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DNA studies if black amazigh im Morocco
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[QUOTE]Originally posted by the lioness,: [QB] [QUOTE]Originally posted by sudaniya: I've said it before and I'll say it again... the Tuaregs share a common origin with the Beja of my country, and it is from here that the Berber language and people originate from -- meaning that the black Berbers are the original Berbers. The paternal DNA of the non- black Berbers is apparently predominately African but their maternal DNA is Eurasian, so they are derivatives of the original East Africans [paternally] and their maternal ancestors that came to Africa through the Iberian Peninsula.[/QUOTE][IMG]https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/564x/4f/b7/d7/4fb7d76b622f1199d5af060401298012.jpg[/IMG] Here is a Beja man. Is he 100% African or is he 20% (or more )percent Eurasian like the average African American? We don't know because there are no DNA studies of the Beja. Regardless by looks he is considered black The Beja aren't the original berbers because they don't speak aberber language. If someone were to propose that the original berber speakers looked like Beja they could then also argue people who do not look like Beja are not berbers. What is a berber? There is no hard definition. One might say a berber is a person of mixed African and Eurasian ancestry and who speaks a berber language. Somebody else might say the original berber speakers were African with no Eurasian admixture but one cannot prove either theory. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2987384/ Published online 2010 Mar 17. doi: 10.1038/ejhg.2010.21 PMCID: PMC2987384 [b]Linking the sub-Saharan and West Eurasian gene pools: maternal and paternal heritage of the Tuareg nomads from the African Sahel[/b] Luísa Pereira, 2010 Abstract The Tuareg presently live in the Sahara and the Sahel. Their ancestors are commonly believed to be the Garamantes of the Libyan Fezzan, ever since it was suggested by authors of antiquity. Biological evidence, based on classical genetic markers, however, indicates kinship with the Beja of Eastern Sudan. Our study of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences and Y chromosome SNPs of three different southern Tuareg groups from Mali, Burkina Faso and the Republic of Niger reveals a West Eurasian-North African composition of their gene pool. The data show that certain genetic lineages could not have been introduced into this population earlier than ∼9000 years ago whereas local expansions establish a minimal date at around 3000 years ago. Some of the mtDNA haplogroups observed in the Tuareg population were involved in the post-Last Glacial Maximum human expansion from Iberian refugia towards both Europe and North Africa. Interestingly, no Near Eastern mtDNA lineages connected with the Neolithic expansion have been observed in our population sample. On the other hand, the Y chromosome SNPs data show that the paternal lineages can very probably be traced to the Near Eastern Neolithic demic expansion towards North Africa, a period that is otherwise concordant with the above-mentioned mtDNA expansion. The time frame for the migration of the Tuareg towards the African Sahel belt overlaps that of early Holocene climatic changes across the Sahara (from the optimal greening ∼10 000 YBP to the extant aridity beginning at ∼6000 YBP) and the migrations of other African nomadic peoples in the area. Carrying out biological or genetic investigations of the Tuareg has not always been easy because of their demanding lifestyle and their often negative attitude to the European colonists. Cavalli-Sforza et al,2 whose synthesized study of classical protein and serological markers is well known, noticed a genetic link between the Tuareg and Beja from Eastern Sudan. The fact that the genetic distances between the Tuareg and Berber/North-western Africans were larger than that between the Tuareg and Beja, provides a picture of a common origin and population separation at some point more than 5000 years ago. Interestingly, both people are also pastoralist and speak Afro-Asiatic languages, even if the Beja language (Bedawi), with its four dialects, belongs to the Cushitic branch, whereas Tamasheq belongs to the Berber branch. The fact that these two peoples today speak different languages might be explained either by the Tuareg having acquired the Berber language during their westwards migration, or possibly by the Beja coming under the influence of some Eastern African peoples as language shift is a relatively common phenomenon. Among the first African mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences were those from data sets3, 4 obtained mostly from Tuareg living in Niger and Nigeria, and which revealed a rather sub-Saharan affinity of their population. More recently, however, a study based on 129 Tuareg samples from two villages of the Libyan Fezzan, stressed a high frequency but concomitant low diversity of the West Eurasian component, bearing only haplogroups H1, V and M1. The sub-Saharan component of the Libyan Tuareg was more diversified but predominantly represented by only two haplogroups (L2a1 and L0a1a). The Tuareg population from Libya was homogenous with very low estimates of haplotype diversity suggesting high genetic drift.5 The above-mentioned studies have thus revealed a dual influence in the genetic make-up of this African people. In this study, we provide new mtDNA and Y chromosome data sets of three unrelated Tuareg groups from three different countries (Niger, Mali and Burkina Faso). At the same time, we try to unravel the questions of their genetic origin, the mutual relationships among their sub-populations as well as possible links to neighbouring populations. The genetic heritage of the Tuareg population is analysed within the context of the West Eurasian versus sub-Saharan contributions to their gene pool. [b]Relationships with the peoples of Eastern Sudan (the Beja) as pointed to by the study of classical genetic markers2 cannot yet be disregarded here as there is still no mtDNA of the Beja people available for study. However, according to historical reports, the origin of the Beja is more likely to be traceable to the Arabian Peninsula [52] [/b]and the West Eurasian mtDNA lineages seen in the Tuareg have a rather Iberian affiliation in the post-LGM, and probably expanded to North Africa first.30, 31 The weak Eastern African influence in Tuareg is further supported by the M1 haplotypes belonging to the lineages characteristic of the later Mediterranean expansion (M1b and M1a2a) and the presence of very few matches for sub-Saharan L haplotypes with East Africa. The main post-LGM Eurasian and M1a2a lineages found in the Tuareg favour North African origin with migration to its southern location in the Sahel between ∼9000 and ∼3000 years ago. The upper time limit is defined by the age of the M1a2a, (estimated here from the coding region diversity observed in the three Tuareg, two North and two south Mediterranean individuals at 8000±2400), and by the upper 95% confidence interval for the Tuareg V lineages having polymorphism 16 234 (8800 years ago); the lower limit is defined by the age of the Tuareg V lineages having polymorphism 16 234 (3600 years ago). [52] Paul A. A History of the Beja Tribes of the Sudan. London: F. Cass; 1971. https://books.google.com/books?id=hI_wYwpGahEC&pg=PA149&dq=A+Hist [b]A History of the Beja Tribes of the Sudan[/b] By A. Paul, 1971 _______________________________________________________ ^^^ Looking at this text we see Pereira cites in his article we see has not been accurate to what A. Paul said in his book, A History of the Beja Tribes of the Sudan He did not say "the origin of the Beja is more likely to be traceable to the Arabian Peninsula" [IMG]https://i.imgbox.com/C5xDsP8j.png[/IMG] ^ A racist remark here about 'superior culture' yes, however he is saying the Beja of Africa were infiltrated by Arabs and not in great proportions he does not say "the origin of the Beja is Arabia" (paraphrase) [/QB][/QUOTE]
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