et al Abstract Abstract• Accession codes• References• Author information• Supplementary information Haplogroup H dominates present-day Western European mitochondrial DNA variability (>40%), yet was less common (~19%) among Early Neolithic farmers (~5450 BC) and virtually absent in Mesolithic hunter-gatherers. Here we investigate this major component of the maternal population history of modern Europeans and sequence 39 complete haplogroup H mitochondrial genomes from ancient human remains. We then compare this ‘real-time’ genetic data with cultural changes taking place between the Early Neolithic (~5450 BC) and Bronze Age (~2200 BC) in Central Europe. Our results reveal that the current diversity and distribution of haplogroup H were largely established by the Mid Neolithic (~4000 BC), but with substantial genetic contributions from subsequent pan-European cultures such as the Bell Beakers expanding out of Iberia in the Late Neolithic (~2800 BC). Dated haplogroup H genomes allow us to reconstruct the recent evolutionary history of haplogroup H and reveal a mutation rate 45% higher than current estimates for human mitochondria. Haplogroup H dominates present-day Western European mitochondrial DNA variability (>40%), yet was less common (~19%) among Early Neolithic farmers (~5450 BC) and virtually absent in Mesolithic hunter-gatherers. Here we investigate this major component of the maternal population history of modern Europeans and sequence 39 complete haplogroup H mitochondrial genomes from ancient human remains. We then compare this ‘real-time’ genetic data with cultural changes taking place between the Early Neolithic (~5450 BC) and Bronze Age (~2200 BC) in Central Europe. Our results reveal that the current diversity and distribution of haplogroup H were largely established by the Mid Neolithic (~4000 BC), but with substantial genetic contributions from subsequent pan-European cultures such as the Bell Beakers expanding out of Iberia in the Late Neolithic (~2800 BC). Dated haplogroup H genomes allow us to reconstruct the recent evolutionary history of haplogroup H and reveal a mutation rate 45% higher than current estimates for human mitochondria. The demographic reconstruction, which is based on direct calibration points, has major implications for understanding post-glacial human history in Europe. [b]Our new estimate is that the majority of present-day hg H lineages were carried into Central, Northern and Eastern Europe via a post-glacial human population expansion before the Holocene (12 kya)13. Our data complement a recent study, based on present-day mt genomes, which describes a pronounced population increase at ~7000 BC[/b] (interpreted as a Neolithic expansion into Europe), but followed by a slow population growth until the present day26. By including ancient DNA data from across the critical time points in question, our skyride plot corrects for missing temporal data and suggests substantial growth of hg H from the beginning of the Neolithic and continuing throughout the entire Neolithic period. This emphasizes the role of farming practices and cultural developments in the demographic expansions inferred in subsequent time periods, which have not yet been explored genetically. __________________________ And your math is off: http://www.sci-news.com/othersciences/anthropology/article01032.html The team used DNA extracted from bone and teeth samples from prehistoric human skeletons to sequence a group of maternal genetic lineages that are now carried by up to 45 per cent of Europeans. “This is the first high-resolution genetic record of these lineages through time, and it is fascinating that we can directly observe both human DNA evolving in ‘real-time’, and the dramatic population changes that have taken place in Europe,” said Dr Wolfgang Haak of the University of Adelaide’s Australian Center for Ancient DNA, co-author of a paper published in the journal Nature Communications. “We can follow over 4,000 years of prehistory, from the earliest farmers through the early Bronze Age to modern times.” [b]“The record of this maternally inherited genetic group, called Haplogroup H, shows that the first farmers in Central Europe resulted from a wholesale cultural and genetic input via migration, beginning in Turkey and the Near East [/b] where farming originated and arriving in Germany around 7500 years ago,” explained co-author Dr Paul Brotherton of the University of Huddersfield, UK. ________________________________ http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/24/2/436.full [b]Origin and Expansion of Haplogroup H, the Dominant Human Mitochondrial DNA Lineage in West Eurasia: The Near Eastern and Caucasian Perspective U Roostalu1,*, I Kutuev*†, [/b] several hg H subclades in Near East and Southern Caucasus region coalesce to the pre-LGM period. Furthermore, irrespective of their common origin, significant differences between the distribution of hg H sub-hgs in Europe and in the Near East and South Caucasus imply limited post-LGM maternal gene flow between these regions. In a contrast, the North Caucasus mitochondrial gene pool has received an influx of hg H variants, arriving from the Ponto-Caspian/East European area The hg H encompasses over 40% of the total mtDNA variation in most of Europe. Its frequency declines toward the East and South, but in the Near East, the Caucasus and Central Asia, its frequency is still as high as 10–30% (Metspalu et al. 1999; Richards et al. 2000; Tambets et al. 2000; Al-Zahery et al. 2003; Achilli et al. 2004; Loogväli et al. 2004; Metspalu et al. 2004; Quintana-Murci et al. 2004; [b] The present-day variation of hg H suggests that this mtDNA clade arose outside Europe before the LGM (Torroni et al. 1998; Richards et al. 2000; Loogväli et al. 2004; Pereira et al. 2005). In our attempt to expose pre-LGM limbs of hg H, we have characterized here the phylogeography of H13, which is one of the most diverse sub-hgs in the Near East and the Caucasus. It has a coalescence age of about 31,000 YBP according to HVS-1 (table 1) and about 25,000 or 19,000 YBP when calculated using coding region mutations. These dates place its origin before the LGM because the coalescence age, signaling the beginning of the expansion, is only the minimal absolute age of the clade. [/b] It should be stressed that for the majority of hg H subclades, the signal of expansion in the Near East and the Caucasus lies in a time frame between 18,000 and 10,000 YBP (table 1). __________________________________________ It may depend on where the oldest remains are carrying Haplogroup H are I'm not sure [/QB][/QUOTE]
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