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[QUOTE]Originally posted by Ish Gebor: [QB] [QUOTE]Originally posted by Cass/: [qb] [QUOTE]Originally posted by Oshun: [qb] Also...didn't he post this? If this is not tryna say that there were differing adaptions being made among people south of the Sahara I'm not sure how this is relevant to the conversation. Well, I grasp how he's trying to spin it, but it would still seem that the source he's trying to place here is making distinctions within SSA. SSA is very large and vast and has several ecosystems. It's ridiculous how he can try to insist grouping people as "SSA" but whines about the distance between north Africa to the Sahel. [/qb][/QUOTE]You don't know what you're posting. I'm talking about climatic adaptation (ecology), not genetic distance (biology). Example: the genetic distance between populations across Europe is small, so if you look at the geographical extremes (Fst 0.0084 Swedes ~ Greeks), southern & northern Europeans are genetically close. However, there are clearly two distinct [b][URL=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecotype]ecotypes[/URL][/b] - the "Mediterranean" and the "Nordic". The main phenotypic differences between these is pigmentation (skin & eye* colour), not skeletal; according to 20th physical anthropologists (Coon, Hooton, Cole etc.) "Nordics" are "depigmented Mediterraneans". *"One reason why light eyes are geographically associated with dim light has been explained by the Nobel Prize winner George Wald. He found that blue- and gray-eyed people see more sharply over long distances than brown-eyed people do." (Coon, C. S. 1982. [i]Racial Adaptations[/i]. p. 66) [so the climatic selection argument here is light eye colouration is favoruable in northern Europe that receives the lowest annual UV/sunlight levels.] So my point about SSA is despite the much larger genetic distances between many populations there (10x what is observed in Europe), e.g. Fst 0.0851 Mbuti Pygmy ~ San (Cavalli-Sforza, 1994), that most of it has an ecotype adapted to the humid-heat (and high UV), the so-called "Negroid" with broad nose, black skin and dark eyes. As Roberts (1976) wrote in a book review of Jean Hiernaux's [i]People of Africa[/i] (1975), the ecotype classifications of Hiernaux closely match the old racial boundaries of Seligman: - "Thus lack of classification does not however prevent the presentation of the material by chapters which in earlier days would have had race headings... [b]essentially the same subdivisions as Seligman's [i]Races of Africa[/i][/b]." (Roberts, 1976 "African Physiques" [i]The Journal of African History[/i], 17(3): 445-447) Hence, I noted how Baker's (1974) "Negrid" [Negroid] map closely matches the Koppen climate classification for SSA, and Hiernaux (1975). [/qb][/QUOTE] :rolleyes: [IMG]https://mixedamericanlife.files.wordpress.com/2011/11/lars_erik_hauklien-black_girl_blue_eyes.jpg[/IMG] [IMG]https://cdn.face2faceafrica.com/www/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/29223609/f39db51af5dc3455765f41f11b7181d5.jpg[/IMG] [IMG]https://cdn.face2faceafrica.com/www/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/29223702/1409578558773_wps_6_Genetic_riddle_Nmachi_wit.jpg[/IMG] [QUOTE]In our data, with the exception of a low frequency haplotype in Africa, rs916977 and rs1667394 are in nearly complete LD. Therefore, we treat them as another haplotype system, BEH3, blue-eye associated haplotype #3. The blue-eye associated allele of BEH3 is CA, again the derived haplotype. In the HGDP populations BEH3 will consist of rs1667394 only since rs916977 is not present in the data set. [/QUOTE]A global view of the OCA2-HERC2 region and pigmentation Hum Genet. 2012 May; 131(5): 683–696. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3325407/ [QUOTE] Climate and ecological changes have also been causes for migration. The creation of the Sahara Desert by 2500 BC separated Sub-Saharan Africa from the rest of the world. However, there have been millennia of humid and arid periods, which have had a profound impact on migration into and out of the region. Drought has forced inhabitants to leave many locations throughout the continent. Generally, these movements have been from north to south during arid periods and from south to north when conditions are relatively humid. [/QUOTE] http://www.age-of-migration.com/resources/casestudies/4-2.pdf [QUOTE]“[b]Evidence from throughout the Sahara indicates that the region experienced a cool, dry and windy climate during the last glacial period, followed by a wetter climate with the onset of the current interglacial, with humid conditions being fully established by around 10,000 years BP, when we see the first evidence of a reoccupation of parts of the central Sahara by hunter gathers, most likely originating from sub-Saharan Africa[/b] (Cremaschi and Di Lernia, 1998; Goudie, 1992; Phillipson, 1993; Ritchie, 1994; Roberts, 1998). [...] Conical tumuli, platform burials and a V-type monument represent structures similar to those found in other Saharan regions and associated with human burials, appearing in sixth millennium BP onwards in northeast Niger and southwest Libya (Sivilli, 2002). In the latter area a shift in emphasis from faunal to human burials, complete by the early fifth millennium BP, has been interpreted by Di Lernia and Manzi (2002) as being associated with a changes in social organisation that occurred at a time of increasing aridity. While further research is required in order to place the funerary monuments of Western Sahara in their chronological context, we can postulate a similar process as a hypothesis to be tested, based on the high density of burial sites recorded in the 2002 survey. Fig. 2: Megaliths associated with tumulus burial (to right of frame), north of Tifariti (Fig. 1). A monument consisting of sixty five stelae was also of great interest; precise alignments north and east, a division of the area covered into separate units, and a deliberate scattering of quartzite inside the structure, are suggestive of an astronomical function associated with funerary rituals. Stelae are also associated with a number of burial sites, again suggesting dual funerary and astronomical functions (Figure 2). Further similarities with other Saharan regions are evident in the rock art recorded in the study area, although local stylistic developments are also apparent. Carvings of wild fauna at the site of Sluguilla resemble the Tazina style found in Algeria, Libya and Morocco (Pichler and Rodrigue, 2003), although examples of elephant and rhinoceros in a naturalistic style reminiscent of engravings from the central Sahara believed to date from the early Holocene are also present.” [/QUOTE]—Nick Brooks et al. (2012) The prehistory of Western Sahara in a regional context: the archaeology of the "free zone" [/QB][/QUOTE]
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