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Human Mobility and Identity:..GARAMANTES (2019)
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[QUOTE]Originally posted by the lioness,: [QB] [IMG]https://m.media-amazon.com/images/I/51YLUxYxZzL._SY466_.jpg[/IMG] [URL=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Burials_Migration_and_Identity_in_the_An/FOeADwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Burials,+Migration+and+Identity+in+the+Ancient+Sahara&printsec=frontcover&bshm=rime/1]https://www.google.com/books/edition/Burials_Migration_and_Identity_in_the_An/FOeADwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Burials,+Migration+and+Identity+in+the+Ancient+Sahara&printsec=frontcover &bshm=rime/1[/URL] _______________________________________ [b]In book:[/b] pp.134-161 https://www.academia.edu/14001351/Human_mobility_and_Identity_Variation_diet_and_migration_in_relation_to_the_Garamates_of_Fazzan [b]Human Mobility and Identity: Variation, Diet and Migration in Relation to the Garamantes of Fazzan[/b] Ronika k. Power, Efthymia Nikita, David j.Mattingly, Marta Mirazón Lahr, Tamsin C. O'Connell February 2019 DOI:10.1017/9781108634311.004 Introduction The Garamantes were the earliest urbanised population in the Central Sahara, and their socio-political and economic histories have been the subject of extensive study. 1 However, little is known about their biologicalorigins. Building on the results obtained in the Desert Migrations Project,the biocultural theme within the Trans-SAHARA Project has sought toanswer two main questions relating to human migration in the CentralSahara. First, it aimed to determine what (if any) biological and culturallinks can be established between the historical kingdom of the Garamantesand the preceding late Neolithic (Pastoral) and contemporary peoples inthe surrounding Saharan, Sahelian, Nilotic and Mediterraneanregions. Second, the project aimed to investigate aspects of the diet andindividual mobility of the people who were buried in the Garamantiancemeteries of the Wadi al-Ajal, in direct comparison with results from theanalysis of people from the surrounding regions. Integrating osteological,3-D geometric morphometric and isotopic analyses, we examine the diet-ary profiles and geographical affinity/ies of the Garamantian population,with a view to differentiating individuals who migrated into the CentralSahara during their own lifetimes from others of potentially diverse ethniccomposition who lived in the region for the duration of the life course. [IMG]https://images2.imgbox.com/2a/fa/aULGvOCA_o.png[/IMG] p 155 Craniometric data support these findings by identifying a few individuals with features broadly characterized as typical of Sub-Saharan morphology that differ from the majority of the Garamantian sample, while also highlighting a subgroup of individuals with more typically Mediterranean characteristics. When viewed in light of their isotopic similarity to local Garamantes, these latter individuals may indicate ancestral differences in geographical affinity as opposed to more recent migration. The individuals whose isotopic carbon values suggests they consumed a different diet in childhood, one rich in C grasses, were all buried in a single cemetery, Watwat and date to the second century AD or later. Their clustering at Watwat may suggest incipient social boundaries within Garamantian society. However, while all the individuals with a signature of a different childhood diet were buried at Watwat, not all those buried there do, indicating the shared used of burial space by all members of society. Equally, those individuals whose isotopic oxygen values suggest a different source of water in childhood were buried in several cemeteries, although mostly close to the Garamantian capital of Jarma, most of which were of higher social status than those at Watwat. The combination of morphometric and isotopic work further reinforces the view that Garamantian society included individuals of diverse geogra-phicalorigin,someofwhommayhavebeenfirstgenerationTrans-Saharanmigrants. These findings are reinforced by the discovery of the interment of a young woman of Sub-Saharan physiognomy wearing a distinctive lip-plug of Sahelian type excavated during the Desert Migrations Project, dating to the later first millennium BC. 49 This ornament demonstratesthat some Garamantian individuals shared aspects of their material culture with Sahelian societies more broadly, either through migration or contact, p 156 while their burial within Garamantian cemeteries shows their integration into the normative funerary rituals of contemporary Garamantian society as suggested by the results of the isotopic and craniometrics analyses. In combination, these results support the hypothesis of a vivid trading community that maintained a resident population through centuries, an done which was enriched by multiple-sourced Trans-Saharan migrations, as offered throughout this volume. Further integration of the physical and biochemical signatures of the individuals buried in Fazzan with all aspects of the extraordinary cemeteries from the Wadi al-Ajal has the potential of revealing the distinctive composition of what must have been a unique society at the heart of the Sahara desert. Further analysis, bolstered through the procurement of additional contemporaneous local and regional data, should enable us to refine considerably the picture of migration already apparent in the data from Fazzan. This work is vital if we are to understand the significance of migration in the revealed identity of individuals and groups in Garamantian society. With a total sample of several hundred excavated burials, this promises to be a ground-breaking study of the linkages between cultural and biological identity in a notably mixed society. [/QB][/QUOTE]
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