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Human Mobility and Identity:..GARAMANTES (2019)
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[QUOTE]Originally posted by Antalas: [QB] [QUOTE]Originally posted by Djehuti: [qb] ^ You contradict yourself as usual. You say "Garamantes were much more heterogeneous than NW Africans" yet ignore the fact that they [i]were[/i] NW Africans as the source you cited stated: [i] Moreover, the distance of the Garamantes [b]to their neighbors[/b] was significantly high and the population appeared to be an outlier... ...the Sahara Desert posed important limitations to gene flow between the Garamantes [b]and other[/b] North African populations.[/i] https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/civ5customization_gamepedia_en/images/5/59/AncientLibyaModMap.png/revision/latest?cb=20170501194836 So miss me with your "Sub-Saharan" crap. As for ancient slave trade, is this your explanation as to why NW Africans have higher Sub-Saharan ancestry than Northeast Africans?? According to Roman sources it was the Garamantes who did the enslaving. Because of this fact most scholars presumed the Garamantes to be racially "Mediterranean". [/qb][/QUOTE]You did not answer my question. Also I thought you were aware that the Garamantes primarly lived in the Central Sahara... what is the description of your map ? Garamantian influence ? Stop projecting modern conventional labels unto the past, you understood perfectly well what I meant by NW Africa. Btw why didn't you adress the quotes I posted about nikita et al. ? Also why do you bring genetics of modern North Africans ? I was specifically referring to the Garamantes, and there is ample evidence of their involvement in enslaving blacks. However, it appears that a majority of these enslaved individuals were primarily retained within the Garamantes community (females especially), which explains the gradual SSA increase. Read : [QUOTE]The pursuit of black slaves seems to be a constant in the history of the Saharan nomads. [b]The Garamantes were certainly involved in the slave trade in antiquity. The famous passage in which Herodotus describes them as hunting the Ethiopian Troglodytes from four-horsed chariots” clearly suggests slaving. Even more suggestive is a scurrilous poem of the fourth century, addressing a black slave in Hadrumetum (Sousse) as the ‘dregs of the Garamantes’.3} It seems not unlikely that the Garamantes were one of the principal sources of black African slaves in the classical world, and that much of their wealth derived from the slave trade.[/b] Indeed, close contacts with Nubia are suggested by the contents of the tombs of the Garamantes, which contain large amounts of material from Upper Egypt and Nubia.” Much has been made of the gold routes across the desert in antiquity and the middle ages, but it seems likely that the most valuable cargo of the caravans was human. [/QUOTE]M. Brett, E. Fentress, The Berbers, Oxford, 1997, pp. 217-219 [QUOTE] The Garamantians also served as middle-men in the slave trade. Already at the end of the first century, a Roman named Julius Maternus visited [b]the king of the Garamantians, whom he accompanied on what seems to be a “hunting” raid against Ethiopians[/b]. The Garamantians consumed Roman commodities, which they had to pay for with something. Slaves seem to be one obvious candidate to explain the balance in trade between the Mediterranean and the Fazzan. The chalcidicum at Leptis Magna has been proposed as a plausible slave market, one end point of the trans-Saharan land route which slaves would have trudged in their coffles. [b]The ostraca at Bu Djem, a Roman fort south of Leptis along one of the major arteries leading to the coast, indeed show the presence of Garamantian traders and black slaves along this axis of the trans-Saharan trade[/b]. Another branch of the trans-Saharan trade may have headed to the west, towards Carthage. [/QUOTE]Kyle Harper, Slavery in the Late Roman World, Cambridge, pp. 87-88 [QUOTE] [b]A third-century inscription from coastal Hadrumentum preserved a vicious invective against the presence of black slaves, brought explicitly by the Garamantians[/b] : The scum of the Garamantes comes into our world, and the dark slave is proud of his black body. If not for the human voice issuing from his lips, this demon with his awful face would horrify men. Hadrumentum, let the furies of hell take your monster for themselves! The house of the underworld should have this one for its guardsman. This trade explains, for instance, the presence of black slaves at Carthage in the fifth century who were “Ethiopian by color, brought from the farthest reaches of the barbarian regions where the dried parts of the human are blackened by the fire of the sun [/QUOTE]Kyle Harper, Slavery in the Late Roman World, Cambridge, p. 88 [QUOTE] According to this brief account (confirmed by ancient Saharan rock art), the Garamantes used four-horse chariots to hunt down fleet-footed ‘Ethiopian’ cave-dwellers.21 This is the earliest account of a dominant white race, socially organised and with a relatively advanced technology, exploiting the more primitive Saharan blacks, presumably to enslave them. The ‘Ethiopians’ Herodotus mentions were probably black but not negro Saharan aborigines, precursors of the modern Tebu.22 [b]The Garamantes, likely ancestors of the Tuareg confederations of the western and central desert, had presumably been raiding and enslaving the desert blacks long before Herodotus wrote.23 Most, if not all, such slaves were probably kept by the Garamantes for their own uses and not normally herded up to the coast for export to Mediterranean markets. Here was a tradition of domination and enslavement of one African race by another[/b] that was only outlawed, if not wholly suppressed, by the political–social revolutions of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. [/QUOTE]John Wright, the Trans-Saharan Slave Trade, p. 13 [QUOTE]Twisted cord simple or roulette impressions are the typical Garamantian pottery decoration first dated at Zinkekra to 650 BC. While the Pastoral decorative techniques and patterns represent the local tradition, those obtained with a twisted cord are alien to the Central Sahara and to most part of North Africa. [b]They instead are commonly found in West Africa (Mauritania) starting from the second millennium BC [...] a degree of gene flow (along a North-South African gradient, probably from sub-Saharan regions) seems to be expressed in some [skeletal] metric variables, which might be associated with the female subset of the population. Remarkably, the range of the Sr signatures at Fewet resulted slightly higher for the females than the males, further supporting this interpretation. ... this perfectly matches with what was previously suggested in regards to the Garamantian domestic architecture and pottery manufacture (the hypothesis of the Garamantian pottery being made by Sahelian women present in the local communities as a result of intermarriage)[/b] . [/QUOTE] https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265066473_Life_and_death_at_Fewet [/QB][/QUOTE]
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