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Mike, yes Europeans are descended from Paleolithic ancestors in Europe from 40kya. Which is how we know they(Europeans) didn't independently develop agriculture, but rather adopted it from incoming farmers. The population spreading agriculture into Europe were from the Middle East(Natufians). The Natufians coming from the Levant carried E3b and J into Europe along with agriculture/domestication.
Keep up now, when humans with darker skin pigmentation move to northern latitudes, without the right supplements they become Vitamin D deficient, supplements need to be taken.
Pale skin is best explained through the spread of farming, There are two general sources for vitamin D—sunlight and diet.
We know that a farmer’s diet does not have enough vitamin D, meaning that people in farming-based societies need to get a lot of it from the sun. We also know there is not enough sunlight in Northern Europe for dark skinned people to get enough vitamin D. So farming based societies that live in Northern Europe need to have lighter skin.
But farming didn’t really take a hold in Europe until 6,000 or 8,000 years ago. So what about the 30,000 or 35,000 years that people lived in Europe before farming you ask? Well, If there was enough vitamin D in their diet, then there would have been no need for pale skin. Recent genetic work suggests that the diet of these hunter-gatherers had plenty of vitamin D.
Inuits have always been hunter gatherers and have never adopted the farming lifestyle.
quote:For centuries, Inuit living in Canada's Arctic spent months without sunlight, and lifetimes wearing thick, fur clothing that blocked the sunlight from their dark skin.
Mother Nature provided vitamin D in other ways. Instead of making it through sun exposure, the Inuit got a healthy dose from traditional foods that happen to be rich in vitamin D: the skin of Arctic char; seal liver; the yolks of bird and fish eggs; and seal, walrus and whale blubber.
But as the Arctic has changed, so have eating habits. While seal and char (trout) are still staples in Nunavut's isolated communities, walrus and whale consumption have been in decline for 30 years.
The result is ****vitamin D deficiency***, which surfaces as ***rickets*** , a disease most Canadians might be surprised to hear still exists in Canada. Thirty-one new cases of rickets were discovered in the first five years of Nunavut's creation.
and...
quote:
As early humans started migrating north into Europe and east into Asia, they were exposed to different amounts of sun. Those who went north found their dark skin worked against them–preventing them from absorbing enough sunlight to create vitamin D. To adapt, these humans started producing less melanin.
But Inuits vitamin D intake wasn’t dependent upon the sun. They get all that they need from their diet, heavy on types of fatty fish that are naturally rich in vitamin D. The plentiful amounts of the vitamin kept them from developing less melanin. In fact, before milk was fortified with D, people living outside of Northern Canada and Alaska loaded their diets with fishy products, such as cod liver oil, to get their daily supplement. So despite their chilly climate and lack of sun exposure, it’s the Inuit diet that has kept them in their natural glow.
The evolution of pale skin in Europeans and East Asians, was completely independent of Africans and of eachother.
Dr. Wells, of the National Geographic Society, said Dr. Pritchard's results were fascinating and would help anthropologists explain the immense diversity of human populations even though their genes are generally similar. The relative handful of selected genes that Dr. Pritchard's study has pinpointed may hold the answer, he said, adding, "Each gene has a story of some pressure we adapted to."
Dr. Wells is gathering DNA from across the globe to map in finer detail the genetic variation brought to light by the HapMap project.
Dr. Pritchard's list of selected genes also includes five that affect skin color . The selected versions of the genes occur solely in Europeans and are presumably responsible for pale skin. Anthropologists have generally assumed that the first modern humans to arrive in Europe some 45,000 years ago had the dark skin of their African origins, but soon acquired the paler skin needed to admit sunlight for vitamin D synthesis.
The finding of five skin genes selected 6,600 years ago could imply that Europeans acquired their pale skin much more recently. Or, the selected genes may have been a reinforcement of a process established earlier, Dr. Pritchard said. The five genes show no sign of selective pressure in East Asians.
Because Chinese and Japanese are also pale, Dr. Pritchard said, evolution must have accomplished the same goal in those populations by working through different genes or by changing the same genes — but many thousands of years before, so that the signal of selection is no longer visible to the new test.
quote: Signatures of Positive Selection in Genes Associated with Human Skin Pigmentation as Revealed from Analyses of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms
KEYWORDS human pigmentation • skin color • positive selection • genetic adaptation • Perlegen database • SNP • EHH test ABSTRACT
Phenotypic variation between human populations in skin pigmentation correlates with latitude at the continental level. A large number of hypotheses involving genetic adaptation have been proposed to explain human variation in skin colour, but only limited genetic evidence for positive selection has been presented. To shed light on the evolutionary genetic history of human variation in skin colour we inspected 118 genes associated with skin pigmentation in the Perlegen dataset, studying single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and analyzed 55 genes in detail. We identified eight genes that are associated with the melanin pathway (SLC45A2, OCA2, TYRP1, DCT, KITLG, EGFR, DRD2 and PPARD) and presented significant differences in genetic variation between Europeans, Africans and Asians. In six of these genes we detected, by means of the EHH test, variability patterns that are compatible with the hypothesis of local positive selection in Europeans (OCA2, TYRP1 and KITLG) and in Asians (OCA2, DCT, KITLG, EGFR and DRD2), whereas signals were scarce in Africans (DCT, EGFR and DRD2). Furthermore, a statistically significant correlation between genotypic variation in four pigmentation candidate genes and phenotypic variation of skin colour in 51 worldwide human populations was revealed. Overall, our data also suggest that light skin colour is the derived state and is of independent origin in Europeans and Asians, whereas dark skin color seems of unique origin, reflecting the ancestral state in humans.
quote: The genetic architecture of normal variation in human pigmentation: an evolutionary perspective and model
Skin pigmentation varies substantially across human populations in a manner largely coincident with ultraviolet radiation intensity. This observation suggests that natural selection in response to sunlight is a major force in accounting for pigmentation variability. We review recent progress in identifying the genes controlling this variation with a particular focus on the trait's evolutionary past and the potential role of testing for signatures of selection in aiding the discovery of functionally important genes. We have analyzed SNP data from the International HapMap project in 77 pigmentation candidate genes for such signatures. On the basis of these results and other similar work, we provide a tentative three-population model (West Africa, East Asia and North Europe) of the evolutionary–genetic architecture of human pigmentation. These results suggest a complex evolutionary history, with selection acting on different gene targets at different times and places in the human past. Some candidate genes may have been selected in the ancestral human population, others in the ‘out of Africa’ proto European-Asian population, whereas most appear to have selectively evolved solely in either Europeans or East Asians separately despite the pigmentation similarities between these two populations. Selection signatures can provide important clues to aid gene discovery. However, these should be viewed as complements, rather than replacements of, functional studies including linkage and association analyses, which can directly refine our understanding of the trait.
Posts: 6572 | From: N.Y.C....Capital of the World | Registered: Jun 2008
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^^^Please stop posting and re-posting the same SH!T. If it didn't make sense before, it won't make sense now!!!! Give it a break!
Posts: 22721 | Registered: Oct 2005
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^^^Not my fault your comprehension level doesn't allow you to process this information. I've just answered all of your questions.... Response?? Next??
Posts: 6572 | From: N.Y.C....Capital of the World | Registered: Jun 2008
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This is from where today's whites arose according to Kkeys white racist historians. New mintage from the Russian Steppes. Of course, descended from Paleolithic stock as seen from the page above:
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Actually here are the facts Upper Paleolithic Europeans who resembled Oceanic's. Just as Australians are not African anymore, but still resemble Africans, so did UP Europeans.
1)Early Europeans still resembled modern tropical peoples -> some resemble modern Australian and Africans, more than modern Europeans [C. Stringer, R. McKie 1996]
"Nor does the picture get any clearer when we move on to the Cro-Magnons, the presumed ancestors of modern Europeans. Some were more like present-day Australians or Africans, judged by objective anatomical observations..." - African Exodus Christopher Stringer and Robin McKie 1996
In order to establish the affinities of the Hofmeyr fossil, team member Katerina Harvati of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, used 3-dimensional measurements of the skull known to differentiate recent human populations according to their geographic distributions and genetic relationships. She compared the Hofmeyr skull with contemporaneous Upper Paleolithic skulls from Europe and with the skulls of living humans from Eurasia and sub-Saharan Africa, including the Khoe-San (Bushmen). Because the Khoe-San are represented in the recent archeological record of South Africa, they were expected to have close resemblances to the South African fossil. Instead, the Hofmeyr skull is quite distinct from recent sub-Saharan Africans, including the Khoe-San, and has a very close affinity with the European Upper Paleolithic specimens.
Until now, the lack of human fossils of appropriate antiquity from sub-Saharan Africa has meant that these competing genetic models of human evolution could not be tested by paleontological evidence.
The skull from Hofmeyr has changed that. The surprising similarity between a fossil skull (Hofmeyr) from the southernmost tip of Africa and similarly ancient skulls from Europe is in agreement with the genetics-based "Out of Africa" theory, which predicts that humans like those that inhabited Eurasia in the Upper Paleolithic should be found in sub-Saharan Africa around 36,000 years ago. The skull from South Africa provides the first fossil evidence in support of this prediction.
European early modern humans and the fate of the Neandertals Erik Trinkaus*
"The skull is large and robust. The maximum estimated length and breadth of the neurocranium, as well as most measurements of the facial skeleton, lie at or exceed two standard deviations (SD) of the means for modern African males ,whereas they lie within these limits for Late Pleistocene crania from Eurasia and North Africa(table S3)."
"As a result of an ongoing cleansing of the fossil record through direct radiometric dating, a series of obviously modern, and in fact Late Upper Paleolithic or Holocene, human remains have been removed from consideration (7). This cleansing has helped to dilute the impression that the earliest modern humans in Europe were just like recent European populations.
Thus, Hofmeyr is seemingly primitive in comparison to recent African crania in a number of features, including a prominent glabella; moderately thick, continuous supraorbital tori; a tall, flat, and straight malar; a broad frontal process of the maxilla; and comparatively large molar crowns.
Posts: 6572 | From: N.Y.C....Capital of the World | Registered: Jun 2008
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Never mind Clyde, I found a translation of the stele text.
The Neubauer Expedition of the Oriental Institute at the University of Chicago found the 800-pound basalt stele, 3 feet tall and 2 feet wide, at Zincirli (pronounced "Zin-jeer-lee"), the site of the ancient city of Sam'al. Once the capital of a prosperous kingdom, it is now one of the most important Iron Age sites under excavation.
The stele is the first of its kind to be found intact in its original location, enabling scholars to learn about funerary customs and life in the eighth century B.C. At the time, vast empires emerged in the ancient Middle East, and cultures such as the Israelites and Phoenicians became part of a vibrant mix.
The man featured on the stele was probably cremated, a practice that Jewish and other cultures shun because of a belief in the unity of body and soul. According to the inscription, the soul of the deceased resided in the stele.
"The stele is in almost pristine condition. It is unique in its combination of pictorial and textual features and thus provides an important addition to our knowledge of ancient language and culture," said David Schloen, Associate Professor at the Oriental Institute and Director of the University's Neubauer Expedition to Zincirli.
German archaeologists first excavated the 100-acre site in the 1890s and unearthed massive city walls, gates and palaces. A number of royal inscriptions and other finds are now on display in museums in Istanbul and Berlin. Schloen and his team from the University of Chicago have excavated Zincirli for two months annually since 2006.
"Zincirli is a remarkable site," said Gil Stein, Director of the Oriental Institute. "Because no other cities were built on top of it, we have excellent Iron Age materials right under the surface. It is rare also in having written evidence together with artistic and archaeological evidence from the Iron Age. Having all of that information helps an archaeologist study the ethnicity of the inhabitants, trade and migration, as well as the relationships of the groups who lived there."
The stele was discovered last summer in a small room that had been converted into a mortuary shrine for the royal official Kuttamuwa, self-described in the inscription as a "servant" of King Panamuwa of the eighth century B.C. It was found in the outer part of the walled city in a domestic area—most likely the house of Kuttamuwa himself—far from the royal palaces, where inscriptions had previously been found.
The inscription reads in part: "I, Kuttamuwa, servant of Panamuwa, am the one who oversaw the production of this stele for myself while still living. I placed it in an eternal chamber(?) and established a feast at this chamber(?): a bull for [the storm-god] Hadad, ... a ram for [the sun-god] Shamash, ... and a ram for my soul that is in this stele. …" It was written in a script derived from the Phoenician alphabet and in a local West Semitic dialect similar to Aramaic and Hebrew. It is of keen interest to linguists as well as biblical scholars and religious historians because it comes from a kingdom contemporary with ancient Israel that shared a similar language and cultural features.
The finding sheds a striking new light on Iron Age beliefs about the afterlife. In this case, it was the belief that the enduring identity or "soul" of the deceased inhabited the monument on which his image was carved and on which his final words were recorded.
The stele was set against a stone wall in the corner of the small room, with its protruding tenon or "tab" still inserted into a slot in a flagstone platform. A handsome, bearded figure, Kuttamuwa wore a tasseled cap and fringed cloak and raised a cup of wine in his right hand. He was seated on a chair in front of a table laden with food, symbolizing the pleasant afterlife he expected to enjoy. Beside him is his inscription, elegantly carved in raised relief, enjoining upon his descendants the regular duty of bringing food for his soul. Indeed, in front of the stele were remains of food offerings and fragments of polished stone bowls of the type depicted on Kuttamuwa's table.
According to Schloen, the stele vividly demonstrates that Iron Age Sam'al, located in the border zone between Anatolia and Syria, inherited both Semitic and Indo-European cultural traditions. Kuttamuwa and his king, Panamuwa, had non-Semitic names, reflecting the migration of Indo-European speakers into the region centuries earlier under the Hittite Empire based in central Anatolia (modern Turkey), which had conquered the region. (Comment - Be careful what you make of that term "Indo-European" - as you can see, he is NOT White)(also note; there was no such thing as a Hittite Empire in Anatolia - it was the Hattie Empire.
But by the eighth century B.C., they were speaking the local West Semitic dialect and were fully integrated into local culture. Kuttumuwa's inscription shows a fascinating mixture of non-Semitic and Semitic cultural elements, including a belief in the enduring human soul—which did not inhabit the bones of the deceased, as in traditional Semitic thought, but inhabited his stone monument, possibly because the remains of the deceased were cremated. Cremation was considered to be abhorrent in the Old Testament and in traditional West Semitic culture, but there is archaeological evidence for Indo-European-style cremation in neighboring Iron Age sites, although not yet at Zincirli itself.
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Note how they changed the color of the figures and body shape.They made the bodies more rounded. They also changed the hair style to make it appear less Afroish.
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Nobody changed anything Clyde, you are mentally ill and need some medical attention.
Posts: 2069 | From: Texas | Registered: Sep 2008
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Mr. Great American Patriot. You say "Nobody changed anything" as if that is never done? Then you say someone needs to see a psychiatrist as they are mentally ill?
What do we do, then, pray tell, when whites knowingly do take historical or mythological (Isis, for instance converted to the Virgin Mary) icons and make them white?
They take Africans and convert them to whites that they in turn worship? Who is sick and who needs to see a psychiatrist? Are you talking about yourself?
And just how did you great American Patriots get here anyhow?
. .
-------------------- The nature of homelife is the fate of the nation. Posts: 2334 | Registered: May 2006
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Marc, Whites did not do as you say. You are obsessed and preoccupied with race, beyond anything I have ever seen.
Posts: 2069 | From: Texas | Registered: Sep 2008
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The fake and original line up in above posts do not match. In the first instance a Minoan piece is matched to an Egyptian piece. In the second instance though both are Minoan they are different scenes.
Yes, touch ups have been made of Minoan art. One needs to make precise matches of the exact same pieces in order to properly show it.
Posts: 8014 | From: the Tekrur in the Western Sahel | Registered: Feb 2006
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Thhis idea of a conspiracy by whites to fake art is mental illness. It simply did not happen.
Posts: 2069 | From: Texas | Registered: Sep 2008
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quote:Originally posted by alTakruri: The fake and original line up in above posts do not match. In the first instance a Minoan piece is matched to an Egyptian piece. In the second instance though both are Minoan they are different scenes.
Yes, touch ups have been made of Minoan art. One needs to make precise matches of the exact same pieces in order to properly show it.
Since Whites do NOT allow access to sufficient authentic artifacts to make side-by-side comparisons (in fact there is almost NO access), what you suggest is impossible, and therefor unreasonable. It is sufficient to show that the same people, in the same timeframe, and in the same places, look totally different.
Posts: 22721 | Registered: Oct 2005
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Why we need some hand-selected quotes and pictures of Europeans and Asiatics to advance the position that Blacks were the initial founders of the "soul" concept is beyond me, but archaeologists will tell you that this was a human/African concept stretching back to prehistoric times. There is clear evidence that early man had a concept of a soul via their fascination with the afterlife and the associated traditions that accompanied it. Metaphysically, it is more than likely one of the first concepts man created to cope with death.
-------------------- mr.writer.asa@gmail.com Posts: 4021 | From: Bay Area, CA | Registered: Mar 2007
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Marc, I think Alive agrees that the pics Finished posted were "touched up" ie fake.
-------------------- Without data you are just another person with an opinion - Deming Posts: 12143 | From: When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable | Registered: Jun 2007
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BTW, TAP. in case you forgottten, in that OJ thread. The majority of us concluded that OJ is innocent of the first crime, 1995, he was charged with. A lot of Euro-Americans believe he was guilty. So when you post your comments keep that in mind.
1. He did not have enough time to do the double murder. 2. The glove did not fit. 3. Motive was weak. Us black men very rarely kill our women over jealously. We can always get another one. LOL. This is part of our sub-culture. 3. verdict? - inconclusive that he did it. ie there was doubt ie he is innocent
Regarding the present case. Did not get all the details but it seems the man went to retrieve what was stolen from him. Most "men" would, Remarkedly the entire thing was taped. Conclusion - setup? The gun position and kidnapping charges were unwarranted.
This was payback pure and simple. The US Justice system should be ashamed of itself.
And before you get into your tirade and, illogical behavour about race affinity. Being in the Philly area, I don't see through racial lenses like most white people. eg reading through the facts of the case on Mumia. I believe he is guilty. And as such me being mostly "comservative" he should be put away.
-------------------- Without data you are just another person with an opinion - Deming Posts: 12143 | From: When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable | Registered: Jun 2007
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DevilNegrokiller_Wolofi: - Turks aren't black idiot. Why don't you try learning about African history instead of Asiatic history because it has nothing to do with blacks or Africans. You are getting worse and worse with your self hatred and inferiority complex dude.
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