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Africans' ability to digest milk linked to spread of cattle raising
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[QUOTE]Originally posted by the lioness,: [QB] [QUOTE]Originally posted by the lioness,: [QB] http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2148-14-109.pdf BMC Evolutionary Biology 2014, 14:109 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-14-109 [b]The history of the North African mitochondrial DNA haplogroup U6 gene flow into the African, Eurasian and American continents[/b] Bernard Secher et al. Abstract (provisional) Background Complete mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genome analyses have greatly improved the phylogeny and phylogeography of human mtDNA. Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup U6 has been considered as a molecular signal of a Paleolithic return to North Africa of modern humans from southwestern Asia. Results Using 230 complete sequences we have refined the U6 phylogeny, and improved the phylogeographic information by the analysis of 761 partial sequences. This approach provides chronological limits for its arrival to Africa, followed by its spreads there according to climatic fluctuations, and its secondary prehistoric and historic migrations out of Africa colonizing Europe, the Canary Islands and the American Continent. Conclusions The U6 expansions and contractions inside Africa faithfully reflect the climatic fluctuations that occurred in this Continent affecting also the Canary Islands. Mediterranean contacts drove these lineages to Europe, at least since the Neolithic. In turn, the European colonization brought different U6 lineages throughout the American Continent leaving the specific sign of the colonizers origin. [URL=http://www.ephotobay.com/share/picture-27-102.html] [IMG]http://www.ephotobay.com/image/picture-27-102.png[/IMG][/URL] [URL=http://www.ephotobay.com/share/picture-28-121.html] [IMG]http://www.ephotobay.com/image/picture-28-121.png[/IMG][/URL] ________________________________ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2987384/ [b]Linking the sub-Saharan and West Eurasian gene pools: maternal and paternal heritage of the Tuareg nomads from the African Sahel [/b]2010 Luísa Pereira,1,2 Viktor Černý,3,* The influence of East Africa in the Tuareg can be investigated more directly through haplogroup M1.16 As concerns the finer classification of Tuareg M1 haplotypes, two of them (5 sequences out of 12) belong to M1b, which has a clear Mediterranean distribution, pointing to North Africa as its most probable gateway to the Tuareg. This finding is inconsistent with the absence of U6, which is believed to have entered Africa together with M1 in a back migration from western Eurasia around 45000 years ago. The time estimate for M1b, based on the coding region, is 23400±5600 years,16 placing its origin in the Early Upper Palaeolithic. More promising in ascertaining Eastern African origin is another haplotype observed in seven Tuareg individuals from Burkina Faso belonging to haplogroup M1a, which, though being considered dominant in East Africa42 also spread to the Mediterranean, and which has a total age of 28800±4900 years. [/QB][/QUOTE]
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