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Ancient Egyptian DNA from 1300BC to 426 AD
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[QUOTE]Originally posted by Ish Gebor: [QB] [QUOTE]Originally posted by capra: [qb] Oshun, the studies cited are: [URL=http://www.pnas.org/content/111/7/2632.long]Ancient west Eurasian ancestry in southern and eastern Africa[/URL] and [URL=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002929712002716]Ethiopian Genetic Diversity Reveals Linguistic Stratification and Complex Influences on the Ethiopian Gene Pool[/URL] [/qb][/QUOTE]Who were these Ancient west Eurasians? [QUOTE] [i]Back to Africa Before considering questions related to ancient demographic events, we needed to separate the probable ancient African components from that which might have originated from more recent [CODE] ( < 60 kya ) [/CODE]gene flow back to Africa (light blue in Figure 1C).[/i] [/QUOTE]—Toomas Kivisild et al. Reference paper: [QUOTE] Notably, most of the major branches of the mtDNA phylogeny (L0-L3, M and N (van Oven and Kayser 2009)) were observed in Ethiopia at substantial frequencies. Haplogroups of the L series are mainly restricted to Africa, whereas the clades M and N (which are haplogroups within the L3 clade) are generally found outside sub-Saharan Africa, and are thought to only occur inside Africa due to back migration from Eurasia (Salas et al. 2002; Olivieri et al. 2006; Behar et al. 2008). Ethiopia however has previously been shown to have substantial frequencies of haplotypes of the M and N clades (Kivisild et al. 2004; Poloni et al. 2009), and the results in this thesis are consistent with previous studies. Of the M clade, only the M1 sub-clade was observed in the five Ethiopian Ascertainment groups, with highest frequency in the Amhara (17%) and lowest in the Anuak (3%). The N clade was not observed in the Anuak, but was observed in all other groups, with the highest frequency in the Amhara (34%). Of the N clades present in the other ethnic groups, interestingly, haplogroup R0* was observed at 11% in the Amhara and 4% in the Oromo, but not observed in the Afar or Maale. The varied distribution of R0* (previously known as preHV (van Oven and Kayser 2009), which is observed at relatively high frequencies across West and Central Asia (Quintana-Murci et al. 2004)), as well as other haplogroups of the N clade, may be evidence of a more recent introgression of N haplogroups into Ethiopia (Kivisild et al. 2004).[/QUOTE]—Plaster, C.A. (2011). Variation in Y chromosome, mitochondrial DNA and labels of identity in Ethiopia. PhD thesis, University College London, London [QUOTE] Population comparisons Based on FST values, the mitochondrial genetic diversity of Soqotra is statistically different (P \ 0.01) from the comparative populations. An MDS plot of FST values shows that the Soqotra sample is clearly distinct from all sub-Saharan, North African, Middle East, and Indian populations (see Fig. 2). [b] High differentiation of the East African groups such as the Sandawe, Hadza, Turu, Datog, and Burunge is shown on the left side of the graph. However, there is a general similarity of the remaining sub-Saharan African populations, particularly those from the Sahel band and the Chad Basin (with the exception of the Fulani nomads). Subsequently, there is a transitional zone formed by the populations from Ethiopia and the Nile Valley but also by some Yemeni groups, particularly the ones from the eastern parts of the country (Hadramawt). [/b]Finally, the cluster on the right part of the graph is composed by the Indian populations on the top, the Near and Middle Eastern groups in the middle and the populations of the Arabian peninsula at the bottom; Yemeni Jews being slightly different. The only outlier within the region of southwestern Asia is the Kalash sample that is situated on the extreme right part of the graph (see also Quintana-Murci et al., 2004). There is a general cline among all populations in the MDS plot from the Soqotri population to a cluster of Middle East and North African populations that splits into sub-Saharan and Indian populations. Population differentiation of Soqotra from African, Middle East and Indian populations based on NRY-SNP data manifests a similar picture although the comparative populations are different and fewer than in the mitochondrial DNA analysis (see Fig. 3). A comparison of FST values shows that the only population that is not significantly different from Soqotra is that from Yemen (P [ 0.01). Similarly to mtDNA MDS plot, we observe a cline from the Soqotri population to a cluster of Middle East and North African populations that splits into sub- Saharan and Indian populations. Phylogenetic affiliations Within the Soqotri samples, we identified haplotypes belonging to three of the main branches of the mtDNA phylogeny (macrohaplogroups L, N, and R); notably haplogroup M is absent (Table 2). There are only two sub-Saharan L haplotypes and they do not carry the 3594HpaI mutation so their classification is L3*; these haplotypes do not contain the specific mutations of L5b (23594HpaI) (Kivisild et al., 2004) and therefore they are possibly L3h2 as they both contain substitutions at 16111, 16184, and 16304 (see Behar et al., 2008). Macro- haplogroup N is represented by three different haplotypes of which only one can be unambiguously classified as N1a (it contains HVS-I motif 16147G-16172-16223-16248-16355). Two other N haplotypes have never been found outside Soqotra (see Table 2). The most widespread mtDNA types in Soqotra belong to macrohaplogroup R (Table 2). The majority of R haplotypes can be classified as R0a [previously known as (preHV)1]. Three of the R haplotypes have not been previously reported. A network analysis of all Soqotri R0a haplotypes with additional sequences from Africa and Asia (see Fig. 4) shows a time to most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) of 23,339 6 8,232 YBP for R0a. It is shown that the majority of Soqotri R0a haplotypes fall into clade R0a1 (defined by variant 16355) whose TMRCA is 11,418 6 4,198 YBP. Furthermore, within R0a1, the unique Soqotri haplotypes form a new clade that is defined by variant 16172 and that we have named R0a1a1. Abu-Amero et al. (2007) identified a haplotype defined by variant 16355 and named it (preHV)1a1, thus it corresponds to R0a1a using the newer nomenclature and the unique Soqotri haplotypes are derived from this lineage). This Soqotri-specific clade has a very young TMRCA (3,363 6 2,378 YBP) that suggests the R0a1a1 haplotypes evolved on Soqotra and have not dispersed elsewhere. Two other Soqotri R haplotypes are not classified further than R* and are quite common in neighboring populations. Five haplotypes within macrohaplogroup R carry the 4216N1aIII variant that places them in clade JT. Of the JT haplotypes, two are unique to Soqotra; J1b is represented by two individuals and T* is represented by one individual. The majority of NRY haplotypes in Soqotra belong to haplogroup J (85.7%), with most (45 out of 54) unclassified as J*(xJ1,J2) and a few (the remaining 9 samples) classified as J1 (see Fig. 5). It is interesting to note that NRY haplotypes lacking both M172 and M267, as in our unclassified J*, have not been previously identified on the Arabian Peninsula (Cadenas et al., 2008). Haplogroup E is represented at a frequency of 9.5% and three other haplogroups, F*(xJ,K), K*(xO,P) and R*(xR1b), are present in one individual each. It is worth noting that none of the ancient African haplogroups (A and B) were observed in Soqotra. [/QUOTE]—…? [/QB][/QUOTE]
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