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Human Mobility and Identity:..GARAMANTES (2019)
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[QUOTE]Originally posted by Doug M: [QB] [QUOTE]Originally posted by Baalberith: [qb] [QUOTE][b]You may have thought i was joking when i said that he's calling the Tubu black solely because they speak a Nilo-Saharan language, but im very serious. His "Blacks" dont speak Afro-Asiatic languages with the exception being the Chadic's[/b][/QUOTE]Just to expand on this, the Tuaregs have been known to display a degree of colorism and tend to distinguished themselves from much darker skinned Africans within their society. That being said, their racial perceptions were inappropriately conflated with Western norms, which had dire consequences on ethnic relations in Mali after Colonialism. In reality, they traditionally identified themselves as "red", and have used "white" and even "green" interchangeably: [QUOTE][b]The colonial conquerors saw the upper strata of Tuareg society as white and, according to some, even of European descent.[/b] They have been portrayed, among other things, as the descendants of the Vandals, lost crusaders, or even a Caucasian-populated sunken Atlantis (Henry 1996). [b]Meanwhile, the lower strata of Tuareg society, the slaves and blacksmiths, were seen as racially black.[/b] Thus, in colonial European presentations of African history, [b]the Tuareg elite was presented as an alien invader which had subdued an indigenous African population, an image that would resurface at various times after independence.[/b] In the colonial mind, [b]Tuareg society and its historical white European origins mirrored the colonial project itself. This may have been at the root of the positive appreciation of Tuareg society by French colonial rulers.[/b] To the Malian administration, the Tuareg elite was just as white as it had been to the colonial administration. However, where the latter appreciated their whiteness positively, [b]the Malian Government saw it as a sign of otherness and as a threat.[/b] In the 1950s and in the first years after independence, the Malian political leaders made it quite clear that they perceived the Tuareg their whiteness and their way of life as a problem (Lecocq 2002). [b]In the vision of ruling US-RDA politicians, the Tuareg had been colonial favourites because of their whiteness, which had given them a misplaced superiority complex.[/b] As for the Tuareg themselves, their own concepts of race have slightly more sophisticated nuances, but they are nevertheless important in classifying people. Three physical categories are perceived: koual, black; shaggaran, red; and sattafan, greenish or shiny black. Social status is connected to these categories. Koual is the appearance of the blacksmiths and slaves,- [b]shaggaran is associated with the free, but not the noble,- and sattafan is the colour of nobility.[/b] Finally, we could note [b]the specifically racial denominator esherdan in the Air and Hoggar dialects, which means mulatto of a "black" and a "red" parent - black and red here meaning African and Arab-Berber, not slave and master (Alojaly 1980)[/b] Thus, [b]local terms to describe racial and social status cannot easily be translated into Western racial or racialist concepts as the French conquerors did.[/b] Yet, that is what happened. In 1951, a French Commander could still note about the Tuareg nobility of the Niger Bend, which would most likely be qualified as sattafan, that [b]"many are black and generally do not have the noble appearance of the inhabitants of the [Algerian] Hoggar."[/b] Through their own racial bias and despite fifty years of colonial presence, [b]the French commanders translated shaggaran (red) as "white" and "white" as nobles. Indigenous Tuareg physical distinctions have gradually incorporated these more European notions. When speaking French, a Tuareg will now translate koual as [i]"noir."[/i] However, both shaggaran (red) and sattafan (greenish black) will be translated [i]"blanc."[/i][/b][/QUOTE]Source: https://sci-hub.se/https://www.jstor.org/stable/25067450 [QUOTE]Analysis of the eghawelen among the Kel Antessar requires bridging the ideological divide between [b]whites (imashaghen), also known as reds (ishaggaghen),[/b] and blacks (imikwalan), as well as recognizing status boundaries between the free (illelan) and [b]the descendants of slaves whom imashaghen still refer to as bellah.[/b][/QUOTE]Source: https://www.cairn.info/revue-l-ouest-saharien-2020-1-page-249.htm [/qb][/QUOTE]The point is that Europeans have always tried to claim any kind of culture in North Africa as originating with whites, including the Tuaregs. We need to separate fantasy from reality: [IMG]https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b5/Tuareg_%E2%80%93_The_Desert_Warrior.jpg[/IMG] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuareg_%E2%80%93_The_Desert_Warrior Anyone can look up the numerous examples of Tuareg chiefs that the French and others have dealt with over the last 100 years. None of them look anywhere close to white. Not to mention, recall the recent history in Libya, where Kaddafi was claimed to be backed by 'black' Tuaregs from the South before he died. Then after the war, the narrative changed to 'non black' Tuaregs from Libya bring conflict to Mali and Niger. The core issue is that in the history of populations in the Sahara, features such as long narrow faces evolved among Africans and are indigenous to Africa. Europeans love to claim that these represent "racial" characteristics unique to Europeans or Eurasians which is false. Such features are found all over Africa, in the Sahara, Sahel, the Horn and other parts of Africa. And it is these features that ultimately would be the truest definition or origin of so called "Mediterranean" features where populations with dark skin and straighter hair were common across parts of Northern Africa and into Southern Europe in more ancient times. And no, I am not denying variation in skin color among indigenous African populations. I am saying this variation historically is based on evolution and separate from any mixture which happened over time. Tunisians [IMG]http://farm1.static.flickr.com/206/524877686_20f9e42784_b.jpg[/IMG] http://www.flickr.com/photos/cantelmodecantelmi/524877686/ Dassine Oult Yemma and Moussa Ag Amastan, Tuareg chief during French colonial era: [IMG]https://c7.alamy.com/comp/B867T9/dassine-poetess-B867T9.jpg[/IMG] https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-dassine-poetess-22265497.html?imageid=F88B6D06-DFE1-480F-AA09-A9EEBC9BEAD1&p=551249&pn=3 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moussa_Ag_Amastan Ethiopian with "caucasoid" features: [IMG]http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2192/2273782778_cf52e0891d.jpg?v=0[/IMG] http://www.flickr.com/photos/digital_don/2273782778/in/set-72157600200187084/ The point being when all these papers talk about variation in ancient African crania as proof of "non African" features you have to see it as denying indigenous African diversity. We have discussed this numerous times before: http://www.egyptsearch.com/forums/ultimatebb.cgi?ubb=get_topic;f=8;t=009525;p=4#000196 http://www.egyptsearch.com/forums/ultimatebb.cgi?ubb=get_topic;f=8;t=010526;p=1 Ancient depictions of Cretans in Nile Valley art: [IMG]https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Cretans_Bringing_Gifts%2C_Tomb_of_Rekhmire_MET_DT10883.jpg/917px-Cretans_Bringing_Gifts%2C_Tomb_of_Rekhmire_MET_DT10883.jpg[/IMG] https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cretans_Bringing_Gifts,_Tomb_of_Rekhmire_MET_DT10883.jpg [/QB][/QUOTE]
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