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DNA studies if black amazigh im Morocco
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[QUOTE]Originally posted by Ish Gebor: [QB] [QUOTE]Originally posted by the lioness,: [qb] [QUOTE]Originally posted by Swenet: [qb] What do you mean "if you filter out Eurasian mtDNA you're left with E-M81"? Are you suggesting that they only have Eurasian mtDNAs? [/qb][/QUOTE]you're right they have some L but also lot of H Looking at the paternal it's believed to have East origin [/qb][/QUOTE]H has been suggested to be from local evolution, like M-E81. But still, most carry the L markers. If those who carry the L marker predominantly, got there due to slavery, explain the following. lol [QUOTE]Our objective is to highlight the age of sub-Saharan gene flows in North Africa and particularly in Tunisia. Therefore we analyzed in a broad phylogeographic context sub-Saharan mtDNA haplogroups of Tunisian Berber populations considered representative of ancient settlement. More than 2,000 sequences were collected from the literature, and networks were constructed. The results show that the most ancient haplogroup is L3*, which would have been introduced to North Africa from eastern sub-Saharan populations around 20,000 years ago. Our results also point to a less ancient western sub-Saharan gene flow to Tunisia, including haplogroups L2a and L3b. This conclusion points to an ancient African gene flow to Tunisia before 20,000 BP. These findings parallel the more recent findings of both archaeology and linguistics on the prehistory of Africa. The present work suggests that sub-Saharan contributions to North Africa have experienced several complex population processes after the occupation of the region by anatomically modern humans. [b]Our results reveal that Berber speakers have a foundational biogeographic root in Africa and that deep African lineages have continued to evolve in supra-Saharan Africa.[/b] [/QUOTE]--Frigi S1, Cherni L, Fadhlaoui-Zid K, Benammar-Elgaaied A. Hum Biol. 2010 Aug;82(4):367-84. doi: 10.3378/027.082.0402. Ancient local evolution of African mtDNA haplogroups in Tunisian Berber populations. [QUOTE] By 15,000 YBP the Mechtoïdes, also known as Ibero Maurisans, appear (Bedoui, 2002). This group had anatomical similarities with the European Cro Magnons who expanded in Iberia during the same period. Before 9,000 years ago, the Sahara went through a wet period (Aumassip et al., 1988) which allowed several mesolithic cultures to flourish. The local population in Tunisia at that time may have coexisted with and mixed with sub-Saharan migrants (Dutour et al., 1988). Around 8,000 YBP a proto-Mediterranean community known as Capsian (Camps, 1968, 1975; Camps 8208;Fabrer, 1989; Hachid, 2000) arrived and spread widely in what is now Tunisia. Many relics of this group are found in Gafsa, a town in southern Tunisia. The Capsians could have undergone admixture with preexisting populations or else replaced them. Since 4,000 YBP, Berbers have expanded through all of North Africa. The term Berber refers to a heterogeneous group of indigenous peoples of North Africa who vary ethnically and culturally (Collignon, 1886). In present day Tunisia, two main Berber tribes are distinguished–the Zenata and the Ketama–although in some areas other groups are more commonly found. For instance, the Accaras tribes, originally from the Western Sahara, live in southern Tunisia near Smar.' 'The southern part of Tunisia's population is genetically similar to the Libyan population since the two areas contain the same tribes. The Libyan population is primarily of Berber origin; the name is taken from a particular Berber tribe—the “Libou” which means free man. More than 20% of the population speaks an Amazigh language. [...] Even with such a rich and complex demographic history the human populations living north of the Sahara desert in Africa have received little attention in published population genetics studies. More specifically, numerous studies targeting particular genes, especially those suspected to be of clinical interest, have accumulated in the scientific literature on particular North African populations, but as yet few studies of North African populations incorporating large sets of DNA polymorphisms exist. One of two recent exceptions is the report by Henn et al. (2012) which does sample a large number of autosomal SNPs from seven locations in North Africa with about 18 individuals from each site; however, the study has a limited number of comparative population samples from nearby geographical regions. Their work supports the presence of indigenous genomic variation extending back 12 to 40 thousand years ago with ancient gene flow in different periods from south of the Sahara, Southwest Asia, and Europe. The study of Bekada et al. (2015) studied mtDNA, Y-chromosome, and autosomal DNA markers on several hundred individuals from four locations in Algeria. [...] [b]In general, the North African populations have a higher average heterozygosity compared with the other major world regions (except for the South Central Asians which are comparable) for both the 299 and 90 marker datasets. The average F st of the SNPs is 0.28 for the 65 population analysis.[/b] [...] The eight Tunisian and Libyan population samples cluster together between the populations of sub Saharan Africa and Southwest Asia in each of the two dimensional views summarized by the PCA figures but they are closer to the Southwest Asians and the populations of the southern or Mediterranean part of Europe. The North Africans are closest to that part of the sub Saharan cluster containing the Ethiopian Jews, African Americans, and some of the populations of East Africa and farthest from the West and Central African populations in the dataset. [...] Indeed, uniparental genetic data support the arrival of sub Saharans around 20,000 years ago according to Frigi et al. (2010). Other studies show that the introduction of sub Saharan mtDNA lineages in North Africa is older than 30,000 YBP (Soares et al., 2012). The mixture between Iberian and sub Saharan Saharan populations was described in papers such as Periera et al. (2010), but more studies are needed to substantiate that mixture. [...] Recent studies (Henn et al., 2012; Bekada et al., 2015) have already supported the role of migrations during pre‐history and more recent eras affecting the development of human populations in North Africa. Botigué et al. (2013) explored the evidence for gene flow from North Africa and its possible effect on genetic variation in southern Europe. [/QUOTE]--Sabeh Frigi, Lotfi Cherni et al. Genetic variation in Tunisia in the context of human diversity worldwide AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 161:62–71 (2016) [/QB][/QUOTE]
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