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Originally posted by xyyman:
Mallick et al., The Simons Genome Diversity Project: 300 genomes from 142 diverse populations,

Abstract: Here we report the Simons Genome Diversity Project data set: high quality genomes from 300 individuals from 142 diverse populations. These genomes include at least 5.8 million base pairs that are not present in the human reference genome. Our analysis reveals key features of the landscape of human genome variation, including that the rate of accumulation of mutations has accelerated by about 5% in non-Africans compared to Africans since divergence. We show that the ancestors of some pairs of present-day human populations were substantially separated by 100,000 years ago, well before the archaeologically attested onset of behavioural modernity. We also demonstrate that indigenous Australians, New Guineans and Andamanese do not derive substantial ancestry from an early dispersal of modern humans; instead, their modern human ancestry is consistent with coming from the same source as that of other non-Africans.

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Originally posted by Thereal:
How can anyone read that highlighted part and not be confused? Aren't the black population out side of Africa be some of the fist anatomically modern humans to leave? I wonder why whites need to lie so much.

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good question.

Early modern human dispersals contributed little to non-Africans There is intense debate about whether present-day Australians, New Guineans and Asian ‘Negrito’ populations are descended from the same source population as mainland Eurasians, or whether they also derive some ancestry from an early, independent dispersal of modern humans into Asia. To explore this scenario rigorously, we fit an admixture graph—a phylogenetic tree incorporating mixture events—to the allele frequency correlations among Neanderthals, Denisovans, Upper Paleolithic Europeans, East Asians, New Guineans, Australians, and Andamanese....


These results are not in conflict with skeletal and archaeological evidence of an early modern human presence outside of Africa29,33, as early migrations could have occurred but not contributed substantially to present-day populations. The possibility of populations that once flourished but did not contribute substantially to living groups is especially plausible now that ancient DNA from the ~45 kya Ust’-Ishim28 and the ~40 kya Oase 1 individuals34 has documented their existence....



Present-day populations have negligible ancestry from an early dispersal of modern humans out of Africa. Best-fitting admixture graph model of relationships among Australians, New Guineans, Andamanese and other diverse populations. Present-day populations are shown in blue, ancient samples in red, and select inferred ancestral nodes in green. Dotted lines indicate admixture events, all of which involve archaic humans. All f-statistic relationships are accurately fit to within 2.1 standard errors. Inset, results of adding putative early dispersal admixture to the graph model for different assumptions about when the early lineage split off. We specify the split time in terms of
the genetic drift above the ‘Non-African’ node, with 0.01 units of drift representing on the order of ten thousand years. The (approximate) model likelihood is maximized with zero early dispersal ancestry, and no more than a few per cent is consistent with the data.

Posts: 42918 | From: , | Registered: Jan 2010  |  IP: Logged | 

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Originally posted by zarahan- aka Enrique Cardova:
Good point. "Selection" is only one cause of variation,
an important one, but still just one among a number,
depending on time, place and circumstance.
[.....]

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Posts: 1781 | From: New York | Registered: Jul 2016  |  IP: Logged | 

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Originally posted by the lioness,:

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Originally posted by xyyman:
Mallick et al., The Simons Genome Diversity Project: 300 genomes from 142 diverse populations,

Abstract: Here we report the Simons Genome Diversity Project data set: high quality genomes from 300 individuals from 142 diverse populations. These genomes include at least 5.8 million base pairs that are not present in the human reference genome. Our analysis reveals key features of the landscape of human genome variation, including that the rate of accumulation of mutations has accelerated by about 5% in non-Africans compared to Africans since divergence. We show that the ancestors of some pairs of present-day human populations were substantially separated by 100,000 years ago, well before the archaeologically attested onset of behavioural modernity. We also demonstrate that indigenous Australians, New Guineans and Andamanese do not derive substantial ancestry from an early dispersal of modern humans; instead, their modern human ancestry is consistent with coming from the same source as that of other non-Africans.

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Originally posted by Thereal:
How can anyone read that highlighted part and not be confused? Aren't the black population out side of Africa be some of the fist anatomically modern humans to leave? I wonder why whites need to lie so much.

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good question.

Early modern human dispersals contributed little to non-Africans There is intense debate about whether present-day Australians, New Guineans and Asian ‘Negrito’ populations are descended from the same source population as mainland Eurasians, or whether they also derive some ancestry from an early, independent dispersal of modern humans into Asia. To explore this scenario rigorously, we fit an admixture graph—a phylogenetic tree incorporating mixture events—to the allele frequency correlations among Neanderthals, Denisovans, Upper Paleolithic Europeans, East Asians, New Guineans, Australians, and Andamanese....


These results are not in conflict with skeletal and archaeological evidence of an early modern human presence outside of Africa29,33, as early migrations could have occurred but not contributed substantially to present-day populations. The possibility of populations that once flourished but did not contribute substantially to living groups is especially plausible now that ancient DNA from the ~45 kya Ust’-Ishim28 and the ~40 kya Oase 1 individuals34 has documented their existence....



Present-day populations have negligible ancestry from an early dispersal of modern humans out of Africa. Best-fitting admixture graph model of relationships among Australians, New Guineans, Andamanese and other diverse populations. Present-day populations are shown in blue, ancient samples in red, and select inferred ancestral nodes in green. Dotted lines indicate admixture events, all of which involve archaic humans. All f-statistic relationships are accurately fit to within 2.1 standard errors. Inset, results of adding putative early dispersal admixture to the graph model for different assumptions about when the early lineage split off. We specify the split time in terms of
the genetic drift above the ‘Non-African’ node, with 0.01 units of drift representing on the order of ten thousand years. The (approximate) model likelihood is maximized with zero early dispersal ancestry, and no more than a few per cent is consistent with the data.

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Posts: 13012 | From: Chicago | Registered: Jan 2006  |  IP: Logged | 

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Originally posted by Elmaestro:
The concept of human plasticity is precisely overblown.
To a German Shepherd, a Belgium shepherd is exotic.
50-100k isn't a short period of time for variance by isolation. Isolation for a period of 10Ky can yield significant variation.
When looking at population genetics under the scope of evolutionary biology/anthropology you must focus on the mechanism which lead to the lack of survival as opposed to the quality of adaption of extant populations.

IDK why but we tend to overblow the importance of adaptation when it comes to Humans in particular. An example of this is human skin color variation and how it has to be selective pressure that leads to the pattern of hipopigmented individuals residing in northern regions....

Sometimes it's just chance... after an event leading to the rapid loss of genetic diversity, you will get different phenotypes based on "micro engineering" via natural selection. Infact (R. Do. et al, 2015) clearly shows us that in European population positive selection for fit phenotypes still occurred at the same rate in the west African populations... It's just common sense at this point

Diverse pop A -- Bottle Neck --> semi-Diverse pop B (with a presence of deliterious alleles & mutational load) -- Natural Selection --> Contemporary population B

it's just that simple.

Something else I would like to point out is the presence of sexual selection and human activity. AMH might have evolved (interms of rate) like most all other animals but the same can't be said about activity. Social recognition as well as war etc. etc. can also shape population structure. Everything isn't about adaptation. Unless the environment is killing people at a High rate, it isn't dictating anything.

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Posts: 12143 | From: When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable | Registered: Jun 2007  |  IP: Logged | 

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Originally posted by the lioness,:
Over and over again old man Clyde fails to realize that the topic is about current living populations.
Saying" The Australians clearly are an archaic population" does not make its so.
Modern Aboriginal people even disregarding European admixture are not archaic people as this research "clearly" shows.
Australia is a long distance from Africa and aboriginal living there today are "clearly" the result of earlier splits from earlier people including a small amount of Denisova admixture as well. As the research clearly shows Clyde Winters is clearly outdated.

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Posts: 12143 | From: When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable | Registered: Jun 2007  |  IP: Logged | 

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Originally posted by xyyman:
I am assuming you are Bass based upon your prior posts? You not a newbie. That said, This you posted is based upon speculation and personal opinion without any data to back up what you "believe". "without data you are just a person with an opinion."

On skin variation, contemporary studies have identified light skin in Europe arrived from OUTSIDE Europe within the last 6-7000years. Light skin pigmantation may NOT be synomynous with high latitude meaning the mutation( if it is that, because I believe light skin is ancestral not black skin, but that is another discussion, data to come) occurred outside of high latitude. Sources cited already. In addition if you looked at the famous world population skin pigmentation map you would realize that human adapt. Central Americans living at the equator are much darker the North Americans and South Americans.

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Posts: 1781 | From: New York | Registered: Jul 2016  |  IP: Logged | 

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Originally posted by Elmaestro:

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Originally posted by xyyman:
I am assuming you are Bass based upon your prior posts? You not a newbie. That said, This you posted is based upon speculation and personal opinion without any data to back up what you "believe". "without data you are just a person with an opinion."

On skin variation, contemporary studies have identified light skin in Europe arrived from OUTSIDE Europe within the last 6-7000years. Light skin pigmantation may NOT be synomynous with high latitude meaning the mutation( if it is that, because I believe light skin is ancestral not black skin, but that is another discussion, data to come) occurred outside of high latitude. Sources cited already. In addition if you looked at the famous world population skin pigmentation map you would realize that human adapt. Central Americans living at the equator are much darker the North Americans and South Americans.

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Dude zaharan just posted an excerpt from a peer reviewed research paper, from a person who's been examining the same information I have been, which I have not read, literally saying the SAME thing I just stated above... The evidence in the patterns speaks for itself.

In regards to which phenotype came first in AMH (not neccesarily the first hairless primate)... Evidence points to the khoisan shade of brown, because diverging species from a common ancestor (Neanderthal) also had functioning alleles for pigmentation and more simply, Khoisan individuals carry the most Wild Type genes. (common knowledge). The simple fact that all populations carrying hippopigmented phenotypes have a higher degree of mutational Load (Hen, et al 2015) suggests that the phenotypes they carry are not wildtype... infact... they are almost always recessive. (Norton. 2004, 2007; Do. 2015; McCoy. 2016... and more)

I know that latitude doesn't play more than a geographical role in selection of pigment variation. If you read enough articles on the matter it becomes clear. The fact that you know that this variation was a thing before people settled in low UV areas makes me wonder why you are unable to piece this together. A simple concept genetic drift. or bottlenecks or even serial founder.

And lets not forget about epigenetics and Active melanogenesis/or gene regulation in general (two things that are constantly overlooked in melanin related studies by the way)... Are you familiar with how these two things can shape the phenotype of a population in regards to pigmentation? - infact these two things in concept are probably mechanisms responsible for your mentioned concept of plasticity, including dynamic variance and robustness of phenotypes which will definitely for the most part be more prevalent in African (or afro-descendant) individuals based on what was cited above.

I'm no bass, I am a new guy... In fact I am too young to even realistically be an "old timer" ...Are you a Lamrkist Xyyman?

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Posts: 12143 | From: When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable | Registered: Jun 2007  |  IP: Logged | 

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Originally posted by Xyyman:
Swenet? Only he can pull such BS out his you know where.

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Do you want to ask the forum who they think spouts more bs in their threads.. me or you? We can do a poll right now.

You with your goofy accusations. From me being a spin master to whatever else you've said about me. Don't make me start putting your posts under the magnifying glass. You know what happened the last time I did that.

Let's just stop name dropping me so we can keep it a secret that you sound ridiculous in your eclectic cut-and-paste patchwork threads

Posts: 8785 | From: Discovery Channel's Mythbusters | Registered: Dec 2009  |  IP: Logged | 

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Originally posted by xyyman:
I am assuming you are Bass based upon your prior posts?

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Posts: 8785 | From: Discovery Channel's Mythbusters | Registered: Dec 2009  |  IP: Logged | 

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To help ail further confusion on my assertion on Khosian individuals I'm going to leave this here for now, I'll upload more data and whatever with Time (slightly pressed) but here...

From Genetic Evidence for the Convergent Evolution of Light Skin in Europeans and East Asians
Norton. 2007

- this is a cropped image from the very very very popular study by Heather Norton, showing distribution of various "melanin related" polymorphisms in key populations across Afro-eurasia. If you look closely at figure (A) you would see minimal presence of the ASIP derivative... However upon further investigation, you will the opposite trend in regards to (B) representing OCA2 derivatives! ...but how?

The answer is simple if you understand how the ASIP gene can be used to determine population structure. ASIP as concluded in this study maybe a contributor to the malanogenic process, however it is a key indicator of Early OOA movement. OCA 2 variants moreso correlated with lighter pigmentation and most likely had spread OOA later on.

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The pattern of diversity at ASIP 8818*Gallele (the ancestral allele associated with darker pigmentation) indicates a role primarily in African/non-African divergence (sub- Saharan African frequency: 66%, all other populations: 14%) rather than between darkly and lightly pigmented populations. At OCA2 355, the derived allele (linked with lighter pigmentation) occurs at its highest frequencies across Europe and Asia but is also relatively common among Native American populations (18–34%) and is present a
much lower frequencies (0–10%) among Bantu speaking African groups. In contrast, the ancestral allele associated with dark pigmentation has a shared high frequency in subSaharan African and Island Melanesians. A notable exception is the relatively lightly pigmented San population of Southern Africa where the derived allele predominates (93%), although this maybe simply due to small sample size

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The Khoisan people from Southern Africa maintained ancient lifestyles as hunter-gatherers or
pastoralists up to modern times, though little else is known about their early history. Here we
infer early demographic histories of modern humans using whole-genome sequences of five
Khoisan individuals and one Bantu speaker. Comparison with a 420K SNP data set from
worldwide individuals demonstrates that two of the Khoisan genomes from the Ju/’hoansi
population contain exclusive Khoisan ancestry. Coalescent analysis shows that the Khoisan
and their ancestors have been the largest populations since their split with the :{non-Khoisan}:
populationB100–150 kyr ago. In contrast, the ancestors of the non-Khoisan groups, including
Bantu-speakers and non-Africans, experienced population declines after the split and lost
more than half of their genetic diversity. Paleoclimate records indicate that the precipitation in
southern Africa increased B80–100 kyr ago while west-central Africa became drier. We
hypothesize that these climate differences might be related to the divergent-ancient histories
among human populations.

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(41–43).The evidence of functional constraint onMC1Rin African populations is unusual in light of the high levels of polymorphism observed at other loci in African populations (42). Evidence is mounting that darkly pigmented skin, or the potential for facultative development of dark pigmentation through tanning, evolved secondarily under positive selection in populations moving from low to high-UVRenvironments.

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Posts: 1781 | From: New York | Registered: Jul 2016  |  IP: Logged | 

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Originally posted by Elmaestro:


I've never stated that natural selection leads to variation... this is like the abc's of evolutionary biology

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Posts: 42918 | From: , | Registered: Jan 2010  |  IP: Logged | 

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Originally posted by xyyman:
Mallick et al., The Simons Genome Diversity Project: 300 genomes from 142 diverse populations,

Abstract: Here we report the Simons Genome Diversity Project data set: high quality genomes from 300 individuals from 142 diverse populations. These genomes include at least 5.8 million base pairs that are not present in the human reference genome. Our analysis reveals key features of the landscape of human genome variation, including that the rate of accumulation of mutations has accelerated by about 5% in non-Africans compared to Africans since divergence. We show that the ancestors of some pairs of present-day human populations were substantially separated by 100,000 years ago, well before the archaeologically attested onset of behavioural modernity. We also demonstrate that indigenous Australians, New Guineans and Andamanese do not derive substantial ancestry from an early dispersal of modern humans; instead, their modern human ancestry is consistent with coming from the same source as that of other non-Africans.

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"Fluctuation in population size might be a mark of the out of Africa group because migration and challenges of adapting to new environments subject the population to both influences of drift and inbreeding. Cases of low census size and a larger inbreeding effective size are known in mammalian populations and attributed to recent population reductions [44]. Although the difference between the current and expected census for Australians was not statistically significant it still indicates an interesting feature of this isolated group. It is not clear why Australia was colonized with a higher population size than the populations that colonized other regions. Henn et al., [45] contemplated this in the light of lineage specific acceleration. Our findings, however, indicate that the population of Australia may have maintained a legacy of high Ne originally carried by the ancestral group that left Africa and seen in the number of haplotypes that survived in their gene pool. This may suggest that both census and effective size of the group that made it to Australia was large enough to counteract the effect of drift and permit survival of relics of these original haplotypes.

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Posts: 22234 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010  |  IP: Logged | 

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Originally posted by xyyman:


Light skin pigmantation may NOT be synomynous with high latitude meaning the mutation( if it is that, because I believe light skin is ancestral not black skin, but that is another discussion, data to come) occurred outside of high latitude. Sources cited already.


In addition if you looked at the famous world population skin pigmentation map you would realize that human adapt. Central Americans living at the equator are much darker the North Americans and South Americans.

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Posts: 42918 | From: , | Registered: Jan 2010  |  IP: Logged | 

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Originally posted by xyyman:
Mallick et al., The Simons Genome Diversity Project: 300 genomes from 142 diverse populations,

Abstract: Here we report the Simons Genome Diversity Project data set: high quality genomes from 300 individuals from 142 diverse populations. These genomes include at least 5.8 million base pairs that are not present in the human reference genome. Our analysis reveals key features of the landscape of human genome variation, including that the rate of accumulation of mutations has accelerated by about 5% in non-Africans compared to Africans since divergence. We show that the ancestors of some pairs of present-day human populations were substantially separated by 100,000 years ago, well before the archaeologically attested onset of behavioural modernity. We also demonstrate that indigenous Australians, New Guineans and Andamanese do not derive substantial ancestry from an early dispersal of modern humans; instead, their modern human ancestry is consistent with coming from the same source as that of other non-Africans.

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Despite earlier research, the teams led by Dr. Willerslev and Dr. Reich found no genetic evidence that there was an earlier migration giving rise to people in Australia and Papua New Guinea.

“The vast majority of their ancestry — if not all of it — is coming from the same out-of-Africa wave as Europeans and Asians,” said Dr. Willerslev.

But on that question, Dr. Metspalu and his colleagues ended up with a somewhat different result.

In Papua New Guinea, Dr. Metspalu and his colleagues found, 98 percent of each person’s DNA can be traced to that single migration from Africa. But the other 2 percent seemed to be much older.

Dr. Metspalu concluded that all people in Papua New Guinea carry a trace of DNA from an earlier wave of Africans who left the continent as long as 140,000 years ago, and then vanished.

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Posts: 8889 | Registered: May 2005  |  IP: Logged | 

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The earliest unequivocally modern humans in southern China

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Genomic analyses inform on migration events during the peopling of Eurasia

High-coverage whole-genome sequence studies have so far focused on a limited number1 of geographically restricted populations2, 3, 4, 5, or been targeted at specific diseases, such as cancer6. Nevertheless, the availability of high-resolution genomic data has led to the development of new methodologies for inferring population history7, 8, 9 and refuelled the debate on the mutation rate in humans10. Here we present the Estonian Biocentre Human Genome Diversity Panel (EGDP), a dataset of 483 high-coverage human genomes from 148 populations worldwide, including 379 new genomes from 125 populations, which we group into diversity and selection sets. We analyse this dataset to refine estimates of continent-wide patterns of heterozygosity, long- and short-distance gene flow, archaic admixture, and changes in effective population size through time as well as for signals of positive or balancing selection. We find a genetic signature in present-day Papuans that suggests that at least 2% of their genome originates from an early and largely extinct expansion of anatomically modern humans (AMHs) out of Africa. Together with evidence from the western Asian fossil record11, and admixture between AMHs and Neanderthals predating the main Eurasian expansion12, our results contribute to the mounting evidence for the presence of AMHs out of Africa earlier than 75,000 years ago.

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The Simons Genome Diversity Project: 300 genomes from 142 diverse populations

Here we report the Simons Genome Diversity Project data set: high quality genomes from 300 individuals from 142 diverse populations. These genomes include at least 5.8 million base pairs that are not present in the human reference genome. Our analysis reveals key features of the landscape of human genome variation, including that the rate of accumulation of mutations has accelerated by about 5% in non-Africans compared to Africans since divergence. We show that the ancestors of some pairs of present-day human populations were substantially separated by 100,000 years ago, well before the archaeologically attested onset of behavioural modernity. We also demonstrate that indigenous Australians, New Guineans and Andamanese do not derive substantial ancestry from an early dispersal of modern humans; instead, their modern human ancestry is consistent with coming from the same source as that of other non-Africans.

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Late Pleistocene climate drivers of early human migration


On the basis of fossil and archaeological data it has been hypothesized that the exodus of Homo sapiens out of Africa and into Eurasia between ~50–120 thousand years ago occurred in several orbitally paced migration episodes1, 2, 3, 4. Crossing vegetated pluvial corridors from northeastern Africa into the Arabian Peninsula and the Levant and expanding further into Eurasia, Australia and the Americas, early H. sapiens experienced massive time-varying climate and sea level conditions on a variety of timescales. Hitherto it has remained difficult to quantify the effect of glacial- and millennial-scale climate variability on early human dispersal and evolution. Here we present results from a numerical human dispersal model, which is forced by spatiotemporal estimates of climate and sea level changes over the past 125 thousand years. The model simulates the overall dispersal of H. sapiens in close agreement with archaeological and fossil data and features prominent glacial migration waves across the Arabian Peninsula and the Levant region around 106–94, 89–73, 59–47 and 45–29 thousand years ago. The findings document that orbital-scale global climate swings played a key role in shaping Late Pleistocene global population distributions, whereas millennial-scale abrupt climate changes, associated with Dansgaard–Oeschger events, had a more limited regional effect.

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Posts: 22234 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010  |  IP: Logged | 

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Originally posted by Thereal:
@xy there are images of dark brown to near black Indians in the US,I'm not disagreeing that color maybe easier to determine below or above the equator and think Mr winters meant archaic in the dictionary way and not how it's used in anthropology,I though archaic how to do with the brain and the function and features of the skeleton,I don't see what would make something archaic if it persisted today.

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Posts: 13012 | From: Chicago | Registered: Jan 2006  |  IP: Logged | 

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Originally posted by Thereal:
My problem stems from how archaic is applied to human populations usually referring to modern human in terms of the skeletal systems and how it functions or works,meaning that the Aborigines are AMH but their features seem like a through back to ancient human types in comparison at that time to Africans,I just need clarification on how its used.

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Posts: 13012 | From: Chicago | Registered: Jan 2006  |  IP: Logged | 

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Originally posted by Swenet:

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Originally posted by xyyman:
I am assuming you are Bass based upon your prior posts?

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Am I the only one who burst out laughing reading this? This is why you should take your meds.

You're on his site all the time. Supposedly, he's your friend. And here you are groping in the dark, randomly accusing a poster of secretly being your own man. Why do you throw your man under the bus? And what type of relationship do you have with Bass that you'd think he's capable of impersonating a newbie on some sick catfish sh!t? Never mind.. I probably don't even want to know. SMH.

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Posts: 12143 | From: When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable | Registered: Jun 2007  |  IP: Logged |