posted
Lactase persistence genotypes and malaria susceptibility in Fulani of Mali.
Malar J. 2011 Jan 14;10(1):9. [Epub ahead of print]
ABSTRACT:
BACKGROUND: Fulani are a widely spread African ethnic group characterized by lower susceptibility to Plasmodium falciparum, clinical malaria morbidity and higher rate of lactase persistence compared to sympatric tribes. Lactase non-persistence, often called lactose intolerance, is the normal condition where lactase activity in the intestinal wall declines after weaning. Lactase persistence, common in Europe, and in certain African people with traditions of raising cattle, is caused by polymorphisms in the enhancer region approximately 14 kb upstream of the lactase gene.
METHODS: To evaluate the relationship between malaria and lactase persistence genotypes, a 400 bp region surrounding the main European C/T-13910 polymorphism upstream of the lactase gene was sequenced. DNA samples used in the study originated from 162 Fulani and 79 Dogon individuals from Mali.
RESULTS: Among 79 Dogon only one heterozygote of the lactase enhancer polymorphism was detected, whereas all others were homozygous for the ancestral C allele. Among the Fulani, the main European polymorphism at locus C/T-13910 was by far the most common polymorphism, with an allele frequency of 37%. Three other single-nucleotide polymorphisms were found with allele frequencies of 3.7%, 1.9% and 0.6% each. The novel DNA polymorphism T/C-13906 was seen in six heterozygous Fulani. Among the Fulani with lactase non-persistence CC genotypes at the C/T-13910 locus, 24% had malaria parasites detectable by microscopy compared to 18% for lactase persistent genotypes (P = 0.29). Pooling the lactase enhancer polymorphisms to a common presumptive genotype gave 28% microscopy positives for non-persistent and 17% for others (P = 0.11).
CONCLUSIONS: Plasmodium falciparum parasitaemia in asymptomatic Fulani is more common in individuals with lactase non-persistence genotypes, but this difference is not statistically significant. The potential immunoprotective properties of dietary cow milk as a reason for the partial malaria resistance of Fulani warrant further investigation.
Lokki
Malar J. 2011 Jan 14;10(1):9.
Posts: 2007 | From: Washington State | Registered: Oct 2006
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posted
Calling the nucleotide sequence of the locus 13910C->T "European" is sloppy, since it primarily exists in pastoralist Fulani, as opposed to sedentary Fulani. This is clearly secondary to the pastoralist lifestyle, not gene flow. It would be a stupid undertaking, if not comical, to suggest that Fulani only adopted pastoralism after learning it from Europeans. Furthermore, there are various nucleotide substitutions that are associated with this locus in Europe itself, not a singly variant. Simply put: sloppy scholarship.
Posts: 7516 | From: Somewhere on Earth | Registered: Jan 2008
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posted
I myself upon reading "Mali" the title of this thread was thinking of Turkish slaves. I hadn't really heard of Lactose Tolerance in Africa outside of the Maasai i think. Lactose Tolerance is common in Europeans, correct? But, all though genetic drift exists, when i think of Peul out of all the groups in Africa i don't tend think much non-Africa derived genetic ancestry at all.
posted
Why would they have derived it from Turkish slaves, when Fulani have been pastoralists for as long as pastoralism has been present in western Africa. What Turkish uniparental markers do you presume to be considerable in pastoralist Fulani anyhow? Perhaps you had better read up more on African genetics, if by now you hadn't heard of lactase persistence in Africa outside of Maasai. How do you figure pastoralists in Africa, wherein pastoralism is amongst the earliest practiced anywhere, have had no lactase persistence through all the time pastoralism has been practiced?
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quote:Originally posted by The Explorer: Why would they have derived it from Turkish slaves, when Fulani have been pastoralists for as long as pastoralism has been present in western Africa.
posted
What's also noteworthy and missing, is nuance next to the generalisation that ''lactose persistence is common in Europe''. Ironically, Southern Europeans, who would've been the most likely in such repackadged Hametic hypothesis scenarios to inject genes into (north) African populations, carry the genes in question in lower frequencies than their Northern European counterparts.
With Lactose intolerance rates as high as 70% in sicilly, and similar findings in Italy and the Balkan, according to one publication, such rates are often way higher than many African populations, who use their stock predominantly for milk and blood.
Also, inability to stand diary products does not equate lacking a gene that is associated with lactase persistence, and vice versa.
Posts: 8785 | From: Discovery Channel's Mythbusters | Registered: Dec 2009
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posted
All lactase tolerance does not boil down to a single allele. T-13910 is not alone and is only so popular because Europeans, and others embracing the nearest thing to actually being designated European, i.e., Caucasians, dominate the anthropological fields of study including genetics. Hence their supreme interest in themselves and disguising what they find that does not flatter them (as we'll see shortly).
LP age in Africa correlates well with cattle domestication age but is not neccessarily alligned with pastoralism as the Hadza Click speaking hunter gatherers have LP phenotype as do the Sandawe not only the pastoralist Beja, Masai, Tutsi, Hausa, and Fulani etc.
The TMRCA of T-13910 in Sudanese Fulani * _LD method = 6,475 (95% CI 5,875-7,100) * Rho method = 6,134 (±682) and 10,735 (±1,193)
Thus the age of Fulani LP predates all others having it due to "European Caucasian" T-13910.
The bulk of European/Caucasian scientists seek to disguise this in terms of Fulani admixture from Caucasians but since ancestral Fulani were the first to have it, the fact is more like the reverse. Caucasians who spread this factor in EurAsia are admixed from ancestral Fulani.
Repeat, Caucasians who spread lactose tolerance inherited it by admixture from ancestral Fulani. Posts: 8014 | From: the Tekrur in the Western Sahel | Registered: Feb 2006
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quote:Repeat, Caucasians who spread lactose tolerance inherited it by admixture from ancestral Fulani.
^How would you then explain its proposed emergence in Central Europe as a result of certain Near Eastern crops being unable to thrive in novel European climates, and thus, necessitating a heavier reliance on consumption of stock derived products?
quote: Integrating genetic and archaeological data, Mark Thomas and colleagues at University College London were able to trace down the first evidence of lactase—the enzyme that allows us to digest the complex milk sugar lactose—persisting beyond the weaning years into adulthood to "exactly when you see the beginning of Linearbandkeramik culture [considered the first Neolithic society in Europe]," Thomas says. "When that started, you saw a change from a mixed economy to one based primarily on cattle." And, with this revolution, came a strong evolutionary advantage for people able to consume milk and its nutrients without digestive discomfort.
Pioneer farmers made their way north with domesticated crops from the Near East, he explains, but these crops were not necessarily well suited for the new environment. So, as the pioneers found themselves isolated with only feeble crops and cattle as well as parasite-ridden water sources, cow's milk may have become an increasingly important staple for survival. "Seasonal crops are boom and bust, but cattle provide food even when crops are failing," Thomas says. "The only problem is you must be able to drink it." Those on the brink of starvation, he notes, would not have been able to survive the diarrhea that lactose intolerance brings.
And as said in my first post, that the Europeans who have Lactase persistence the least, are the ones who have been in contact with Africans the most?
Posts: 8785 | From: Discovery Channel's Mythbusters | Registered: Dec 2009
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posted
You have the mistaken notion that my post was in response to yours or that I care about T-13910 except to clear up the confusion about Fulani having it due to EurAsian/Caucasian/European/ white admixture.
The fact is that T-13910 is centuries (millenia by some measures) older than T-13910 in any other population and the bulk of geneticists who reason Fulani got it from whites were perpetrating a fraud and should have admitted the exact opposite instead of using T-13910 to bolster false origins for Fulani.
quote:Originally posted by Kalonji:
quote:Repeat, Caucasians who spread lactose tolerance inherited it by admixture from ancestral Fulani.
^How would you then explain ...
Posts: 8014 | From: the Tekrur in the Western Sahel | Registered: Feb 2006
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posted
Nope, I was just asking how your model stacks up to current research.
Posts: 8785 | From: Discovery Channel's Mythbusters | Registered: Dec 2009
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posted
It's not my model. I didn't conduct the science or publish the report establishing Fulani T-13910 as having the deepest TMRCA by Rho calculation. Or did you overlook that whilst perusing your current research sources?
It's not about me, it's about T-13910, it's TMRCA, and Fulani.
Try posting about that please.
Posts: 8014 | From: the Tekrur in the Western Sahel | Registered: Feb 2006
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posted
I did not say you concocted it. As a matter of fact, I didn't even mention T-13910. Neither did I mention your TMRCA data. I replied to your claim that:
quote:Repeat, Caucasians who spread lactose tolerance inherited it by admixture from ancestral Fulani.
Did you get that from your study, if not, how is it not part of your model?
Posts: 8785 | From: Discovery Channel's Mythbusters | Registered: Dec 2009
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posted
So you're basically answering my questions with a question?
quote:Originally posted by Kalonji: I did not say you concocted it. As a matter of fact, I didn't even mention T-13910. Neither did I mention your TMRCA data. I replied to your claim that:
quote:Repeat, Caucasians who spread lactose tolerance inherited it by admixture from ancestral Fulani.
Did you get that from your study, if not, how is it not part of your model?
posted
I'm querying you on the topic, lactase persistence not fielding requests about al~Takruri. I have a series of questions for you but will only present them one by one.
It is by phrasing questions and seeking answers for them that all the experimenting leading to all these published reports get funded. Those questions are always about some relevant scientific issue not about the scientists.
Posts: 8014 | From: the Tekrur in the Western Sahel | Registered: Feb 2006
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posted
These questions are not about you. Both issues, ie Fulani ancestry in Europeans, and DNA material, eminate from your first post, so I don't see how you get to dictate which one of these are to be queried after.
You made that statement about proto-Fulani injecting lactase persistence into proto Europeans, in fact you was so confident about your claim that you bolded it.
Since you claimed the latter, I've asked you four questions, none have been answered, but you did find the time and energy to talk about other things.
Can you explain to me the questions you have not answered yet:
*How would you explain the markers proposed emergence in Europe, in Central Europe, using both archeological and genetic data?
*How would you explain that the Europeans who have lactase persistence the least, are the ones who have been in contact with Africans the most?
*Did you get it from your study that proto Europeans got their lactase persistence from proto Fulani?
Posts: 8785 | From: Discovery Channel's Mythbusters | Registered: Dec 2009
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posted
How is it possible, that the very Euro's with whom a genetic relationship with Fulani can be demonstrated, have predominant lactose intolerance, if they Europeans in general got their Lactase persistence from proto Fulani?
Why is it that Northern Europeans, who have negligible African markers, have predominant rates of Lactase persistence, if Euros got the marker from proto Fulani?
posted
Careful now, I wrote ancestral Fulani there were no Fulani as long ago as the 8th millenium upper boundary Rho TMRCA calculation.
I don't dictate anything. I, like you or any other poster write about what I chose to and very limited. This is a post to a msg board not a chapter in a book. If you're not interested in answering my questions I'm not interested in continuing so I will not go on and respond to each item raised in your below post that you made up but I never made any such positions.
You're really not asking me anyway. Your questions are all rhetorical and are really statements which of course you are free to make as long as they don't distort my actual words.
quote:Originally posted by Kalonji: These questions are not about you. Both issues, ie Fulani ancestry in Europeans, and DNA material, eminate from your first post, so I don't see how you get to dictate which one of these are to be queried after.
You made that statement about proto-Fulani injecting lactase persistence into proto Europeans, in fact you was so confident about your claim that you bolded it.
Since you claimed the latter, I've asked you four questions, none have been answered, but you did find the time and energy to talk about other things.
Can you explain to me the questions you have not answered yet:
*How would you explain the markers proposed emergence in Europe, in Central Europe, using both archeological and genetic data?
*How would you explain that the Europeans who have lactase persistence the least, are the ones who have been in contact with Africans the most?
*Did you get it from your study that proto Europeans got their lactase persistence from proto Fulani?
Posts: 8014 | From: the Tekrur in the Western Sahel | Registered: Feb 2006
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posted
What are the markers represented by your chart? What do they have to do with transference of the background gene in Fulani and Eurasians responsible for their lactase persistance?
You must peruse the studies on LP to present an argument abount LP. LP is not dependent on nrY nor mtDNA markers which are not genes.
Besides that you need to know that intermediate and non tolerance for lactose is found in populations who have tolerance. So you'll need to base yourself on the percentages of each lactose level for each population you consider.
BTW - I have no argument with your two initial posts they just really don't concern or relate to my initial post which as far as I can see doesn't threaten what you wrote.
quote:Originally posted by Kalonji: How is it possible, that the very Euro's with whom a genetic relationship with Fulani can be demonstrated, have predominant lactose intolerance? why is it that Northern Europeans, who have negligible African markers, have predominant lactase persistence, if Euros got the marker from proto Fulani?
quote:Careful now, I wrote ancestral Fulani there were no Fulani as long ago as the 8th millenium upper boundary Rho TMRCA calculation.
From all the places where I included ''proto'', you make a biggie out of the one time where I forgot to?
quote:If you're not interested in answering my questions I'm not interested in continuing
Yes, as any self respecting poster would. If you dodge four questions directed to you one after the other, and expect a single answer from my mouth until you've answered mine, I have nothing to conclude other than that you're dodging my questions. Why?
quote:and respond to each item raised in your below post that you made up but I never made any such positions. You're really not asking me anyway. Your questions are all rhetorical and are really statements which of course you are free to make as long as they don't distort my actual words.
Can you point out what specifically was made up and distorted by me? If you're referring to my accidental ommission of ''proto'', can you explain to me why that matters in the context that I omitted it? To be specific, what could have changed between now and then, in the context of Fulani markers that are generally absent from Northern Europe anyway? Does it really matter in this context? Or are you just fishing for things to keep from having to answer my questions?
Posts: 8785 | From: Discovery Channel's Mythbusters | Registered: Dec 2009
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posted
This getting nowhere and it's obvious you've not perused the full LP reports. You go on and on about markers totally irrelevant to LP. You seem unable to post anything about LP genetics
You champion the first evidence of lactase being in the Linearbandkeramik culture of Europe. But the deepest TMRCA for lactase is owned by the Fulani of Africa.
They both can't be right. There is only one first place winner. Which is it? The Linearbandkeramik or the ancestral Fulani? What is the LP genetic science that backs the one you'll select?
Posts: 8014 | From: the Tekrur in the Western Sahel | Registered: Feb 2006
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quote:Originally posted by alTakruri: What are the markers represented by your chart? What do they have to do with transference of the background gene in Fulani and Eurasians responsible for their lactase persistance?
You must peruse the studies on LP to present an argument abount LP. LP is not dependent on nrY nor mtDNA markers which are not genes.
Besides that you need to know that intermediate and non tolerance for lactose is found in populations who have tolerance. So you'll need to base yourself on the percentages of each lactose level for each population you consider.
BTW - I have no argument with your two initial posts they just really don't concern or relate to my initial post which as far as I can see doesn't threaten what you wrote.
quote:Originally posted by Kalonji: How is it possible, that the very Euro's with whom a genetic relationship with Fulani can be demonstrated, have predominant lactose intolerance? why is it that Northern Europeans, who have negligible African markers, have predominant lactase persistence, if Euros got the marker from proto Fulani?
^Greeks (Cypriots) clustering with Fulani, among others Africans.
Non-sequitor, and totally irrelevent. I spoke of genetic relationships and markers, not genes. But I see where you going, everything to keep from being held accountable for your original claim that proto Fulani are responsible for European Lactase persistence, which you still have yet to adress.
Posts: 8785 | From: Discovery Channel's Mythbusters | Registered: Dec 2009
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quote:Originally posted by alTakruri: This getting nowhere and it's obvious you've not perused the full LP reports. You go on and on about markers totally irrelevant to LP. You seem unable to post anything about LP genetics
You champion the first evidence of lactase being in the Linearbandkeramik culture of Europe. But the deepest TMRCA for lactase is owned by the Fulani of Africa.
They both can't be right. There is only one first place winner. Which is it? The Linearbandkeramik or the ancestral Fulani? What is the LP genetic science that backs the one you'll select?
I championed nothing.
Go back and read what I've said. I said that it was proposed in recent reports that European lactase persistence originated in Central Europe. You're right, this is indeed getting nowhere. You've exposed yourself to be a total liar and hypocrite. Not only do you distort my words now, right after you accused me of doing so, but you also show that, in contrary to what you said in our last exchange, wherein you failed to answer my questions to this very day, that you won't answer calmly posed questions. It is obvious in how you basically used every evasive tactic in the book the keep from having to answer my four basic questions forwarded to you.
I hope everyone can see what a little fraud you are.
Just like in the previous thread, where you used a couple of my silly words as a scapegoat to rid yourself of your responsibility to follow up on questions after you made several questionable claims, the only difference is that you now confirmed my suspicions. You wasn't mad about me calling your comprehension into question, because what you're doing here is the exact same routine. The only difference is that I was smart enough to not give you the fuel you need. That is, there is nothing in my post you can point out as a scapegoat to use your usual escape hatchet.
Don't worry, you won't need to, this time it's me who's leaving. You have proven to be the most childish game playing toddler on this forum, posing as some kind of self rightious intellectual.
Posts: 8785 | From: Discovery Channel's Mythbusters | Registered: Dec 2009
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quote:I spoke of genetic relationships and markers, not genes.
Precisely. Your chart has nothing to do with the spread of LP genes because it's not about genes. This thread is about LP genetics not uniparentals. You have to study T-13910's background gene to propose how it spread to the populations who have it.
Nothing else will do and amounts to personal face saving than to any exposition of LP genetics, the initial C/T-13910 mutation, and its spread.
This is why I started by asking you one simple question to begin delving into the LP genetics but you sidestepped that question and went into a bunch of offpanel stuff. Where you to answer my question and the ones that would follow you would see why I said what I did about ancestral Fulani to EurAsian child inheritance. Not that you would have to agree with it but you would at least see why I so concluded.
Until you gear your posts to LP genetics I'm done.
quote:Originally posted by Kalonji:
quote:Originally posted by alTakruri: What are the markers represented by your chart? What do they have to do with transference of the background gene in Fulani and Eurasians responsible for their lactase persistance?
You must peruse the studies on LP to present an argument abount LP. LP is not dependent on nrY nor mtDNA markers which are not genes.
Besides that you need to know that intermediate and non tolerance for lactose is found in populations who have tolerance. So you'll need to base yourself on the percentages of each lactose level for each population you consider.
BTW - I have no argument with your two initial posts they just really don't concern or relate to my initial post which as far as I can see doesn't threaten what you wrote.
[QUOTE]Originally posted by Kalonji: How is it possible, that the very Euro's with whom a genetic relationship with Fulani can be demonstrated, have predominant lactose intolerance? why is it that Northern Europeans, who have negligible African markers, have predominant lactase persistence, if Euros got the marker from proto Fulani?
^Greeks (Cypriots) clustering with Fulani, among others Africans.
Non-sequitor, and totally irrelevent. I spoke of genetic relationships and markers, not genes. But I see where you going, everything to keep from being held accountable for your original claim that proto Fulani are responsible for European Lactase persistence, which you still have yet to adress.
Posts: 8014 | From: the Tekrur in the Western Sahel | Registered: Feb 2006
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posted
My, my. What a temper (and tantrum to go with it).
Now we see the aim of your correspondance. All the while it was not about the topic but about a personal vendetta. This really makes me laugh! Yes everyone can see you have no value add to the thread topic, LP and Fulani.
Me, I just post my thoughts like everybody else. It's not my fault that you perceive anything else like self-righteousness or elite intellectualism. Many a time have I admitted to blundering and ignorance. Have you ever done so?
Oh, and I am very accountable and have neither retracted nor altered any part of my "original claim." My answer to the geneticists claiming Caucasian admixture in Fulani is evidenced in lactose tolerance is since Fulani T-13910 TMRCA predates that of EurAsians and if the original mutation only occured once as they say then EurAsians are the child not the parent.
quote:Originally posted by Kalonji: You're right, this is indeed getting nowhere.
You've exposed yourself to be a total liar and hypocrite.
I hope everyone can see what a little fraud you are.
Just like in the previous thread,
You have proven to be the most childish game playing toddler on this forum,
posing as some kind of self rightious intellectual.
Posts: 8014 | From: the Tekrur in the Western Sahel | Registered: Feb 2006
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posted
On this, I agree with earlier posting from al Takruri regarding the TMRCA age estimations issue. Based on the reported ages, precedence should have been given to the Fulani, since it is the oldest by the method applied, but the authors gloss over this. The age estimations was more than likely referenced from Nabil et al. (2007). The results of Nabil & co. just goes to show how LP is largely a natural response to dairy-rich dietary, and as a result, LP has emerged independently [convergent evolution] in different areas of the world, and on different allelic backgrounds.
While LP trait need not necessarily be confined to pastoralists, it does have a strong correlative-association with pastoralist and heavy dairy-dietary lifestyles. It is inclined to be predominant in pastoralist groups, because they are more likely to be natural milk-consumers than agro-based sedentary communities, who generally dwell on more dietary choices.
Even in Europe, although the T-13910 sequence is the most common type, it is not the only allele linked to LP. Nabil et al. themselves acknowledge this. And even in the case of the T-13910 variant, Nabil et al.'s tables demonstrate that many of the populations sampled had more than one allelelic background linked to the LP. The Fulani are no exception. They claim that T-13910 allele emerged multiple times on different nucleotide sequence backgrounds, but then, that the one on the H98 haplotype likely emerged only once. The say they think this, because the nucleotide sequence of haplotype 87 looks to be the ancestral haplotype upon which mutations leading to haplotype 98 likely emerged. But the nucleotide sequences of both haplotype 95 and haplotype 87 could just as well serve as the ancestral sequences for haplotype 98. However, they ruled haplotype 95 out, presumably because 3 out of 6 individuals carrying haplotype 95 did not have the complete set of the familiar sequences of distant-SNP markers flanking the locus where the T-13910 allele lies, on the 3' end of the allele. On the other hand, this is how I look at it: if T-13910 could emerge on different allelic backgrounds, then it could just as well emerge more than once in distinct populations with similar allelic backgrounds for the LCT and MCM6 genes; who's to say that it can't. Even just going off the schematic that Nabil et al. provide on the different haplotypes, all that is fundamentally necessary for T-13910 allele to emerge, is having haplotype 84 around, which if it were to go C->T mutation on the MCM6 gene at 14kb upstream the LCT gene, and then another mutation down the road, at say, G->A 22kb upstream the LCT gene, and not necessarily in that order, would provide an allelic basis for haplotype 98 to emerge.
Posts: 7516 | From: Somewhere on Earth | Registered: Jan 2008
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posted
Yes the T-13910 TMRCAs for Fulani came from Enattah.
Using Enattah, Tishkoff, and Mulcare I posted alleles associated with lactase persistance: * C-3712 * G-13907 * T-13910 * C-13913 * G-13915 * C-14010 * A-22018.
Perusing the subject report I have to add * T-13906 * A-14107
Though nowhere stated in the report, note how the three pronged T-13910 arrow seems to imply a transSahel to Arabian Peninsula and north to the Balkans dispersion.
Figure 1. - African SNPs in the enhancer region of the LCT gene, in intron 13 of the MCM6 gene [3, 8-9, 16, 37]. Red colour points to the region of origin of samples in Mali (in black). Arrows represent suggested patterns of spread of the mutations. Without haplotype analyses between different populations, distinguishing original mutations from those that have spread between populations is not possible. Double arrow represents the fact that the original location of T/G-13915 cannot be determined, although it has been found in Arabic populations as well as in the Fulani of Mali (this study).
Itan et al (2009) persists in attributing the first human instance of lactose tolerance to Europeans. Basing themselves on archaeological evidence they posit T-13901 LP did not exist before herding and the consumption of cow's milk. Certain other LP is due to camel milk but in conflict with Itan are the Hadzi who have LP but drink no milk, caprid, cattle, nor camel.
No doubt as latent Eurocentric notions of LP as indicative of Caucasian superiority wane coupled with geneticists like Tishkoff and Lokki who ventured to study LP in Africans waxes more interesting developments in the study of LP will ensue as more non-European subjects are analyzed.
Posts: 8014 | From: the Tekrur in the Western Sahel | Registered: Feb 2006
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posted
It should be noted that of the four methods used [Nabil & Co.] in estimating the MRCA ages, only three have been applied on Fulani samples. The Fulani samples report greatest time depths than other samples in results of two of the three, namely the Rho and the LD methods. Only in the results of the Selection method, they didn't report the highest age, but they still remained in the top greatest ages reported.
Ps: Yes, the authors in question use the dubious "Caucasian" term in a taxonomic sense, to describe populations from a fairly wide geographical area, as if to stake "ownership" on the allele in question.
Posts: 7516 | From: Somewhere on Earth | Registered: Jan 2008
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posted
Just to show how hard it is to junket Caucasian affiliation for the Fulani, Enattah et al, after explaing the various age calculation methods and their bearing make this statement
quote:Interestingly, if we take into account the high prevalence of LP and the LP T-13910 allele in the Fulani and northern Europeans, as well as the almost-identical LP H98 allelic haplotype carrying the T-13910 allele (not only in the 30-kb region studied here but also in an 800-kb region in some populations [data not shown]), similar age estimates emerge for the T-13910 allele in both populations. This would indicate that the African Fulani and northern Europeans probably share the origin of this mutation and perhaps also share a dairy culture. Previous studies in Fulani have also suggested a degree of Caucasian admixture in their gene pool, a finding that supports the Caucasian origin of the LP H98 T-13910 allele. (28)
While still not ceding primacy to the Fulani but willing to share it with them, they continue to see T-13910 LP as Caucasian in origin because of a "suggested degree of Caucasin admixture in [the Fulani] gene pool."
When looking at the et al list we see a plethora of names of both white Europeans and the then next best claim to whiteness, Caucasians of SW Asia and India who thus feel they too have a stake in the primacy.
Posts: 8014 | From: the Tekrur in the Western Sahel | Registered: Feb 2006
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posted
The "suggest degree of Caucasian admixture in [the Fulani] gene pool." comes from a flimsy reference:
HLA class I in three West African ethnic groups: genetic distances from sub-Saharan and Caucasoid populations.
Modiano D, Luoni G, Petrarca V, Sodiomon Sirima B, De Luca M, Simporé J, Coluzzi M, Bodmer JG, Modiano G.
Istituto di Parassitologia, W.H.O. Collaborating Centre for Malaria Epidemiology, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy.
Abstract
Fulani of Burkina Faso (West Africa) are a particularly interesting ethnic group because of their lower susceptibility to Plasmodium falciparum malaria as compared to sympatric populations, Mossi and Rimaibé. Moreover, the occurrence of a Caucasoid component in their genetic make-up has been suggested on the basis of their physical traits and cultural traditions even though this view was not supported by genetic studies. A total of 149 unrelated subjects (53 Mossi, 47 Rimaibé and 49 Fulani) have been typed for 97 HLA class I alleles with the amplification refractory mutation system/polymerase chain reaction (ARMS/PCR) technique. Mossi and Rimaibé data were pooled since none of the 42 statistically testable alleles exhibited a significant heterogeneity. These pooled gene frequencies were found to be very different from those of Fulani: a certain (P less than 0.001) or a likely (0.001 less than P less than 0.01) difference was found for 5 and 12 alleles, respectively. Four alleles (A*24, A*29, B*27, B*3701) appeared to be essentially "private" Fulani alleles with respect to the other two populations but their presence was not associated with higher resistance to P. falciparum. Our data have then been compared using chord distances (CD) with those from the literature on Africans (including Gambian Fulani) and Caucasoids. The Burkina Faso and Gambian Fulani turned out to be very different (CD=2.191). Moreover, Burkina Faso Fulani were very distant from sympatric Mossi and Rimaibé (CDs=1.912 and 1.884), whereas Gambian Fulani were similar to sympatric Mandinka and Wolof (CDs=0.412 and 0.388) to an extent comparable to that found between Mossi and Rimaibé (CD=0.555). Our study does not suggest the involvement of HLA I in the higher resistance to malaria of Fulani, and confirms a low, if any, Caucasoid component in their gene pool.
As a matter of note, from above: I wonder what Fulani cultural tradition can possibly be "Caucasoid".
-------------------- The Complete Picture of the Past tells Us what Not to Repeat Posts: 7516 | From: Somewhere on Earth | Registered: Jan 2008
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-------------------- Note: I am not an "Egyptologist" as claimed by some still bitter, defeated, trolls creating fake profiles and posts elsewhere. Hapless losers, you still fail. My output of hard data debunking racist nonsense has actually INCREASED since you began.. Posts: 5905 | From: The Hammer | Registered: Aug 2008
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posted
Reading about Lactase Persistence phenotype I have stumbled upon this old thread.
Fulani, are very close genetically to other African people. It's not very judicious to use uniparental non-recombining haplogroups or genes with strong selective pressure to measure the genetic distance between populations (as I explained in another thread).
We can see the relative closeness between Fulani as well as many African people in the genetic distance tree from the Tishkoff study. The study use autosomal STR.
Clearly we can see that the Fulani are much closer to other African groups than Europeans or Middle Easterners (the map is on scale).
Posts: 2981 | Registered: Jan 2012
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