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Africans' ability to digest milk linked to spread of cattle raising

[...]

For instance, they identified the variant linked with lactase persistence in Europeans, T-13910, in central and northern African pastoralist groups, suggesting that these teams may possibly have combined traditionally with a non-African inhabitants. The age of this genetic mutation is believed to be 5,000-twelve,300 yrs previous, coinciding with the origins of cattle domestication in North Africa and the Center East. And a variant, G-13915, found at significant frequencies in the Arabian Peninsula, and also present in northern Kenya and northern Sudan, dates to around five,000 decades ago, all over the time that archaeological proof suggests that camels were being domesticated in the area.

Yet another variant, G-13907, was recognized in the northern reaches of Sudan and Kenya as well as in Ethiopia. The scientists speculate that the mutation may perhaps have arisen in Cushitic populations in Ethiopia, who afterwards migrated into Kenya and Sudan in the last 5,000 a long time.

They observed even now an additional variant, C-14010, in Tanzania and Kenya as well as in southern Africa. This variant is believed to have arisen three,000 to seven,000 a long time back, a timing in line with the migration of pastoralists from North Africa into East Africa. The researchers' evaluation suggests that this variant unfold additional lately into southern African, potentially only in the final one,000 many years.

"We are starting off to paint a photo of convergent evolution," Tishkoff reported. "Our final results are showing unique mutations arising in unique destinations that are below choice and soaring to substantial frequencies and then reintroduced by migration to new locations and new populations."

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Interestingly, if we take into account the high prevalence of LP
and the LP T-13910 allele in the Fulani and northern Europeans,
as well as the almost-identical LP H98 allelic haplotype carrying
the T-13910 allele (not only in the 30-kb region studied here but
also in an 800-kb region in some populations [data not shown]),
similar age estimates emerge for the T-13910 allele in both
populations. This would indicate that the African Fulani and
northern Europeans probably share the origin of this mutation and
perhaps also share a dairy culture. Previous studies in Fulani have
also suggested a degree of Caucasian admixture in their gene pool,
a finding that supports the Caucasian origin of the LP H98 T-13910
allele. (28)

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Posts: 8179 | From: the Tekrur straddling Senegal & Mauritania | Registered: Dec 2011  |  IP: Logged | 

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Originally posted by the lioness,:
naturally, the earlier Europeans were hunter gatherers.

____________________________________


Emerging genetic patterns of the european neolithic: Perspectives from a late neolithic bell beaker burial site in Germany†

Esther J. Lee et al.

Abstract

The transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture in Europe is associated with demographic changes that may have shifted the human gene pool of the region as a result of an influx of Neolithic farmers from the Near East. However, the genetic composition of populations after the earliest Neolithic, when a diverse mosaic of societies that had been fully engaged in agriculture for some time appeared in central Europe, is poorly known. At this period during the Late Neolithic (ca. 2,800–2,000 BC), regionally distinctive burial patterns associated with two different cultural groups emerge, Bell Beaker and Corded Ware, and may reflect differences in how these societies were organized. Ancient DNA analyses of human remains from the Late Neolithic Bell Beaker site of Kromsdorf, Germany showed distinct mitochondrial haplotypes for six individuals, which were classified under the haplogroups I1, K1, T1, U2, U5, and W5, and two males were identified as belonging to the Y haplogroup R1b. In contrast to other Late Neolithic societies in Europe emphasizing maintenance of biological relatedness in mortuary contexts, the diversity of maternal haplotypes evident at Kromsdorf suggests that burial practices of Bell Beaker communities operated outside of social norms based on shared maternal lineages. Furthermore, our data, along with those from previous studies, indicate that modern U5-lineages may have received little, if any, contribution from the Mesolithic or Neolithic mitochondrial gene pool.

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The surprise is that the Neolithic peoples of Europe and their Bronze Age successors are not closely related to the modern inhabitants, although the prehistoric/modern ties are somewhat more apparent in southern Europe. It is a further surprise that the Epipalaeolithic Natufian of Israel from whom the Neolithic realm was assumed to arise has a clear link to Sub-Saharan Africa...

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E3b originated in East Africa and expanded into the Near East and northern Africa at the end of the Pleistocene (Underhill et al. 2001).

E3b lineages would have then been introduced from the Near East into southern Europe by farmers, during the Neolithic expansion (Hammer et al. 1998; Semino et al. 2000; Underhill et al. 2001).

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Got lactase?


In the US and many other countries, we've certainly "got milk," but not everyone can enjoy it. For around 10% of Americans, 10% of Africa's Tutsi tribe, 50% of Spanish and French people, and 99% of Chinese, a tall cold glass of milk means an upset stomach and other unpleasant digestive side effects.

In fact, most adults in the world are lactose intolerant and cannot digest lactose, the primary sugar in milk.

And yet, regardless of our ancestry, most of us began our lives happily drinking milk from a bottle or breast — so what happened in the intervening time? Why do so many babies enjoy lactose and so many adults avoid it? Lactose is broken down by a protein called lactase, which acts as a pair of molecular scissors, snipping the lactose molecule in two. Anyone who drank milk as a baby carries a working version of the gene that codes for lactase. In lactose tolerant individuals, that gene keeps working into adulthood, producing the protein that digests lactose and makes eating ice cream a pleasant experience. But in people who are lactose intolerant, that lactase gene is switched off after weaning. Now, new research reveals that the Stone Age ancestors of European dairy-lovers probably couldn't digest milk either. So how did they get from bellyaches to milk mustaches? The answer is an evolutionary story that takes us from the milkmaids of the Alps to the Maasai herdsmen of Africa.


Where's the evolution?


Mutations that keep the lactase gene permanently switched on are common among modern Europeans — but not among their ancestors. In March 2007, a team of German and British researchers announced that they went looking for that mutation in the 7000-year-old fossils of ancient Europeans and came up empty-handed.

The researchers managed to extract the length of DNA corresponding to the lactose tolerance mutation from eight Neolithic human fossils and one Mesolithic fossil, but those DNA sequences did not carry the telltale mutation. The results suggest that as late as 5000 BC most ancient Europeans could not have digested milk as adults — and that they only later evolved into milk-drinking societies.

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Continued ability to digest lactose after weaning provides a possible selective advantage to individuals who have access to milk as a food source. The lactase persistence (LP) phenotype exists at varying frequencies in different populations and SNPs that modulate the regulation of the LCT gene have been identified in many of these populations. Very strong positive selection for LP has been illustrated for a single SNP (rs4988235) in northwestern European populations, which has become a textbook example of the effect of recent selective sweeps on genetic variation and linkage disequilibrium.

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Conclusion

Lactase persistence is a genetic trait enabling life-long digestion of the milk sugar lactose. The ability to rely on ruminant secondary products, such as milk, likely conveyed selective advantage during times of resource scarcity, and genetic lactase persistence has independently evolved at least five times in European, Middle Eastern, and African populations . Previous ancient DNA studies have established that genetic lactase persistence was low or absent in most European Neolithic populations . In this study, we show that the frequency of lactase persistence in medieval Germany (72%) is similar to that found today in Germany and Austria (71–80%), suggesting that the incomplete selective sweep of the lactase persistence allele may have reached the present allele frequency in western Central Europe by AD 1200 . Although many aspects of the origin and early evolutionary history of the T-13910 LP allele remain uncertain, ancient DNA research has made great strides in narrowing the period of European LP selection to an approximately 4,000 year window spanning 3000 BC to AD 1200 . Future ancient studies on this period are likely to reveal the specific evolutionary forces acting on the T-13910 allele and the relationship between dairying and LP genotypes.

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Breton et al. analyze lactase persistence variants and genome-wide SNPs among southern African groups and show that Khoe pastoralists have partial East African ancestry. This finding suggests that an East African group migrated south, brought pastoralism to southern Africa, and admixed with local hunter-gatherers to form the ancestors of Khoe.

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Ancient DNA Analysis Reveals High Frequency of European Lactase Persistence Allele (T-13910) in Medieval Central Europe

Ruminant milk and dairy products are important food resources in many European, African, and Middle Eastern societies. These regions are also associated with derived genetic variants for lactase persistence. In mammals, lactase, the enzyme that hydrolyzes the milk sugar lactose, is normally down-regulated after weaning, but at least five human populations around the world have independently evolved mutations regulating the expression of the lactase-phlorizin-hydrolase gene. These mutations result in a dominant lactase persistence phenotype and continued lactase tolerance in adulthood. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) at C/T-13910 is responsible for most lactase persistence in European populations, but when and where the T-13910 polymorphism originated and the evolutionary processes by which it rose to high frequency in Europe have been the subject of strong debate. A history of dairying is presumed to be a prerequisite, but archaeological evidence is lacking. In this study, DNA was extracted from the dentine of 36 individuals excavated at a medieval cemetery in Dalheim, Germany. Eighteen individuals were successfully genotyped for the C/T-13910 SNP by molecular cloning and sequencing, of which 13 (72%) exhibited a European lactase persistence genotype: 44% CT, 28% TT. Previous ancient DNA-based studies found that lactase persistence genotypes fall below detection levels in most regions of Neolithic Europe. Our research shows that by AD 1200, lactase persistence frequency had risen to over 70% in this community in western Central Europe. Given that lactase persistence genotype frequency in present-day Germany and Austria is estimated at 71–80%, our results suggest that genetic lactase persistence likely reached modern levels before the historic population declines associated with the Black Death, thus excluding plague-associated evolutionary forces in the rise of lactase persistence in this region. This new evidence sheds light on the dynamic evolutionary history of the European lactase persistence trait and its global cultural implications.

[...]

Two hypotheses have been proposed to explain the origin of LP and its association with dairying: the culture-historical hypothesis [25] and the reverse cause hypothesis [26]. The culture-historical hypothesis posits that the LP allele arose from low frequency through selection in cultures with a long history of dairying. By contrast, the reverse-cause hypothesis holds that the LP allele may have already been common in certain populations due to genetic drift and only these populations would have adopted the cultural practice of dairying. Additional genetic pressures may have existed in arid climates where milk is one of the only clean sources of water [27] or in northern latitudes where, in the absence of vitamin D, the presence of lactose facilitates the absorption of calcium by the intestinal mucosa and thus reduces the risk of rickets and osteomalacia [28]. Rickets and osteomalacia can cause deformation of the pelvis and are leading causes of obstructed labor and consequent maternal mortality and perinatal morbidity in traditional societies without access to modern medical care [29].

Keeping cattle, sheep and goats not only for meat but also for milk provided important advantages for ancient societies. Milk contains high quality fat, protein and sugar and high amounts of calcium [30]. It is a clean liquid that can be converted into a variety of storable products that may have helped prehistoric people survive periods of scarcity [17]. It has been estimated that a prehistoric cow was able to produce 400–600 kg of milk in a lactation period of three to four months. Even after subtracting the 250–350 kg needed for the raising of a calf, 150–250 kg of milk would remain available for human consumption. The caloric content of this milk is almost equivalent to the meat of an entire cow, and it can be exploited multiple times throughout the animal's lifetime [31].

Although archaeological evidence for dairying in prehistoric Europe is scarce, recent zooarchaeological and biomolecular data suggest that dairying was practiced from the very beginning of the Neolithic (ca. 5000 BC) and became more and more important over time [16], [23], [32]. Another line of evidence comes from SNP [13] and microsatellite variation [33] studies that report strong signals of recent positive selection at the C/T-13910 locus. These studies estimate that selective pressure on the allele began 2188–20650 years BP and 7450–12300 years BP, respectively, and computer simulations place the origin of the allele at 6256–8683 years BP in a region between the central Balkans and Central Europe [18].

Previous ancient DNA studies of LP have reported low, but highly variable frequencies for the lactase persistence allele in Neolithic Europe (Figure 1). In a Neolithic Basque population the lactase persistence allele was found in seven out of 26 individuals, of which two were heterozygous and five were homozygous for the LP allele [34]. In a separate study, one Neolithic individual from Sweden was also found to be heterozygous [35]. All other studies reported only homozygous lactase non-persistent genotypes [14], [36], [37]. To date, only one published ancient DNA study has investigated LP prevalence in a post-Neolithic population; in that study on medieval Hungary (ca. AD 900–1100), local commoners and foreign conquerors were found to have different LP genotype frequencies [38]. The foreign conquerors (originating from the east) were found to have exclusively lactase non-persistent genotypes, whereas the local commoners exhibited 33% LP genotypes (CT and TT). As modern LP genotype frequencies in the region are >60% today [38], these results imply rapid allele frequency change during the past millennium.

[...]

Introduction

Lactase persistence (LP) is a common genetic trait in many European, African and Middle Eastern populations. In Europe, LP primarily results from a C→T transition located approximately 14,000 bp upstream of the lactase-phlorizin-hydrolase (LCT) gene in intron 9 of the minichromosome maintenance 6 (MCM6) gene on chromosome 2 [1], [2]. A thymine at this locus (T-13910) prevents down-regulation of lactase activity after weaning. In addition to the European C/T-13910 LP SNP, this region also includes four other SNPs associated with LP in Arab (T/G-13915) and African (C/G-13907, T/C-13913, G/C-14010) populations [2]–[4].

[...]

Discussion

The European T-13910 LP allele is among the few human genetic variants with evidence of strong recent selection. Nevertheless, the origin and evolutionary history of this allele remains subject to great debate. Previous studies have established that the T-13910 LP allele was largely absent from early European Neolithic farmers, including LBK populations [14], but little work has been conducted on later periods. A study of medieval Hungary found moderate levels of LP in local commoners (33%) ca. AD 900–1100, but extrapolating from these results is complicated by the region's history of conquest by lactase non-persistent Asian invaders [38]. This study of the Dalheim cemetery is the first to investigate post-Neolithic LP frequency in western Central Europe, where LP frequencies are >70% today.

Recently, it has been speculated that the major population declines associated with the AD 1346–1352 Black Death epidemics may have impacted allele frequencies in Europe either through selection or drift. Although this discussion has primarily focused on the CCR5-Δ32 allele [40], [41], it raises the question of whether Black Death population losses, reportedly 30% of the entire European population [40], may have also played a role in altering the frequency of other alleles through drift due to population decline.

Both direct radiocarbon dating and historical records securely identify the Dalheim cemetery as a pre-Black Death cemetery, allowing pre-epidemic LP frequencies to be measured. The high frequency of C/T-13910 LP genotypes observed in the Dalheim cemetery (72%) falls within the range of LP frequencies reported for present-day Germany and Austria (71–80%) and the alleles are in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, suggesting allele frequency stability over the last millennium. Thus, there is no evidence of C/T-13910 LP frequency change associated with the Black Death. Additionally, our results suggest that the incomplete selective sweep posited for the T-13910 allele [24] may have reached the present allele frequency in western Central Europe by ca. AD 1200.

Conclusion

Lactase persistence is a genetic trait enabling life-long digestion of the milk sugar lactose. The ability to rely on ruminant secondary products, such as milk, likely conveyed selective advantage during times of resource scarcity, and genetic lactase persistence has independently evolved at least five times in European, Middle Eastern, and African populations. Previous ancient DNA studies have established that genetic lactase persistence was low or absent in most European Neolithic populations. In this study, we show that the frequency of lactase persistence in medieval Germany (72%) is similar to that found today in Germany and Austria (71–80%), suggesting that the incomplete selective sweep of the lactase persistence allele may have reached the present allele frequency in western Central Europe by AD 1200. Although many aspects of the origin and early evolutionary history of the T-13910 LP allele remain uncertain, ancient DNA research has made great strides in narrowing the period of European LP selection to an approximately 4,000 year window spanning 3000 BC to AD 1200. Future ancient studies on this period are likely to reveal the specific evolutionary forces acting on the T-13910 allele and the relationship between dairying and LP genotypes.

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Posts: 22234 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010  |  IP: Logged | 

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Originally posted by Amun-Ra The Ultimate:

Of course many African populations have a completely different LP history since the gene responsible for their LP persistence is generally not the same as Europeans (except for some populations like to Fulani which have a high percentage of the European allele).

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• Map from Lokki (2011) Lactase persistence genotypes
  and malaria susceptibility in Fulani of Mali.
  Malar J. 2011 Jan 14;10(1):9. [Epub ahead of print]
  
  Figure 1. - African SNPs in the enhancer region of the LCT gene, in intron 13 of
  the MCM6 gene [3, 8-9, 16, 37]. Red colour points to the region of origin of samples
  in Mali (in black). Arrows represent suggested patterns of spread of the mutations.
  Without haplotype analyses between different populations, distinguishing original
  mutations from those that have spread between populations is not possible. Double
  arrow represents the fact that the original location of T/G-13915 cannot be determined,
  although it has been found in Arabic populations as well as in the Fulani of Mali (this
  study).

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Originally posted by the lioness,:
http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2148-10-36.pdf

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Posts: 12143 | From: When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable | Registered: Jun 2007  |  IP: Logged | 

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It's also interesting to put what I called above the Niger-Congo LP allele(s), not determined yet, in perspective of the origin of West African people(and thus Bantu people), as Niger-Congo speakers, in the Green Sahara before its dessication.

The following quotes are from the book: The Oxford Handbook of African Archaeology edited by Peter Mitchell, Paul Lane (2013)

Basically, it tells us people now living in West Africa (Akan, Igbo, Yoruba, etc) come from the Sahara during its desertification. (and before this they were migrants from eastern Africa considering the origin of Y-DNA haplogroups E-P2 and the linguistic origin of Niger-Congo(-Kordofanian) languages).

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In West Africa, there is very little evidence for people south of the Sahara prior to the mid-Holocene, and such evidence as does exist is primarily of small scattered groups of mobile hunter-gatherers, some of whom returned frequently, possibly even seasonally, to the same places.

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Davies(1967) and Shaw (1978) both argued that before the desiccation of the Sahara, not only were Saharan inhabitants not compelled to move southward, but it was virtually impossible for them to do so. Postulated barriers to human occupation in southern West Africa include the difficulty of making a living in the dense rainforest prior to the advent of iron tools, and potentially lethal diseases such as malaria, onchocerciasis, and trypanosomiasis, the latter an added problem to herders because it can be devastating to cattle (Smith 1992). Only when climate zones contracted could people, and especially herders, move south.

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The artefacts found at many early sites support a northern origin for SMA people in southern West Africa. Projectile points are often in a 'Saharan Style' with concave or convex bases, and pottery often bears comb and roulette impressions very similar to types known from the Sahara and the Nile Valley as early as the tenth millennium B.P.

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It's written black on white. People in southern West Africa (Yoruba, Igbo, African-Americans, etc) have a northern origin. A green Saharan origins. They brought with them archaeological artefacts from the Green Sahara period including pottery and else.

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Originally posted by Amun-Ra The Ultimate:
They brought with them archaeological artefacts from the Green Sahara period including pottery and else.

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The artefacts found at many early sites support a northern origin for SMA people in southern West Africa. Projectile points are often in a 'Saharan Style' with concave or convex bases, and pottery often bears comb and roulette impressions very similar to types known from the Sahara and the Nile Valley as early as the tenth millennium B.P.

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• 
  ABSTRACT
  Using neutrality tests based on the allele frequency spectrum and long-range linkage disequilibrium, we detected strong signatures of
  recent positive selection in eastern African populations and the Fulani from central Africa.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patterns of Nucleotide Diversity and Geographic
  Distribution of LP-Associated Variants
  
  Although the T-13910 variant was absent across most of
  Africa, we detected this polymorphism in the Mozabite
  from Algeria (northern Africa) at a frequency of 27.3%
  and in a few central African populations, namely the
  Arabic Baggara and Fulani from Cameroon (8% and
  22.9% frequency, respectively) and the Bulala from Chad
  (2.2% frequency) (Tables S1 and S8; Figures 2 and 3). The
  highest frequency of the T-13910 variant outside of Africa
  was found in northern Europeans (66.7%), ... some African
  populations with the T-13910 and A-22018 variants, such
  as the Bulala from Chad and the Fulani from Cameroon,
  shared the same haplotype background with Europeans.
  
  Signatures of Recent Selection
  We also demonstrated evidence of significant EHH (extending
  ~1.5 Mb) on chromosomes carrying the T-13910
  allele in the Fulani pastoralists from Cameroon (Figure 5).
  Given that microsatellite and SNP analysis suggested that
  this variant is on a haplotype background similar to that
  for Europeans, it was most likely introduced into the Fulani
  population by migration and admixture with a non-
  African source population. However, we cannot distinguish
  whether the extensive EHH observed in the Fulani
  was due to strong selection after the mutation was introduced
  into that population and/or whether a recent selective
  sweep occurred in a non-African population that then
  admixed with the Fulani.
  
  
  DISCUSSION
  Origins of the T-13910 Variant in Northern and
  Central African Populations
  
  Age estimates for the T-13910 variant range from 5,000
  to 12,300 years ago14,18,19,21,22 and coincide with the origins
  of cattle domestication in northern Africa and the
  Levant ~10,000 years ago.65 Although the T-13910 variant
  is present in central and northern African pastoralist
  populations, such as the Fulani and Arabic Baggara from
  Cameroon and the Mozabite from Algeria, it was
  not observed in other sub-Saharan African populations.
  11,14,18,19,21 This distribution of the T-13910 allele
  in Africa and the shared haplotype background of chromosomes
  containing this variant in Africans and non-Africans
  suggest that the T-13910 variant was introduced through
  gene flow from outside of Africa into northern and/or
  central Africa.21,29,66 In fact, the T-13910 variant in the
  Mozabite from Algeria occurred on the same haplotype
  background as observed in Middle Eastern populations,
  whereas the Fulani from Cameroon and the Bulala from
  Chad shared the same haplotype background with Europeans.
  The Fulani also shared a distinct T-13910 haplotype
  background with the Arabic Baggara. These patterns suggest
  that the distribution of observed haplotype variation
  might be due to gene flow that occurred over time from
  outside and within Africa possibly during key historical
  events, such as the settlement of the Roman Empire in
  parts of northern Africa and the expansion of the Arabs
  prior to and during the Ottoman empire within the last
  2,000 years.67 These inferred migration events are also
  consistent with studies based on mtDNA, Y chromosome,
  and autosomal genetic variation.11,29,68–73

Incredibly, this Ronciaro-Tishkoff lead team
refused Lokki (2011) into their reseach base
and considered age estimates from older
sources rather than Enattah's (2007) Rho figures.

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Originally posted by Amun-Ra The Ultimate:
^^^What do you mean? We're talking about pottery style prevalent across the Sahara, not just one specific place. It's from the common Green Sahara culture I often talk about on this site.

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The artefacts found at many early sites support a northern origin for SMA people in southern West Africa. Projectile points are often in a 'Saharan Style' with concave or convex bases, and pottery often bears comb and roulette impressions very similar to types known from the Sahara and the Nile Valley as early as the tenth millennium B.P.

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Thus, from the Atlantic coast to the Nile Valley.

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Originally posted by Amun-Ra The Ultimate:


It explains that in very ancient time North Africa (including the coastal area) used to be inhabited by black Africans. That the modern populations now living there are not the same as the ancient. Although, it must be said, in Northwestern Africa, Iberian immigrants migrated there since a very long time ago (not later than 10000BC), replacing the previous Aterians(black Africans) inhabitants. (For those curious: then they went through admixtures with East African migrants and then went through bottleneck/founder effect(s), then went through admixtures with European/West Asian migrants and conquerors).

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Originally posted by Tukuler:
Tishkoff she's got Fulani Madness. Clyde made
her publicly recant any notion of non-Africa
Fulani origin. Yet Ranciaro persists with Fulani
exotica (Hirbo co-signs), and that exotica as what
is essential to being Fulani. How can they posit
Roman era intro of T-13910 into Fulani whilst we
rapture over Green Sahara pastoralist rock art?
Not the first time a geneticist has so blundered
by basing themselves on old school ethnography.
In this case it was the proposition that Fulani
were "fathered by a lost Roman Legion."

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Originally posted by Tukuler:
Yes these, and what they reveal, are clearly
retarded in ARtUland where favored geneticists
are infallible Gods above independent analysis
and critique (except by ARtU of course). ARtU
co-signs to the Hamitic Hypothesis and its
correlary Caucasian North and East Africa
to explain any and all sharings between
Africans and so-called 'Eurasians.'

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Originally posted by Amun-Ra The Ultimate:
The back migration of Eurasian people in Eastern Africa dates from 3000BC and later with Semitic speakers (which AEians are not).

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Posts: 8785 | From: Discovery Channel's Mythbusters | Registered: Dec 2009  |  IP: Logged | 

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Originally posted by Tukuler:
Oh but what about
U6
M1
etc
so-called back migration and their dates?

Anyway you just upheld Hamitic Hypothesis
generated nonsense about Fulani LP and
denied there was a Green Sahara.

Talk about ridiculous.

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Originally posted by Swenet:

quote:

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Originally posted by Amun-Ra The Ultimate:
The back migration of Eurasian people in Eastern Africa dates from 3000BC and later with Semitic speakers (which AEians are not).

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Only a pinhead would speak of OOA branches of
Semitic as even residing near Ethiopia around 3000BC,
let alone entering the African Red Sea coast.

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Ok, I made an error and corrected it. I meant 3000 years ago of course and you know it. Since this is what we were talking about in the other thread.

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Originally posted by Amun-Ra The Ultimate:
the dates for domestication of cattle and the date for the appearance of the LP genes, if ever, are not related.

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Originally posted by Swenet:
You say you've made an error as if it's an exception
and your posts are not typically smacking with errors,
lies and distortions.

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Originally posted by Tukuler:
As long as I sound retarded to you
then I must be on the right track.

Meanwhile by Rho dating Fulani T-13910
remains the oldest so if flow instead
of convergence is at play everybody
else got T-13910 from the Fulani.

Roman infusion my redblack Pulo ass.

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Originally posted by Amun-Ra The Ultimate:
the dates for domestication of cattle and the date for the appearance of the LP genes, if ever, are not related.

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posted                      

quote:

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Originally posted by Swenet:
It's a fact; errors are pandemic in your posts. Case
in point:

quote:

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Originally posted by Amun-Ra The Ultimate:
the dates for domestication of cattle and the date for the appearance of the LP genes, if ever, are not related.

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posted                      

quote:

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Originally posted by Swenet:
Until someone satisfactorily demonstrates that the
haplotype Fulani T-13910 is associated with, isn't
Eurasian, the discussion will remain stagnant at best.
I personally don't see how the age estimates in table
6 favor an ancestral Fulani origin of the mutation
over some of the other groups. Not that age would
matter; the question is, is H98 Eurasian or not.

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posted                      

quote:

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Originally posted by Amun-Ra The Ultimate:
Tukuler tried to say earlier that because there was pastoralists in the Green Sahara who left rock art that they must have developed the LP trait. This is false.

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^

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Not that I believe that it's African--not until I
see some evidence that the associated H98 haplotype
originated with Africans. But, that aside, I do
require evidence for this remarkable claim:

quote:

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Originally posted by Amun-Ra The Ultimate:
T-13910 (European LP allele/gene)

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Posts: 8785 | From: Discovery Channel's Mythbusters | Registered: Dec 2009  |  IP: Logged | 

posted                      

quote:

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Originally posted by Swenet:
Not that I believe that it's African--not until I
see some evidence that the associated H98 haplotype
originated with Africans.

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quote:

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But, that aside, I do
require evidence for this remarkable claim:

quote:

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Originally posted by Amun-Ra The Ultimate:
T-13910 (European LP allele/gene)

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One thing we can all be sure of is that there was
no European cattle domestication event, at least
not one that led to Europe-wide adoption of cattle
nor was there a neolithic Europe-wide reliance on
milk consumption or a neolithic Europe-wide LP
capacity. Where is the evidence that T-13910
originated in Europe? [/qb]

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