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DNA studies if black amazigh im Morocco
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[QUOTE]Originally posted by the lioness,: [QB] [QUOTE]Originally posted by typeZeiss: [s this looking specifically at black amazighs? [/QUOTE]The Amazigh groups on Morocco contain a variety of skin colors and hair types within each one so you are not going to find a study on "black amazighs". The term Hartania (Haratin) is used for Southern Moroccan groups of the Tata region who are strongly mixed with black populations. Little is known about their origins.They are particularly found in Mauritania, Morocco and Western Sahara. Their primary occupation has been as agriculture serfs, herdsmen and subservient workers, and they speak Hassaniya Arabic. They were owned in every town and farming centers before the time of Moroccan ruler Ismail Ibn Sharif. The Haratins remain indispensable workers in modern oases societies, states Ensel, and continue to be mistreated in contrast to the upper strata called the "Shurfa".[19] According to Remco Ensel, Haratin along with Swasin in Morocco and other northern fringe societies of the Sahara, were a part of a social hierarchy that included the upper strata of nobles, religious specialists and literati, followed by freemen, nomadic pastoral strata and slaves. The Haratin were hierarchically higher than the `Abid (descendant of slaves) at the very bottom, but lower than Ahrar. This hierarchy, states Ensel, has been variously described as ethnic groups, estates, quasi-castes, castes or classes.[23][24] The Haratins historically lived segregated from the main society, in a rural isolation.[24] Their subjugation was sometimes ideologically justified by nobles and some religious scholars, even though others disagreed.[25] The social stratification of Haratin and their inter-relationships with others members of the society varied by valley and oasis, but whether the Haratins were technically 'unfreed, semi-freed or freed' slaves, they were considered as "inferior" by other strata of the society.[26] The Haratin remain the marginalized population of Morocco, just like other similar groups around the world.[27 Buy this important book: Black Morocco: A History of Slavery, Race, and Islam By Chouki El Hamel https://books.google.com/books?id=UwogAwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcove read page 10 and then do further searches fro Haratin in the search field _________________________________________ Amazigh groups in Morocco: Drawa Filala Tekna Mesgita Zeri Ghomara Kabyle _______________________ [IMG]https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Sahrawi%26camel.jpg[/IMG] Sahrawi people As with most Saharan peoples living in the Sahara, the Sahrawi culture is mixed. It shows mainly Berber-Tuareg characteristics, like the privileged position of women[10] identical to the neighboring Berber-speaking Tuaregs—and some additional Bedouin Arab and black African characteristics. Sahrawis are composed of many tribes and are largely speakers of the Hassaniya dialect of Arabic, and some of them still speak Berber in both of Morocco's disputed and non-disputed territories. As described above, the Hassaniya speaking tribes are of Arabian Beni Hassan descent, who fused with the dominant Sanhaja Berber tribes, as well as black African and other indigenous populations (e.g. various indigenous Soninke speaking groups) migrants and captured in the south by the Berbers to sell to the Romans (black slaves in the ancient/Middle Ages trans-saharian route trade). Even though cultural arabization of the Berber people was thorough, some elements of Berber identity remain. Some tribes, such as the large Reguibat, have a Berber background but have since been thoroughly arabized; others, such as the Oulad Delim, are considered descendants of the Beni Hassan, even though intermarriage with other tribes and former slaves have occurred; a few, such as the Tekna tribal confederation, have retained some Berber dialect of the area. Often, though not in the case of the Tekna, the Berber-Arab elements of a tribe's cultural heritage reflects social stratification. In traditional Moorish-Sahrawi society, Arab tribes of the Tekna confederation claimed a role as rulers and protectors of the disarmed weaker Berber tribes of the Takna confederation. Thus, the warrior tribes and nobility would be Arab. However, most tribes, regardless of their mixed heritage, tend to claim some form of Arab ancestry, as this has been key to achieving social status. Many (the so-called chorfa tribes) will also claim descendancy from the Prophet Muhammad himself. In any case, no tribal identity is cut in stone, and over the centuries a great deal of intermarriage and tribal re-affiliation has occurred to blur former ethnic/cultural lines; groups have often seamlessly re-identified to higher status identities, after achieving the military or economic strength to defeat former rulers. This was, for example, the case of the largest of the Sahrawi tribes, the Reguibat. A Berber-descended zawiya (scholarly) tribe who in the 18th century took up camel nomadism and warrior traditions, they simultaneously took on more and more of an Arab identity, reflecting their new position alongside the traditional warrior castes of Arab Hassane origin, such as the Oulad Delim and the Arabic-speaking tribes of the Tekna confederation. [/QB][/QUOTE]
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