Demographic history and admixture dynamics in African Sahelian populations Viktor Černý, Cesar Fortes-Lima, Petr Tříska Author Notes Human Molecular Genetics, Volume 30, Issue R1, 1 March 2021, Pages R29–R36, https://doi.org/10.1093/hmg/ddaa239
The Arab expansion had a large impact on population history of both northern Africa and the Sahel/Savannah belt. In this context, dense genome-wide exome data of various linguistic groups in Sudan and South Sudan (49) revealed a strong genetic differentiation among northeastern African groups. This differentiation process was driven by an influx of people of Eurasian origin who probably followed the Nile Valley southwards. Its timing coincides with Arab expansion into northern Africa (see purple component in Fig. 2C). It was estimated that a major admixture event took place ~700 years ago (ya), coinciding with the fall of Dongola, a Christian Nubian kingdom, and the beginning of reign of the first Muslim ruler of this region in 1315/1316 CE, and later a wave of admixture that reached the Kordofanian populations some 400–200 ya (49). Nowadays, most populations from Sudan (such as the Nubian, Arab, and Beja) have some ancestry from southwestern and western Asia and/or northeastern Africa (Fig. 2). Other populations in Sudan have only little admixture of Eurasian origin, coming from recent migrants from Egypt (e.g. the Copts), suggesting a long-term isolation in some groups from this African region (49). Likewise, Nilo-Saharan-speaking populations from southern Sudan and northern Chad (see dark-blue component in Fig. 2C) have low or null contributions from Afro–Asiatic-speaking groups or other sources. In agreement, a recent genomic study (56) of Nilo-Saharan groups highlighted a notable genetic differentiation between Nilo-Saharan populations and Afro–Asiatic or Niger–Congo populations, as well as within Nilo-Saharan populations, e.g. the Lugbara from Uganda and the Gumuz from Ethiopia have greater genetic differentiation than between any two Afro–Asiatic or Niger–Congo populations (56).
The Fulani are a large and widely dispersed population of both nomadic herders and sedentary farmers, who speak a Niger-Congo language and live in the Sahel/Savannah belt. Nowadays, they are scattered all the way from Senegal in the west to the Blue Nile area of Sudan in the east. More recently, a genome-wide study of a Fulani community from Burkina Faso inferred two major admixture events in this group, dating to ~1800 and 300 ya (50). The first admixture event took place between west African ancestors of the Fulani and ancestral north African nomadic groups (see results for ‘Burkina_Faso_Fulani_V’ in Fig. 2B), which probably coincided with a change of lifestyle and adaptation to milk consumption and subsequently led to Fulani expansion throughout the Sahel/Savannah belt. The timing also coincides with the beginnings of pastoralism in western Africa, especially in northern Burkina Faso, which archaeozoological evidence dates to ~ 2 kya (57). The second admixture event, relatively recent, inferred a source from southwestern Europe, which suggests either a gene flow between the Fulani and northern African groups, who carry considerable admixture proportions from Europeans due to trans-Gibraltar gene flow (51), or the influence of European colonial expansion into Africa, both implying maritime travels (50).
Europe
Iberia (IBS), Great Britain (GBR), Tuscany (TSI), CEU (Central European ancestry, Utah sample)
Posts: 42919 | From: , | Registered: Jan 2010
| IP: Logged |
posted
^ Interesting, though this seems to be a rehash of the Tishkoff 2006 study. Again, how much of that 'Middle Eastern Ancestry' may in fact be African??
Note the East African Turkana and Samburu have more 'Middle Eastern Ancestry' than the Sudanese Arab Messiria or even the Daza and Toubou of North Africa.
-------------------- Mahirap gisingin ang nagtutulog-tulugan. Posts: 26238 | From: Atlanta, Georgia, USA | Registered: Feb 2005
| IP: Logged |
posted
What's up with the Fulani having little to no Eastern African admixture, and why do these studies leave out the Tuareg? The Fulani having more Middle Eastern ancestry than Eastern African I guess verifies that this Middle Eastern ab=ncestry is really ANA.
Posts: 288 | From: Asia | Registered: Mar 2016
| IP: Logged |
quote:Originally posted by Mansamusa: What's up with the Fulani having little to no Eastern African admixture, and why do these studies leave out the Tuareg? The Fulani having more Middle Eastern ancestry than Eastern African I guess verifies that this Middle Eastern ancestry is really ANA.
As for Fulani in this article their, low East African ancestry as compared to West African you would have to further purse in the reference article where they talk about Fulani but keep in mind in the chart they did not cover Fulani in Sudan. They probably have higher East African DNA
Also you are using this term "ANA". (Ancestral North African) Outsider of a blog I have not seen professional scientist user this term.
Depending on the article they will attribute "North African" to a combination of African and other haplogroups considered Eurasian particularly on the maternal side
What is and isn't "North African" mitochondrial DNA is very undecided and paternally some of the E lineages might be called "North African" by some researchers yet others calling them Horn African
This is why I think the term itself "North African" cause confusion and should not be used in anthropology I think it is better to use at least two categories
Maghreb and Nile Valley
for instance the most prevalent clade of E in the Magheb is E-M81 but this is not the case in Egypt In Egypt M78 is around 20% and the parent of E-M81, Z827 is also around 20%
And you bring up the Tuareg. They carry several mtDNA haplogroups including H at high frequencies although low diversity
quote: Pereira et al. (2010) in a study of 90 unrelated individuals observed greater matrilineal heterogeneity among the Tuareg inhabiting more southerly areas in the Sahel. The Tuareg in the Gossi environs in Mali largely bear the H1 haplogroup (52%), with the M1 lineage (19%) and various Sub-Saharan L2 subclades (19%) next most common. Similarly, most of the Tuareg inhabiting Gorom-Gorom in Burkina Faso carry the H1 haplogroup (24%), followed by various L2 subclades (24%), the V lineage (21%), and haplogroup M1 (18%). The Tuareg in the vicinity of Tanout in Maradi Region and westward to villages of Loube and Djibale in Tahoua Region in Niger are different from the other Tuareg populations in that a majority carry Sub-Saharan mtDNA lineages. In fact, the name for these mixed Tuareg-Haussa people is "Djibalawaa" named after the village of Djibale in Bouza Department, Tahoua Region of Niger. This points to significant assimilation of local West African females into this community. The most common maternal haplogroups found among the Tanout Tuareg are various L2 subclades (39%), followed by L3 (26%), various L1 sublineages (13%), V (10%), H1 (3%), M1 (3%), U3a (3%), and L0a1a (3%).[120]
Please take note, instead of creating this catch all "North African" category this recent Černý chart on the Sahel eliminates that category and I think it may be a good thing, they only use
West African
East African
Middle Eastern
European
However it is strange that in this same Černý 2020 article of which the chart in the OP comes from says
Demographic history and admixture dynamics in African Sahelian populations Viktor Černý 2020
More recently, a genome-wide study of a Fulani community from Burkina Faso inferred two major admixture events in this group, dating to ~1800 and 300 ya (50). The first admixture event took place between west African ancestors of the Fulani and ancestral north African nomadic groups (see results for ‘Burkina_Faso_Fulani_V’ in Fig. 2B), which probably coincided with a change of lifestyle and adaptation to milk consumption and subsequently led to Fulani expansion throughout the Sahel/Savannah belt. The timing also coincides with the beginnings of pastoralism in western Africa, especially in northern Burkina Faso, which archaeozoological evidence dates to ~ 2 kya (57). The second admixture event, relatively recent, inferred a source from southwestern Europe, which suggests either a gene flow between the Fulani and northern African groups, who carry considerable admixture proportions from Europeans due to trans-Gibraltar gene flow (51), or the influence of European colonial expansion into Africa, both implying maritime travels (50).
^^ The reference [50] two major admixture events in this group, dating to ~1800 and 300 ya (50)
Conclusion The complete history of the Fulani pastoralists remains to be uncovered, but through the genetic analyses performed in this study (based on the Fulani population from Ziniaré, Burkina Faso) we show that present-day Fulani genomic diversity developed from admixture between a West African group and a group/s that carried European and North African ancestry. The European LP variant was likely introduced through this admixture event, and was strongly selected in successive generations, in a similar way as the TAS2R gene family
. Studies based on uni-parental markers reported higher frequencies of western Eurasian and/or North African mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and Y chromosome haplogroups in the Fulani than in neighbouring populations [39–42]. However, studies on Alu insertions did not lead to similar results, connecting instead the Fulani with East African pastoralists [43].
, the haplotypes carrying the T-13910 allele in the Fulani cluster with European haplotypes
]. Fregel and colleagues (2018) linked the diffusion of people across Gibraltar to Neolithic migrations and the Neolithic development in North Africa [55]. This trans-Gibraltar mixed ancestry was previously observed in the Fulani mitochondrial gene-pool that link the Fulani to south-western Europe based on mtDNA haplogroups H1cb1 and U5b1b1b [41]. We inferred that the non-West African proportion in the Fulani were introduced through two admixture events (Additional file 1: Table S2), dated to 1828 years ago (95% CI: 1517-2138) and 302 years ago (95% CI: 237–368). The oldest date compare well with previous dating efforts of the admixture event in the Fulani from Gambia (~ 1800 years ago) [56, 57], indicating a similar genetic history between the Fulani groups of Gambia and Burkina Faso.
________________________________________________
yet that is not in the chart. I don't know why and that instead "Middle Eastern"
in Wikipedia we find that articles indicate that it is the maternal Fula ancestry that seems to be for the most part more unambiguously African :
In contrast to their heterogeneous paternal lineages, the Fulani largely cluster maternally with other Niger-Congo populations. Only 8.1% of their mtDNA clades were associated with West Eurasian or Afro-Asiatic groups (J1b, U5, H, and V)
The chart in the OP is from the 2020 Viktor Cerny but he also had and earlier article of 8 years ago called:
Multiple and Differentiated Contributions to the Male Gene Pool of Pastoral and Farmer Populations of the African Sahel Jana Bucˇ kova, 1 Viktor Cerny,2,3* and Andrea Novelletto
We also show that even if the Fulani pastoralists and their neighboring farmers share high frequencies of four Y chromosome subhaplogroups of E, they have drawn on molecularly differentiated subgroups at different times. These findings, based on combinations of SNP and STR polymorphisms, add to our previous knowledge and highlight the role of differences in the demographic history and displacements of the Sahelian populations as a major factor in the segregation of the Y chromosome lineages in Africa. Interestingly, within the Fulani pastoralist population as a whole, a differentiation of the groups from Niger is characterized by their high presence of R1b-M343 and E1b1b1-M35. Moreover, the R1b-M343 is represented in our dataset exclusively in the Fulani group and our analyses infer a north-to-south African migration route during a recent past. Am J Phys Anthropol 151:10–21, 2013.
We estimate the entry of the R1b-M343 haplogroup into the Fulani pastoralists’ gene pool at approximately 2.9 ka (considering 30 years/generation). The arrangement of STR alleles suggests that our haplotypes belong to the R-V88 haplogroup (Cruciani et al., 2010a)
Our data show that R1b-M343 does not prevail in Chadic speaking groups as reported previously by Cruciani et al. (2010a). In fact, we found this haplogroup exclusively in the Fulani pastoralists’ gene pool and not in the today sedentary Chadic populations. Moreover, the Fulani speak a language belonging to the NigerCongo and not to the Afro-Asiatic family as do the Chadic ones; the linguistic distance between the two groups is great. ______________________________________
In an earlier 2002 article by Cruciani he reported some Fuliani In Northern Cameroon were of MtDNA T (11.1%). This is an addition to other Northern Cameroonians bearing R1b. V88 wasn't discovered, also by Cruciani but until later, 2010 so in 2013, Černý is saying that R1b was probably R1b-V88
Prior to 2010 V88 would have just been part of it's broader parent Haplogroup R1b (R-M343) and not yet distinguished as a specific clade
The earliest basal R1b-V88 haplogroups are found in several Eastern European Hunter Gatherers close to 10,000 years ago. The haplogroup then seemingly further spread with the Neolithic Cardial Ware expansion, which established agriculture in the Western Mediterranean around 7500 BP: R1b-V88 haplogroups were identified in ancient Neolithic individuals in central Italy, Iberia and, at a particularly high frequency, in Sardinia.
So it seems to be both R1b (Probably R1b-V88) discussed in Cerny 2013 along with haplogroup H1 and U5 that are suggested linking some Fulani to south-western Europe
in this 2002 Cruciaini article, it's hard to figure out, he indicates haplogroups by numbers. Supposedly on of these corresponds to Y Haplogroup T in Fuliani studied somewhere around 9-11%
posted
^ But last I checked from Cruciani et al. Niger-Congo speaking people from Cameroon have a significantly high proportion of R1b-V88 as well yet you hardly hear about those people being "Eurasian". What's more is that even though pastoral Fulani (who are also Niger-Congo speakers) carry significant frequencies of R1b, they also carry great amount of E1b1a-M2 and that pastoral Fulani of northern Nigeria have it at 100%! One thing that all Fulani have in common especially the pastral Fulani of the Sahel is Ancient North African ancestry so again this can explain some of the so-called 'Middle Eastern Ancestry'.
I also can't help but notice that the so-called 'Eastern African Ancestry' seems to be almost totally identified with Nilo-Saharan speakers, as those like the Shilluk, Nuer, and Dinka have the highest amounts.
Funny how this study does not include Cameroon, but other countries of innermost Central Africa and its populations like the Pygmies or other hunter-gatherers like the Hadza and Datog of East Africa or the Khoisan of Southern Africa.
Posts: 26238 | From: Atlanta, Georgia, USA | Registered: Feb 2005
| IP: Logged |
quote:Originally posted by Djehuti: ^ But last I checked from Cruciani et al. Niger-Congo speaking people from Cameroon have a significantly high proportion of R1b-V88 as well yet you hardly hear about those people being "Eurasian". What's more is that even though pastoral Fulani (who are also Niger-Congo speakers) carry significant frequencies of R1b, they also carry great amount of E1b1a-M2 and that pastoral Fulani of northern Nigeria have it at 100%! One thing that all Fulani have in common especially the pastral Fulani of the Sahel is Ancient North African ancestry so again this can explain some of the so-called 'Middle Eastern Ancestry'.
I also can't help but notice that the so-called 'Eastern African Ancestry' seems to be almost totally identified with Nilo-Saharan speakers, as those like the Shilluk, Nuer, and Dinka have the highest amounts.
Funny how this study does not include Cameroon, but other countries of innermost Central Africa and its populations like the Pygmies or other hunter-gatherers like the Hadza and Datog of East Africa or the Khoisan of Southern Africa.
This ANA that you keep talking about was mediated by IBM ancestry but fulanis also have EEF ancestry both of which are found in important proportion among north africans. The study is right talking about this event happening 1800 ya that's exactly when we see the "equidians" expanding into the sahara and Sahel (bringing the barb horse to the region too). As for Haplogroups they are not necessarily indicative of anything since E-m81 founder effect which occured later erased the previous existing diversity in North Africa (Such diversity might still maybe be seen among guanche samples where we find many r1b, I, J, etc
Posts: 1779 | From: Somewhere In the Rif Mountains | Registered: Nov 2021
| IP: Logged |
quote:Originally posted by Djehuti: [QB] ^ But last I checked from Cruciani et al. Niger-Congo speaking people from Cameroon have a significantly high proportion of R1b-V88 as well yet you hardly hear about those people being "Eurasian".
Human Y chromosome haplogroup R-V88: a paternal genetic record of early mid Holocene trans-Saharan connections and the spread of Chadic languages
Fulvio Cruciani, Beniamino Trombetta, Daniele Sellitto, Andrea Massaia, Giovanni Destro-Bisol, Elizabeth Watson, Eliane Beraud Colomb, Jean-Michel Dugoujon, Pedro Moral & Rosaria Scozzari European Journal of Human Genetics volume 18, pages800–807 (2010)
Phylogenetic evidence and coalescence time estimates suggest that R-P25* chromosomes (or their phylogenetic ancestor) may have been carried to Africa by an Asia-to-Africa back migration in prehistoric times.
Abstract Although human Y chromosomes belonging to haplogroup R1b are quite rare in Africa, being found mainly in Asia and Europe, a group of chromosomes within the paragroup R-P25* are found concentrated in the central-western part of the African continent, where they can be detected at frequencies as high as 95%. Phylogenetic evidence and coalescence time estimates suggest that R-P25* chromosomes (or their phylogenetic ancestor) may have been carried to Africa by an Asia-to-Africa back migration in prehistoric times. Here, we describe six new mutations that define the relationships among the African R-P25* Y chromosomes and between these African chromosomes and earlier reported R-P25 Eurasian sub-lineages. The incorporation of these new mutations into a phylogeny of the R1b haplogroup led to the identification of a new clade (R1b1a or R-V88) encompassing all the African R-P25* and about half of the few European/west Asian R-P25* chromosomes. A worldwide phylogeographic analysis of the R1b haplogroup provided strong support to the Asia-to-Africa back-migration hypothesis. The analysis of the distribution of the R-V88 haplogroup in >1800 males from 69 African populations revealed a striking genetic contiguity between the Chadic-speaking peoples from the central Sahel and several other Afroasiatic-speaking groups from North Africa. The R-V88 coalescence time was estimated at 9200–5600 kya, in the early mid Holocene. We suggest that R-V88 is a paternal genetic record of the proposed mid-Holocene migration of proto-Chadic Afroasiatic speakers through the Central Sahara into the Lake Chad Basin, and geomorphological evidence is consistent with this view.
Subjects In all, 5326 Y chromosomes from Africa and Eurasia (Table 1) were analyzed for the haplogroup R1b internal markers
The large majority of R1b chromosomes from western Eurasia carried, as expected, the M269 mutation; only five R-V88 chromosomes were observed, three of which carried distinctive mutations (M18, V35, and V7). The rare R1b chromosomes observed in Asia were either R-M73 or R-M269. The R-P25* paragroup was only found in five subjects from Europe (3), western Asia (1), and eastern Asia (1) (Table 1).
Genetic history from the Middle Neolithic to present on the Mediterranean island of Sardinia Joseph H. Marcus, Cosimo Posth, […]John Novembre Nature Communications volume 11, Article number: 939 (2020)
More than half of the 31 identified Y haplogroups were R1b-V88 or I2-M223 (n = 11 and 8, respectively, Supp. Fig. 6, Supp. Data 1B), both of which are also prevalent in Neolithic Iberians14. Compared with most other ancient populations in our reference dataset, the frequency of R1b-V88 (Supp. Note 3, Supp. Fig. 6) is relatively high, but as we observed clustering of Y haplogroups by sample location (Supp. Data 1B) caution should be exercised with interpreting our results as estimates for island-wide Y haplogroup frequencies. The oldest individuals in our reference data carrying R1b-V88 or I2-M223 were Balkan hunter-gatherer and Neolithic individuals, and both haplogroups later appear also in western Neolithic populations (Supp. Figs. 7–9).Posts: 42919 | From: , | Registered: Jan 2010
| IP: Logged |
posted
^ Lioness, I don't know why you are so keen on making a corellary between R1b-V88 with Chadic. The Fulani from that study are not Chadic speakers but Niger-Congo speakers again sin some regions they carry solely E-M2. I find it strange how they have no samples from actual Chadic speakers. Even the samples from the country of Chad are of Nilo-Saharan speakers and the largest Chadic speaking group in West Africa, the Hausa, are also missing from their study. Again I'm not deny the obvious Eurasian origin of R-V88, but I'm not buying its association with Chadic or Afroasiatic languages only.
quote:Originally posted by Antalas: This ANA that you keep talking about was mediated by IBM ancestry but fulanis also have EEF ancestry both of which are found in important proportion among north africans. The study is right talking about this event happening 1800 ya that's exactly when we see the "equidians" expanding into the sahara and Sahel (bringing the barb horse to the region too). As for Haplogroups they are not necessarily indicative of anything since E-m81 founder effect which occured later erased the previous existing diversity in North Africa (Such diversity might still maybe be seen among guanche samples where we find many r1b, I, J, etc
Antalas, your conjecture has all been addressed before here, here, and here.
Whatever Eurasian genetic influence there was in North Africa, it was input on a pre-existing North African substratum, and that substratum was related to if not continuous with a pre-existing Sub-Saharan population (not to be confused with the modern Sub-Saharans of West Africa today). So whether or not you consider these people as 'black' they were still very much African. And yes the haplogroups are indicative of something as E-M81 is obviously African in origin NOT Eurasian and Taforalt's PCA position is intermediate between the Afar and Yemeni even though he lived all the way in Northwest Africa. Even EEF shows signs of strong African admicture as indicated not only by the Natufians but haplgroup signatures associated with EEF in Europe like E-M78. Even Basal Eurasian is questionable as to how non-African it is not only due to skeletal features of Hotu but the significant presence of E-M34.
You can deny it all you want but it won't make the evidence disappear.
Posts: 26238 | From: Atlanta, Georgia, USA | Registered: Feb 2005
| IP: Logged |
quote:Originally posted by Djehuti: Antalas, your conjecture has all been addressed before here, here, and here.
Whatever Eurasian genetic influence there was in North Africa, it was input on a pre-existing North African substratum, and that substratum was related to if not continuous with a pre-existing Sub-Saharan population (not to be confused with the modern Sub-Saharans of West Africa today). So whether or not you consider these people as 'black' they were still very much African. And yes the haplogroups are indicative of something as E-M81 is obviously African in origin NOT Eurasian and Taforalt's PCA position is intermediate between the Afar and Yemeni even though he lived all the way in Northwest Africa. Even EEF shows signs of strong African admicture as indicated not only by the Natufians but haplgroup signatures associated with EEF in Europe like E-M78. Even Basal Eurasian is questionable as to how non-African it is not only due to skeletal features of Hotu but the significant presence of E-M34.
You can deny it all you want but it won't make the evidence disappear. [/QB]
You misunderstood me I think.
I don't see why you're talking about all of this my point was simply that fulanis have proper north african ancestry and such ancestry was first brought by iron age berbers (I'm not excluding the fact that some of the IBM ancestry hence ANA might be even older). The fact that you used their haplogroups to counter this argument is meaningless since we don't know the haplotype diversity that existed in North Africa prior to the E-m81 founder effect.
I don't see why you also constantly use labels like "african" as if it means something outside of geography.
Posts: 1779 | From: Somewhere In the Rif Mountains | Registered: Nov 2021
| IP: Logged |
quote:Originally posted by Djehuti: [QB] ^ Lioness, I don't know why you are so keen on making a corellary between R1b-V88 with Chadic. The Fulani from that study are not Chadic speakers but Niger-Congo speakers again sin some regions they carry solely E-M2. I find it strange how they have no samples from actual Chadic speakers. Even the samples from the country of Chad are of Nilo-Saharan speakers and the largest Chadic speaking group in West Africa, the Hausa, are also missing from their study. Again I'm not deny the obvious Eurasian origin of R-V88, but I'm not buying its association with Chadic or Afroasiatic languages only.
February 2006 mtDNA of Fulani Nomads and Their Genetic Relationships to Neighboring Sedentary Populations V. Černý,
Most of the haplotypes belong to haplogroups of West African origin, such as L1b, L3b, L3d, L2b, L2c, and L2d (79.6% in total), which are all well represented in each of the four geographically separated samples. The haplogroups of Western Eurasian origin, such as J1b, U5, H, and V, were also detected but in rather low frequencies (8.1% in total).
__________________________________
So putting all this together to explain the chart in the 2020 Cerny chart in the OP to explain the proportions of African and non African ancestry, dominated by West Africa with some non-African and as expected East Africa lower, far less Fulani in the East (Sudan) (although they are not included in the chart) So we have manly E and L but also some R-V88 and some Middle Eastern (8%) maternal
Posts: 42919 | From: , | Registered: Jan 2010
| IP: Logged |
Genomic studies The paternal lineages of the Fula/Fulɓe/Fulani tend to vary depending on geographic location. According to a study by Cruciani et al. (2002), around 90% of Fulani individuals from Burkina Faso carried haplotype 24, which corresponds with the E-M2 that is common in West Africa. The remainder belonged to haplotype 42/haplogroup E-M132. Both of these clades are today most frequent among Niger–Congo-speaking populations, particularly those inhabiting Senegal. Similarly, 53% of the Fulani in northern Cameroon bore haplogroup E-M132, with the rest mainly carrying other African clades (12% haplogroup A and 6% haplogroup E1b1a). A minority carried the West Eurasian haplogroups T (18%) and R1 (12%).[96] Mulcare et al. (2004) observed a similar frequency of haplogroup R1 subclades in their Fulani samples from Cameroon (18%).[97]
A study by Hassan et al. (2008) on the Fulani in Sudan observed a significantly higher occurrence of the West Eurasian haplogroup R1 (53.8%). The remainder belonged to various Afro-Asiatic associated haplogroup E-M215 subclades, including 34.62% E-M78 and 27.2% E-V22.[98]
Bučková et al. (2013) similarly observed significant frequencies of the haplogroups R1b and E1b1b in their pastoralist Fulani groups from Niger. E1b1b attained its highest frequencies among the local Fulani Ader (60%) and R1b among the Fulani Zinder (~31%). This was in sharp contrast to most of the other Fulani pastoralist groups elsewhere, including those from Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Mali and Chad. All of these latter Fulani communities instead bore over 69–75% West African paternal haplogroups.
Posts: 42919 | From: , | Registered: Jan 2010
| IP: Logged |
Genomic studies The paternal lineages of the Fula/Fulɓe/Fulani tend to vary depending on geographic location. According to a study by Cruciani et al. (2002), around 90% of Fulani individuals from Burkina Faso carried haplotype 24, which corresponds with the E-M2 that is common in West Africa. The remainder belonged to haplotype 42/haplogroup E-M132. Both of these clades are today most frequent among Niger–Congo-speaking populations, particularly those inhabiting Senegal. Similarly, 53% of the Fulani in northern Cameroon bore haplogroup E-M132, with the rest mainly carrying other African clades (12% haplogroup A and 6% haplogroup E1b1a). A minority carried the West Eurasian haplogroups T (18%) and R1 (12%).[96] Mulcare et al. (2004) observed a similar frequency of haplogroup R1 subclades in their Fulani samples from Cameroon (18%).[97]
A study by Hassan et al. (2008) on the Fulani in Sudan observed a significantly higher occurrence of the West Eurasian haplogroup R1 (53.8%). The remainder belonged to various Afro-Asiatic associated haplogroup E-M215 subclades, including 34.62% E-M78 and 27.2% E-V22.[98]
Bučková et al. (2013) similarly observed significant frequencies of the haplogroups R1b and E1b1b in their pastoralist Fulani groups from Niger. E1b1b attained its highest frequencies among the local Fulani Ader (60%) and R1b among the Fulani Zinder (~31%). This was in sharp contrast to most of the other Fulani pastoralist groups elsewhere, including those from Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Mali and Chad. All of these latter Fulani communities instead bore over 69–75% West African paternal haplogroups.
I never denied this but they also have some north african ancestry (that's why many of them might appear "mixed" to foreigners) :
posted
^^ the detail here, what they decide to call "North African would have to be explained as per which haplogroups they have decided are "North African" for these admixture programs
Keep in mind there are all sorts of people in the Cerny 2020 chart, the topic of this thread that are in North Africa
However Cerny breaks it down
West African
East African
Middle Eastern
European
and I think that is good because it recognizes that "North African" as often described in earlier analysis is ambiguous when you get down to the details and often non-African haplogroups are considered to be a part of it. So "North African" how it is commonly described genetically is actually a combination of varying proportion of all the above. So if you eliminate it things are clearer
unless you choose to define "North African" as strictly E-M81 only
Posts: 42919 | From: , | Registered: Jan 2010
| IP: Logged |
quote:Originally posted by the lioness,: ^^ the detail here, what they decide to call "North African would have to be explained as per which haplogroups they have decided are "North African" for these admixture programs
it's not based on haplogroups
Posts: 1779 | From: Somewhere In the Rif Mountains | Registered: Nov 2021
| IP: Logged |
quote:Originally posted by the lioness,: ^^ the detail here, what they decide to call "North African would have to be explained as per which haplogroups they have decided are "North African" for these admixture programs
it's not based on haplogroups
but the results should correspond to a good extent. Its like a cross check SNPS with STRs. The mention of Fulani in the Cerny article is about haplogroups and lactase persistence
Demographic history and admixture dynamics in African Sahelian populations Viktor Černý, Cesar Fortes-Lima, Petr Tříska Author Notes Human Molecular Genetics, Volume 30, Issue R1, 1 March 2021, Pages R29–R36, https://doi.org/10.1093/hmg/ddaa239
A well-documented example of genomic adaptation in the Sahel is the prevalence of lactase persistence (furthermore referred to as LP) in populations with a tradition of animal husbandry (33). Fresh milk is an excellent source of sugar, fats and proteins, but the production of lactase, an enzyme needed to digest milk sugar, is usually suppressed in adults. Because the domestication of cattle approximately 10 kya (61), several human populations acquired mutations in the genomic region upstream of the lactase-encoding (LCT) gene, which ensure that the production of lactase continues throughout adulthood (62). At least four different mutations in the LCT region are known to cause LP in African populations. Two of them (variants −14 010*C and − 13 907*G) originated in eastern Africa (63), one (−13 915*G) in the Middle East (42,64) and one (−13 910*T) in Europe (65). Each of these variants emerged independently and on a different haplotype background (66).
In the eastern part of the Sahel, the LP phenotype is common among Arabic pastoralists who migrated to Africa in multiple waves from Arabia and introduced variant −13 915*G into the region (43). This variant has also been reported in Afro–Asiatic-speaking Beja pastoralists among whom the exclusively east African variant −13 907*G is also found (33,66). In the western part of the Sahel/Savannah belt, LP is frequent among Fulani pastoralists (33,50), in whom it is rather interestingly determined by the same −13 910*T allele as in Europeans and present within a demonstrably European haplotype background (50).
Because of the historical admixture events, Fulani genomic diversity is a mosaic of African and Eurasian haplotypes (30,44). In genomic regions where a particular haplotype provides an evolutionary advantage, such as the LCT region, the ratio between African and Eurasian haplotypes in the population is skewed due to selective pressures, which increased the frequency of the advantageous haplotype. As a result, the European LP haplotype is present in approximately one half of Fulani from Ziniaré (Burkina Faso) (50), which is significantly higher than the genome-wide average amount of European ancestry in the Fulani population in general (33).
The ability to detect bitter compounds in food is mediated by bitter taste receptors encoded by a wide range of genes belonging to the TAS2R family. Because bitter taste often indicates the presence of potentially harmful substances, such as alkaloids, the ability to detect bitter taste is considered a protective evolutionary feature. A strong signature of positive selection on the TAS2R16 gene has been reported not only in Eurasian populations (67) but also in east African populations and in Fulani from Cameroon (68). A special role of TAS2R receptors in the Fulani is also reflected in an enrichment of Eurasian haplotypes in the TAS2R genes on chromosome 12 (44), although the driver of the natural selection remains unclear. One possible explanation is that during particular rituals (69,70), the Fulani consume substances containing various alkaloids and TAS2R receptors might play a role in the process of ingestion of these potions (44).
Posts: 42919 | From: , | Registered: Jan 2010
| IP: Logged |
UBBFriend: Email this page to someone!
Printer-friendly view of this topic