1Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics; Institut Pasteur de Tunis; 2Laboratoire de Police Scientifique de Marseille; France; 3INSERM U600-FRE2059 CNRS, Hôpital Sainte Marguerite, BP29, 13274 Marseille Cedex, France rym.kefi@pasteur.rns.tn
North Africa is located at a crossroad between Europe, Africa and Asia and has been inhabited since the Prehistoric time. In the Epipaleolithic period (23.000 years to 10.000 years BP), the Western North Africa has been occupied by Mecha-Afalou Men, authors of the Iberomaurusian industry. The origin of the Iberomaurusians is unresolved, several hypotheses have been forwarded. With the aim to contribute to a better knowledge of the Iberomaurusian settlement we analysed the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of skeletons exhumed from the prehistoric site of Taforalt in Morocco (23.000-10.800 years BP) and Afalou in Algeria (11.000 to 15.000 BP –Algeria). Hypervariable segment 1 of mtDNA from 38 individuals were amplified by Real-Time PCR and directly sequenced. Sequences were aligned with the reference sequence to perform the mtDNA classification within haplogroups. Phylogenetic analysis based on mitochondrial sequences from Mediterranean populations was performed using Neighbor-Joining algorithm implemented in MEGA program. mtDNA sequences from Afalou and Taforalt were classified in Eurasiatic and North African haplogroups. We noted the absence of Sub-Saharan haplotypes. Phylogenetic tree clustered Taforalt with European populations. Our results excluded the hypothesis of the sub-Saharan origin of Iberomaurusians populations and highlighted the genetic flow between Northern and Southern cost of Mediterranean since Epipaleolithic period.
Keywords: Ancient DNA;Mitochondrial DNA;Iberomaurusian;Phylogeny;North Africa
* required fields Abstract Review Please rate the abstract on the scale from 1 (worst) to 5 (best) and recommend abstract you deem worthy of oral presentation and/or Young Investigator Award. If necessary you might make some notes/suggestions.
"North Africa is located at a crossroad between Europe, Africa and Asia"
North Africa is in Africa, how can it be between?
Btw, Northwest and Northeast differentiate genetically.
Anyway, what is meant by absents of "sub Saharan" haplotypes? Can you inform...thanks in advance.
WHAT BONES CAN TELL: BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON THE HUNTER-GATHERERS OF THE MAGHREB: The extremely large skeletal samples that come from sites such as Taforalt (Fig. 8.13) and Afalou constitute an invaluable resource for understanding the makers of Iberomaurusian artifacts, and their number is unparalleled elsewhere in Africa for the early Holocene. Frequently termed Mechta-Afalou or Mechtoid, these were a skeletally robust people and definitely African in origin, though attempts, such as those of Ferembach (1985), to establish similarities with much older and rarer Aterian skeletal remains are tenuous given the immense temporal separation between the two (Close and Wendorf 1990). At the opposite end of the chronological spectrum, dental morphology does suggest connections with later Africans, including those responsible for the Capsian Industry (Irish 2000) and early mid-Holocene human remains from the western half of the Sahara (Dutour 1989), something that points to the Maghreb as one of the regions from which people recolonised the desert (MacDonald 1998).
Turning to what can be learned about cultural practices and disease, the individuals from Taforalt, the largest sample by far, display little evidence of trauma, though they do suggest a high incidence of infant mortality, with evidence for dental caries, arthritis, and rheumatism among other degenerative conditions. Interestingly, Taforalt also provides one of the oldest known instances of the practice of trepanation, the surgical removal of a portion of the cranium; the patient evidently survived for some time, as there are signs of bone regrowth in the affected area. Another form of body modification was much more widespread and, indeed, a distinctive feature of the Iberomaurusian skeletal sample as a whole. This was the practice of removing two or more of the upper incisors, usually around puberty and from both males and females, something that probably served as both a rite of passage and an ethnic marker (Close and Wendorf 1990), just as it does in parts of sub-Saharan Africa today (e.g., van Reenen 1987). Cranial and postcranial malformations are also apparent and may indicate pronounced endogamy at a much more localised level (Hadjouis 2002), perhaps supported by the degree of variability between different site samples noted by Irish (2000).
--Lawrence Barham The First Africans: African Archaeology from the Earliest Toolmakers to Most Recent Foragers (Cambridge World Archaeology)
Craniometric data from seven human groups (Tables 3, 4) were subjected to principal components analysis, which allies the early Holocene population at Gobero (Gob-e) with mid-Holocene “Mechtoids” from Mali and Mauritania [18], [26], [27] and with Late Pleistocene Iberomaurusians and early Holocene Capsians from across the Maghreb
Figure 6. Principal components analysis of craniofacial dimensions among Late Pleistocene to mid-Holocene populations from the Maghreb and southern Sahara.
Table 3. Nine human populations sampled for craniometric analysis ranging in age from the Late Pleistocene (ca. 80,000 BP, Aterian) to the mid-Holocene (ca. 4000 BP) and in geographic distribution across the Maghreb to the southern Sahara [18], [19], [26], [27], [54]. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002995.t003
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posted
"This conclusion points to an ancient African gene flow to Tunisia before 20,000 years BP"
quote:Our objective is to highlight the age of sub-Saharan gene flows in North Africa and particularly in Tunisia. Therefore we analyzed in a broad phylogeographic context sub-Saharan mtDNA haplogroups of Tunisian Berber populations considered representative of ancient settlement. More than 2,000 sequences were collected from the literature, and networks were constructed. The results show that the most ancient haplogroup is L3*, which would have been introduced to North Africa from eastern sub-Saharan populations around 20,000 years ago. Our results also point to a less ancient western sub-Saharan gene flow to Tunisia, including haplogroups L2a and L3b. This conclusion points to an ancient African gene flow to Tunisia before 20,000 years BP. These findings parallel the more recent findings of both archaeology and linguistics on the prehistory of Africa. The present work suggests that sub-Saharan contributions to North Africa have experienced several complex population processes after the occupation of the region by anatomically modern humans. Our results reveal that Berber speakers have a foundational biogeographic root in Africa and that deep African lineages have continued to evolve in supra-Saharan Africa.
--Frigi et al. Human Biology (August 2010 (82:4)
code:
Geography Founder Analysis
Migration Time (ka) % of L3 Lineages (SE)
East Africa 58.8 74.0 (0.5)
1.8 20.1 (2.6) 0.1 5.9 (2.5)
Central Africa 42.4 75.0 (2.7) 9.2 24.1 (2.8) 0.1 0.9 (0.2)
North Africa 35.0 7.4 (2.7) 6.6 67.0 (4.0) 0.6 25.7 (3.1)
South Africa 3.2 86.7 (4.3) 0.1 13.3 (4.3)
South Africa (southern)1.8 83.4 (3.7) 0.1 16.6 (3.7)
Posts: 22235 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010
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quote: Regular Middle Paleolithic inventories as well as Middle Paleolithic inventories of Aterian type have a long chronology in Morocco going back to MIS 6 and are interstratified in some sites. Their potential for detecting chrono-cultural patterns is low. The transition from the Middle to Upper Paleolithic, here termed Early Upper Paleolithic—at between 30 to 20 ka—remains a most enigmatic era. Scarce data from this period requires careful and fundamental reconsidering of human presence. By integrating environmental data in the reconstruction of population dynamics, clear correlations become obvious. High resolution data are lacking before 20 ka, and at some sites this period is characterized by the occurrence of sterile layers between Middle Paleolithic deposits, possibly indicative of a very low presence of humans in Morocco. After Heinrich Event 1, there is an enormous increase of data due to the prominent Late Iberomaurusian deposits that contrast strongly with the foregoing accumulations in terms of sedimentological features, fauna, and artifact composition. The Younger Dryas again shows a remarkable decline of data marking the end of the Paleolithic. Environmental improvements in the Holocene are associated with an extensive Epipaleolithic occupation. Therefore, the late glacial cultural sequence of Morocco is a good test case for analyzing the interrelationship of culture and climate change.
--Late Pleistocene Human Occupation of Northwest Africa: A Crosscheck of Chronology and Climate Change in Morocco Jörg Linstädter, Prehistoric Archaeology, Cologne University, GERMANY Josef Eiwanger, KAAK, German Archaeological Institute, GERMANY Abdessalam Mikdad, INSAP, MOROCCO Gerd-Christian Weniger, Neanderthal Museum, GERMANY
quote: North Africa is quickly emerging as one of the more important regions yielding information on the origins of modern Homo sapiens. Associated with significant fossil hominin remains are two stone tool industries, the Aterian and Mousterian, which have been differentiated, respectively, primarily on the basis of the presence and absence of tanged, or stemmed, stone tools. Largely because of historical reasons, these two industries have been attributed to the western Eurasian Middle Paleolithic rather than the African Middle Stone Age. In this paper, drawing on our recent excavation of Contrebandiers Cave and other published data, we show that, aside from the presence or absence of tanged pieces, there are no other distinctions between these two industries in terms of either lithic attributes or chronology. Together, these results demonstrate that these two ‘industries’ are instead variants of the same entity. Moreover, several additional characteristics of these assemblages, such as distinctive stone implements and the manufacture and use of bone tools and possible shell ornaments, suggest a closer affinity to other Late Pleistocene African Middle Stone Age industries rather than to the Middle Paleolithic of western Eurasia.
--On the industrial attributions of the Aterian and Mousterian of the Maghreb, Harold L. Dibble et al. Journal of Human Evolution, 2013 Elsevier.
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John E. Yellen National Science Foundation, 4201 Wilson Boulevard, Arlington, Virginia 22230
Abstract Examination of African barbed bone points recovered from Holocene sites provides a context to interpret three Late Pleistocene occurrences from Katanda and Ishango, Zaire, and White Paintings Shelter, Botswana. In sites dated to ca. 10,000 BP and younger, such artifacts are found widely distributed across the Sahara Desert, the Sahel, the Nile, and the East African Lakes. They are present in both ceramic and aceramic contexts, sometimes associated with domesticates. The almost-universal presence of fish remains indicates a subsistence adaptation which incorporates a riverine/lacustrine component. Typologically these points exhibit sufficient similarity in form and method of manufacture to be subsumed within a single African “tradition.”They are absent at Fayum, where a distinct Natufian form occurs. Specimens dating to ca. 20,000 BP at Ishango, possibly a similar age at White Paintings Shelter, and up to 90,000 BP at Katanda clearly fall within this same African tradition and thus indicate a very long-term continuity which crosses traditionally conceived sub-Saharan cultural boundaries.
And more recent sources:
Volume 300, 25 June 2013, Pages 153–170
The Middle Palaeolithic in the Desert
The Middle Stone Age of the Central Sahara: Biogeographical opportunities and technological strategies in later human evolution
posted
the pattern is consistent...Great Lakes region of the Sahara.. Luyha, Hema Alur etc.
1. Notice ALL FOUR color codes are found in Central Sub-Saharan Africa in Sudan area amongst the Luhya, Hema, Alur and !Kung!!!!! That means EITHER of two things. (a) The Sudanese Central Africans are the source followed by drift or purification taking place outside Africa OR All these non-African populations somehow ended up and admixed with Central Sudan Sub-Saharans. WHICH MAKES MORE SENSE.? Hasan et al. hg-A, hg-B found in Sudan at high frequency.
2. Notice YRI has less of these SNP. Why? They are to the far West of Sudanese Africans. Which again is an indication of the source. The source being somewhere west of the Great Lakes Sudan. Assuming the population is sedentary . Some population went West/North West and other East into Asia.
3. In other words. These Sudanese Sahara region Great Lakes people seems to be the source of ALL the world's population. ALL REGIONAL SPECIFIC SNPs are found there!!!!! This is s strong indication of the source. Ie ORIGIN.
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quote:Originally posted by xyyman: 3. In other words. These Sudanese Sahara region Great Lakes people seems to be the source of ALL the world's population. ALL REGIONAL SPECIFIC SNPs are found there!!!!! This is s strong indication of the source. Ie ORIGIN.
Modern African people are not the origin of all the world population. Most of the modern A, B and E haplogroup developed much later than the exit of non-African from Africa (F descendant mutations on the Y-DNA side. M,N descendants on the MtDNA side). This is what the study of haplogroup and population structure is all about. That is the time between the exit out of Africa and now.
For example the P2 mutation is relatively rare in the rest of the world (beside in neighboring regions of Africa like Southern Europe, Yemen, the Levant). Same for any other African "SNP" like A-M13, B-M150, E-M2, E-M215, etc.
For example, an African like you and me, assuming of course, who exited Africa relatively recently (after the OOA) probably met a F descendant (and M and N descendant) population when doing so. Ultimately admixing with them to various degree. Usually people in Europe or the Middle East for example who still carry a E-P2 (M215) mutation on their direct male line will still cluster with other specific Europeans or Middle Easterners from the region who don't carry the E-P2 mutation like R or J carriers. Their whole genome is more influenced by the rest of the F descendant population from the region than the relatively more recent P2/M215 migration. The same could be said about R carriers in Cameroon.
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posted
Just to continue from that angle. The reason why E carriers like E1b1a and E1b1b cluster with one another is because they share the same haplogroup father. That's obvious.
But then why does A, B haplogroup cluster with each other and with the E haplogroups too? That is: Why do all Africans from different haplogroups cluster with one another more than with the rest of the world's haplogroups like R and K? (see the Tishkoff study or DNA Tribes genetic tree for example). Why do we look basically like each other? Why do we have relatively similar culture?
The reason why A, B descendant cluster with E descendant more than the rest of the world is because of they admixed with E(E-P2) carriers. In current time, of course, but also in ancient time in the green Sahara and the East African region (Sudan, Ethiopia, etc).
So the history of Africa is a story of constant interaction and interrelation between various populations. Mostly from inside Africa and with outside Africa to a lower degree.
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In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup L3 is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. Haplogroup L3 has played a pivotal role in the history of the human species. Soon after the haplogroup arose in East Africa a relatively small number of migrants carried it across the Red Sea to Arabia, inaugurating an intercontinental migration that eventually settled every major land mass on Earth except Antarctica. That small group also gave rise to every non-African haplogroup.
According to Maca-Meyer et al. (2001), "L3 is more related to Eurasian haplogroups than to the most divergent African clusters L1 and L2". L3 is the haplogroup from which all modern humans outside of Africa derive.
quote:
According to Maca-Meyer et al. (2001), "L3 is more related to Eurasian haplogroups than to the most divergent African clusters L1 and L2". L3 is the haplogroup from which all modern humans outside of Africa derive.
Alot of euronuts use this last quote for clearly incorrect and wrong reason of course,and it's misleading.
Clearly the Eurasian haplogroups Maca-Meyer et al is talking about here is M AND N,of course there are others that believe that it is african but if it's not is still has nothing to do with whites,it's still black. Someone need to make that clear in that link below and have the other side,like they do for the other links below for haplogroups M and N.
Haplogroup N (mtDNA) Origins There is widespread agreement in the scientific community concerning the African ancestry of haplogroup L3 (haplogroup N's parent clade). However, whether or not the mutations which define haplogroup N itself first occurred within Asia or Africa has been a subject for ongoing discussion and study.
The out of Africa hypothesis has gained generalized consensus. However, many specific questions remain unsettled. To know whether the two M and N macrohaplogroups that colonized Eurasia were already present in Africa before the exit is puzzling.
Torroni et al. 2006 state that Haplogroups M, N and R occurred somewhere between East Africa and the Persian Gulf.
Also related to the origins of haplogroup N is whether ancestral haplogroups M, N and R were part of the same migration out of Africa, or whether Haplogroup N left Africa via the Northern route through the Levant, and M left Africa via Horn of Africa. This theory was suggested because haplogroup N is by far the predominant haplogroup in Western Eurasia, and haplogroup M is absent in Western Eurasia, but is predominant in India and is common in regions East of India. However, the mitochondrial DNA variation in isolated "relict" populations in southeast Asia and among Indigenous Australians supports the view that there was only a single dispersal from Africa. Southeast Asian populations and Indigenous Australians all possess deep rooted clades of both haplogroups M and N. The distribution of the earliest branches within haplogroups M, N, and R across Eurasia and Oceania therefore supports a three-founder-mtDNA scenario and a single migration route out of Africa. These findings also highlight the importance of Indian subcontinent in the early genetic history of human settlement and expansion.
African origin hypothesis According to Toomas Kivisild "the lack of L3 lineages other than M and N in India and among non-African mitochondria in general suggests that the earliest migration(s) of modern humans already carried these two mtDNA ancestors, via a departure route over the Horn of Africa.
Haplogroup M (mtDNA) There is an ongoing debate concerning geographical origins of Haplogroup M and its sibling haplogroup N. Both these lineages are thought to have been the main surviving lineages involved in the out of Africa migration (or migrations) because all indigenous lineages found outside Africa belong to either haplogroup M or haplogroup N. Yet to be conclusively determined is whether the mutations that define haplogroups M and N occurred in Africa before the exit from Africa or in Asia after the exit from Africa. Determining the origins of haplogroup M is further complicated by the fact that it is found both in Africa and outside of Africa.
It is generally accepted that haplogroup M evolved shortly after the emergence of its parent clade haplogroup L3. Apart from haplogroup M and its sibling haplogroup N, the numerous other subclades of L3 are largely restricted to Africa, which suggests that L3 arose in Africa.
African origin hypothesis
According to this theory, haplogroups M and N arose from L3 in an East African population that had been isolated from other African populations. Members of this population were involved in the out Africa migration and only carried M and N lineages. With the possible exception of haplogroup M1, all other M and N clades in Africa were lost by genetic drift.
The African origin of Haplogroup M is supported by the following arguments and evidence.
L3, the parent clade of haplogroup M, is found throughout Africa, but is rare outside Africa. According to Toomas Kivisild (2003), "the lack of L3 lineages other than M and N in India and among non-African mitochondria in general suggests that the earliest migration(s) of modern humans already carried these two mtDNA ancestors, via a departure route over the Horn of Africa."
Ancestral L3 lineages that gave rise to M and N have not been discovered outside Africa.
Specifically concerning at least M1:
* Haplogroup M1 is largely restricted to Africa where the highest frequencies of M1 can be found in Northeast Africa, particularly in Ethiopia. M1 is found in Europe and the Near East but at considerably lower frequencies than in Africa.
MITOCHONDRIAL DNA AND PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF PREHISTORIC NORTH AFRICAN POPULATIONS
Kefi et al 2004
. . .
With the aim to contribute to a better knowledge of the Iberomaurusian settlement we analysed the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of skeletons exhumed from the prehistoric site of Taforalt in Morocco (23.000-10.800 years BP) and Afalou in Algeria (11.000 to 15.000 BP –Algeria).
Our results excluded the hypothesis of the sub-Saharan origin of Iberomaurusians populations and highlighted the genetic flow between Northern and Southern cost of Mediterranean since Epipaleolithic period.
. Notice Kefi's so-called haplotypes are only either a single or no more than two mutations. It takes a string of mutations to make a haplotype. Since some of these mutations appear in more than one Haplogroup Kefi's assignment is willy-nilly subjected to a priori assumptions of an SSA free NA throughout time.
Yet pre or nascient Holocene SSA mtDNA is found in Iberia. However the great blind degree of anti-SSA prejudice imagines prehistoric SSA mtDNA is somehow in Iberia w/o ever having been in NW Afr.
For instance, in her PPt Kefi throws out TafVIII. Is it in order to deny an inner African component in epipaleolithic Taforalt? It is the only sample of possible L3, M, or N affiliation. There were only two U6 samples yet Kefi did not exclude them among originators of "Ibero-Maurusians."
Clearly if the L3/M/N individual was found at Taforalt then she was just as much an "Ibero-Maurusian" originator as the two U6 females were. 4% is as weighty as 8% when the true heavy weight ranks in at 50%.
Also, it is very significant that an L3/M/N female was living that far north so near the very shoreline of N Africa at that point in time with her other African mtDNA sisters of the U6 haplogroup.
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[Below originally posted 28 December, 2012]
Thanks to Kefi's actual Maurusian era Taforalt mtDNA study there's no doubt Eurasian lineage existed in coastal and tell Mechta-Afalou ages well before Islamic white slave trade or even chalcolithic trade in non-human goods between North Africa and South Europe.
Kefi's data, though limited where it differs from rCRS by no more than a three variant haplotype in 12 samples, is authentic. The problem is her obvious bias against Africa sub-Sahara.
Even though she admits one sample possibly is L, M, or N, she nonetheless ignores it and categorically states there was no SSA contribution.
This led me to wonder how far her bias prejudiced the haplogroup assignments of the non-rCRS samples.
The fact is some polymorphisms are associated with more than one haplogroup.
Using Watson 1997's full sequences of over 150 control region haplotypes with their associated L haplogroups I present valid alternatives to Kefi's interpretation which, without decisive coding region data as in Herrnstadt (2002), are just as possible.
I appreciate and solicit any corrections, precisions, or updates to Watson (1997). [I need to run the mutations against the up to date van Oven mtDNA PhyloTree]
There's only an ~1500 year difference in the coalescence ages of H1 and H3 in the Maghreb and Iberia (the elder and source of no little then 50% of those markers per Frigi 2010).
Haplogroups must not be confused for skin colour, facial features, or phenotype. Nor does mtDNA alone tell the complete deep ancestry story, nrY chromosomes must also be considered.
Whereever any coastal to tell Maghrebi and pre-Sahara NW Africa genetics may have originated, by historic times there are written observations on the majority colour of the Maurs, Numidians, and Aithiops of the region which can't be ignored. Painted and plastic art reveals some types were not dark and there were types whose facial profiles' do resemble western Eurasians.
A look at today's uniparentals in the region will conclude the prominence of the African components despite major phenotype similarities to Arabian penisulars or South Europeans.
NOTE: Ennafaa's Libyan nrY seems to mistake J as A,B,E(xEb1b1a,b).
Supra-Saharan North Africans are of African stock at base, increasingly augumented by Eurasian settlers, colonists, and conquerers spanning the entire Holocene epoch all the way from Maurusian to modern times.
Posts: 8014 | From: the Tekrur in the Western Sahel | Registered: Feb 2006
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3. In other words. These Sudanese Sahara region Great Lakes people seems to be the source of ALL the world's population. ALL REGIONAL SPECIFIC SNPs are found there!!!!! This is s strong indication of the source. Ie ORIGIN.
For one, it's true that all humans come from Africa. But obviously when we study population structure like with haplogroups analysis we study the situation where human started to diversity from one another due to various migrations. We study the differences between humans. We're all humans....with diversified: geographic location, shared history, ethnic groups, cultures, languages, etc.
So when we study those population structure, we study those differences between humans, even if the proportion of polymorphic genes between humans is very small. I don't remember the exact number (someone can help). I think the number of SNP in humans is about 0.1%.
Each human is born with about 60 to 100 SNP/mutations. That is each human is born with about 100 nucleotides which are different from both our parents (and any grandparents of course). Humans have, 6 billions nucleotide pairs in total in their whole genome. With time, if you have a lot of descendants and those descendants have a lot of descendants too. Your mutations could become a new major haplotype in the future. Which we would define as one of those 60-100 mutations. Although it's more difficult nowadays since the populations sizes are very large and your descendant numbers will most probably always be a drop in the ocean in term of proportion of the overall population size. In ancient time, it was different due to the much smaller population size. For example, the first E-P2 carrier, with a SNP mutation we call P2, is father to lets say about 75% of African people.
P2, as any mutation, is also known from other mutation sites/defining mutations like DYS391p, L337, L339, L342, L487, L492, L613, P2/PN2, P179, P180, P181 (taken from wiki). We could probably find something between 60 and 100 of those defining mutation for that haplogroup. Any haplogroup could be defined by about 60 and 100 defining mutations (if we studied the whole genome). At the moment, in those genetic study, we just study specific part of the genome.
When you say ALL REGIONAL SPECIFIC SNPs are found there. It's obviously false.
For one, I don't know what you call 'all regional specific SNPs', but haplogroups are an example of regional specific SNPs. In fact, that's what haplogroups are almost by definition. That is: SNPs/Mutations which have some form of regional specificity. It's because those SNPs and Mutations are not common to all humans that we can study them as haplogroups. It is because they are not common to all humans that we can determine when a mutation like M89 or P2 first appeared, where did it appeared first and who's carrying that mutation now, etc. There's other regional specific SNPs which are not studied. Sometimes one or many successive SNPs across generations can affect the phenotype like the sickle cell anemia mutation which conferred some protection against malaria beside its drawback in term of life expectancy. Some other SNPs can lead to being born dead, while some others can be neutral. Usually we consider haplogroups to not be under any selective pressure directly (although there's genetic drift, founder effect, admixture, etc).
It was a bit long but it's important to understand why you're wrong when you say ALL REGIONAL SPECIFIC SNPs are found there.
This can easily be seen directly here for example:
This is from the study called [URL=http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/v13/n7/abs/5201408a.html ]Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome and mtDNA variation in Africa: evidence for sex-biased demographic processes by Woods(2005) [/URL]
For example, in your image of different clusters at K=4 and K=7, if you look at the Hema population they seem to have all the color at K=7. But if you study the table above (sorry for the image resolution, its horrible) you can see that the Hema population don't have for example the R-M173 mutation. As well as many others from the R, K, J haplogroups family, among other. Clearly, the great lakes regions doesn't have all the regional specific SNPs in the world. The Great Lakes regions doesn't have all the haplogroups in the world, which are regional specific SNPs. I think this is obvious when you think about it from that angle.
Even in your graph at K=7, the Hema population in the sample doesn't seem have the brown color apparently (its hard to see). At bigger K, it won't share all the color for sure (because sub-population clusters will start to appear).
I gave you the long explanation because it's important to understand what SNPs, nucleotides, mutations, and haplogroups are.
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1Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics; Institut Pasteur de Tunis; 2Laboratoire de Police Scientifique de Marseille; France; 3INSERM U600-FRE2059 CNRS, Hôpital Sainte Marguerite, BP29, 13274 Marseille Cedex, France rym.kefi@pasteur.rns.tn
North Africa is located at a crossroad between Europe, Africa and Asia and has been inhabited since the Prehistoric time. In the Epipaleolithic period (23.000 years to 10.000 years BP), the Western North Africa has been occupied by Mecha-Afalou Men, authors of the Iberomaurusian industry. The origin of the Iberomaurusians is unresolved, several hypotheses have been forwarded. With the aim to contribute to a better knowledge of the Iberomaurusian settlement we analysed the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of skeletons exhumed from the prehistoric site of Taforalt in Morocco (23.000-10.800 years BP) and Afalou in Algeria (11.000 to 15.000 BP –Algeria). Hypervariable segment 1 of mtDNA from 38 individuals were amplified by Real-Time PCR and directly sequenced. Sequences were aligned with the reference sequence to perform the mtDNA classification within haplogroups. Phylogenetic analysis based on mitochondrial sequences from Mediterranean populations was performed using Neighbor-Joining algorithm implemented in MEGA program. mtDNA sequences from Afalou and Taforalt were classified in Eurasiatic and North African haplogroups. We noted the absence of Sub-Saharan haplotypes. Phylogenetic tree clustered Taforalt with European populations . Our results excluded the hypothesis of the sub-Saharan origin of Iberomaurusians populations and highlighted the genetic flow between Northern and Southern cost of Mediterranean since Epipaleolithic period.
Keywords: Ancient DNA;Mitochondrial DNA;Iberomaurusian;Phylogeny;North Africa
* required fields Abstract Review Please rate the abstract on the scale from 1 (worst) to 5 (best) and recommend abstract you deem worthy of oral presentation and/or Young Investigator Award. If necessary you might make some notes/suggestions.
This is all very interesting, but I don't know what is so interesting about it for this site about Ancient Egypt.
This site seems to have a strange fascination with coastal North Africa. While all studies (genetic or otherwise) point that Ancient Egypt have more in common with so called Sub-Sahara Africa (actually many black Africans still live in the Sahara), it should be call sub-coastal Africa , than with Europe or coastal North Africa. The study mentions ancient European MtDNA from Iberia. When biologists talk about Europoean MtDNA in North Africa they talk about the MtDNA H, U and V haplogroups (and derived hg).
In the preview of the study posted by Beyoku, none of those European MtDNA appears beside in only one Old Kingdom specimen (none in the Middle Kingdom).
quote: Haplogroups of Ancient Egyptians according to future study posted by Beyoku:
OK= Old Kingdom
OK A-M13 L3f Ok A-M13 L0a1 OK B-M150 L3d OK E-M2 L3e5 OK E-M2 L2a1 OK E-M123 L5a1 OK E-M35 R0a OK E-M41 L2a1 OK E-M41 L1b1a OK E-M75 M1 OK E-M78 L4b OK J-M267 L3i OK R-M173 L2 OK T-M184 L0a
So, it's all very nice, but since none of those European MtDNA remains have any L haplotypes like the majority of the Ancient Egyptian remains (and African people of course), none of those European MtDNA remains are closely related with Ancient Egyptians.
We also saw in the DNA tribes study and the study about Ramses III being E1b1a (E-M2), that Ancient Egyptians are not closely related to any coastal North African population. They come from the south. That's where most of their heritage comes from.
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quote:Originally posted by the lioness,: look at the ancestry of modern Egyptians
I admit, it's interesting but this forum is about Egyptology thus Ancient Egypt not modern Egypt. And it seems those remains don't really share MtDNA haplotypes with Ancient Egyptians.
So I guess, when I think about it, it's very interesting in a way. It excludes those European MtDNA remains from close affiliation with Ancient Egyptians. I always maintained that Ancient Egyptians share most of their ancestry with so called sub-Sahara Africans (sub-coastal Africans ).
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posted
sighhhh...another wannabe ....Beyoku...applaud for attempt.
Googling the paper and I saw that Dienkess critiqued the same paper I did.
May be I should start a blog. It is full of BS. He is missing or ignoring the point of the authors. That is, the label "Eurasian" is very misleading.
Posts: 12143 | From: When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable | Registered: Jun 2007
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posted
I swear it some people (see ^^) on this forum somehow hoped that Ancient Egyptians would have had the same haplogroups and cluster more with modern coastal North Africans than so-called sub-Sahara Africans.
Unfortunately for them, all the DNA analysis at the moment as stated above show that Ancient Egyptians share most of their haplogroups and cluster more with so-called sub-Sahara Africans.
It's just how it is.
So if some ancient remains from coastal North Africa have no amount of L haplogroup. Sorry, but they are not very close to Ancient Egyptians.
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quote:Originally posted by xyyman: @ AMR-Ult. Agreed. Again..look at the Great Lakes Region. Alur, Hema, Luyha
I contend tropical SSA is a "recent" development.
Thank you. Now I just need Swenet, Djehuti and Troll Patrol to agree with me.
Recent development is a bit much, but lets say that the haplogroups and population structure (ethnic/lineage proportions) of tropical SSA changed since the late Pleistocene including with admixture. People from the Sahara migrated south when the Sahara became a desert again after the Green Sahara period. Same thing with the more Southern African/Great Lakes regions where the haplogroups and the population structure changed with the subsequent Bantu migration.
Posts: 2981 | Registered: Jan 2012
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Posted by David Braun of National Geographic on November 3, 2011
Modern humans migrated out of Africa via a southern route through Arabia, rather than a northern route by way of Egypt, according to research announced at a conference at the National Geographic Society this week.
“Evolutionary history shows that human populations likely originated in Africa, and the Genographic Project, the most extensive survey of human population genetic data to date, suggests where they went next…Modern humans migrated out of Africa via a southern route through Arabia, rather than a northern route by way of Egypt,” said a news statement released by IBM.
National Geographic and IBM’s Genographic Project scientific consortium developed a new analytical method that traces the relationship between genetic sequences from patterns of recombination — the process by which molecules of DNA are broken up and recombine to form new pairs, the news statement explained.
The statement continued:
“Ninety-nine percent of the human genome goes through this shuffling process as DNA is being transmitted from one generation to the next. These genomic regions have been largely unexplored to understand the history of human migration.
“By looking at similarities in patterns of DNA recombination that have been passed on and in disparate populations, Genographic scientists confirm that African populations are the most diverse on Earth, and that the diversity of lineages outside of Africa is a subset of that found on the continent.
“The divergence of a common genetic history between populations showed that Eurasian groups were more similar to populations from southern India, than they were to those in Africa.”
“The divergence of a common genetic history between populations showed that Eurasian groups were more similar to populations from southern India, than they were to those in Africa. This supports a southern route of migration from Africa via the Bab-el-Mandeb Strait in Arabia before any movement heading north, and suggests a special role for south Asia in the ‘out of Africa’ expansion of modern humans.”
Ajay Royyuru, senior manager at IBM’s Computational Biology Center, said: “Over the past six years, we’ve had the opportunity to gather and analyze genetic data around the world at a scale and level of detail that has never been done before. When we started, our goal was to bring science expeditions into the modern era to further a deeper understanding of human roots and diversity. With evidence that the genetic diversity in southern India is closer to Africa than that of Europe, this suggests that other fields of research such as archaeology and anthropology should look for additional evidence on the migration route of early humans to further explore this theory.”
According to IBM, the new analytical method looks at recombinations of DNA chromosomes over time, which is one determinant of how new gene sequences are created in subsequent generations. “Imagine a recombining chromosome as a deck of cards. When a pair of chromosomes is shuffled together, it creates combinations of DNA. This recombination process occurs through the generations” IBM explained in its statement.
“Recombination contributes to genome diversity in 99% of the human genome. However, many believed it was impossible to map the recombinational history of DNA due to the complex, overlapping patterns created in every generation. Now, by applying detailed computational methods and powerful algorithms, scientists can provide new evidence on the size and history of ancient populations.”
Reconstructing Genetic History
IBM researcher Laxmi Parida, who defined the new computational approach in a study published in Molecular Biology and Evolution, said: “Almost 99% of the genetic makeup of an individual are layers of genetic imprints of the individual’s many lineages. Our challenge was whether it was even feasible to tease apart these lineages to understand the commonalities. Through a determined approach of analytics and mathematical modeling, we undertook the intricate task of reconstructing the genetic history of a population. In doing so, we now have the tools to explore much more of the human genome.”
The Genographic Project continues to fill in the gaps of our knowledge of the history of humankind and unlock information from our genetic roots that not only impacts our personal stories, but can reveal new dimensions of civilizations, cultures and societies over the past tens of thousands of years, IBM’s statement added.
“The application of new analytical methods, such as this study of recombinational diversity, highlights the strength of the Genographic Project’s approach. Having assembled a tremendous resource in the form of our global sample collection and standardized database, we can begin to apply new methods of genetic analysis to provide greater insights into the migratory history of our species,” said Genographic Project Director Spencer Wells. (Read a News Watch post by Spencer Wells about his book Pandora’s Seed, taking us back to a seminal event roughly 10,000 years ago, when humans made a radical shift in their way of life: we became farmers rather than hunter-gatherers, propelling us into the modern world.)
Mapping how Earth was Populated
The recombination study highlights the initial six-year effort by the Genographic Project to create the most comprehensive survey of human genetic variation using DNA contributed by indigenous peoples and members of the general public, in order to map how the Earth was populated. Nearly 500,000 individuals have participated in the Project with field research conducted by 11 regional centers to advance the science and understanding of migratory genealogy. This database is one of the largest collections of human population genetic information ever assembled and serves as an unprecedented resource for geneticists, historians and anthropologists.
The Genographic Project seeks to chart new knowledge about the migratory history of the human species and answer age-old questions surrounding the genetic diversity of humanity. The project is a nonprofit, multi-year, global research partnership of National Geographic and IBM with field support by the Waitt Family Foundation. At the core of the project is a global consortium of 11 regional scientific teams following an ethical and scientific framework and who are responsible for sample collection and analysis in their respective regions. The Project is open to members of the public to participate through purchasing a public participation kit from the Genographic Web site (www.nationalgeographic.com/genographic), where they can also choose to donate their genetic results to the expanding database. Sales of the kits help fund research and support a Legacy Fund for indigenous and traditional peoples’ community-led language revitalization and cultural projects. Watch the video below for an overview of the Genographic project.
quote:Originally posted by xyyman: @ AMR-Ult. Agreed. Again..look at the Great Lakes Region. Alur, Hema, Luyha
I contend tropical SSA is a "recent" development.
Thank you. Now I just need Swenet, Djehuti and Troll Patrol to agree with me.
Recent development is a bit much, but lets say that the haplogroups and population structure (ethnic/lineage proportions) of tropical SSA changed since the late Pleistocene including with admixture. People from the Sahara migrated south when the Sahara became a desert again after the Green Sahara period. Same thing with the more Southern African/Great Lakes regions where the haplogroups and the population structure changed with the subsequent Bantu migration.
Hg's, are a conformation on what was already known about the remains on physical anthropology. Showing strong African affinities.
Trans-Saharan Trade and the "Emergence of 'Complex Societies'
quote:Originally posted by xyyman: @ AMR-Ult. Agreed. Again..look at the Great Lakes Region. Alur, Hema, Luyha
I contend tropical SSA is a "recent" development.
Thank you. Now I just need Swenet, Djehuti and Troll Patrol to agree with me.
Recent development is a bit much, but lets say that the haplogroups and population structure (ethnic/lineage proportions) of tropical SSA changed since the late Pleistocene including with admixture. People from the Sahara migrated south when the Sahara became a desert again after the Green Sahara period. Same thing with the more Southern African/Great Lakes regions where the haplogroups and the population structure changed with the subsequent Bantu migration.
In fact some spread South/ Sahel and further, others spread North and others spread towards the Nile meaning East, then Northeast.
Posts: 22235 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010
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quote:Originally posted by Troll Patrol: Without any interpretion given, it's still a meaningless map.
I'll be the one agreeing with you on that one, that map seems meaningless and badly done from the looks of it.
Still, it's nice to learn for the first time that Chadian, Yoruba, Luhya and Maasai people conquered the world through migration!
According to the map those populations are the progenitors of every populations in Asia and Europe. But strangely not America or even the rest of Africa, apparently, which by itself seems uninhibited for the most part beside by those 4 populations!
Not a very good map. Thelioness post meaningless stuff about half the time. I'm still waiting for him/her to tell me why he posted a picture of Obama and Holder with the word 'moors' underneath.
Posts: 2981 | Registered: Jan 2012
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quote:Originally posted by the lioness,: read subtitle of map before you flap your gums
As I have stated before, do you agree with the fact that Islam / Arab conquest spread towards North Africa shortly after 700 A.D.?
Posts: 22235 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010
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posted
with increased resolution/magnification, all color codes are found in Luyha, Hema, Alur and to other Africans. The pygmy seems to be a distinct branch. While the reverse is NOT true. ALL combined color codes are not found outside of Africa.
Seems like all world populations "back-migrated" to Africa. He! He!
quote:Originally posted by xyyman: the pattern is consistent...Great Lakes region of the Sahara.. Luyha, Hema Alur etc.
1. Notice ALL FOUR color codes are found in Central Sub-Saharan Africa in Sudan area amongst the Luhya, Hema, Alur and !Kung!!!!! That means EITHER of two things. (a) The Sudanese Central Africans are the source followed by drift or purification taking place outside Africa OR All these non-African populations somehow ended up and admixed with Central Sudan Sub-Saharans. WHICH MAKES MORE SENSE.? Hasan et al. hg-A, hg-B found in Sudan at high frequency.
2. Notice YRI has less of these SNP. Why? They are to the far West of Sudanese Africans. Which again is an indication of the source. The source being somewhere west of the Great Lakes Sudan. Assuming the population is sedentary . Some population went West/North West and other East into Asia.
3. In other words. These Sudanese Sahara region Great Lakes people seems to be the source of ALL the world's population. ALL REGIONAL SPECIFIC SNPs are found there!!!!! This is s strong indication of the source. Ie ORIGIN.
Posts: 12143 | From: When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable | Registered: Jun 2007
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quote:Originally posted by xyyman: with increased resolution/magnification, all color codes are found in Luyha, Hema, Alur and to other Africans. The pygmy seems to be a distinct branch. While the reverse is NOT true. ALL combined color codes are not found outside of Africa.
Seems like all world populations "back-migrated" to Africa. He! He!
Based on such theoretical structure it should mean that all African populations have Neanderthalers and Denisovian admixture. Which isent the case at all. However, when it occurs is only very minimal, oddly enough.
Posts: 22235 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010
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quote:Originally posted by xyyman: with increased resolution/magnification, all color codes are found in Luyha, Hema, Alur and to other Africans. The pygmy seems to be a distinct branch. While the reverse is NOT true. ALL combined color codes are not found outside of Africa.
Even if at K=7, we can see all the color in the Hema population. It doesn't matter. We know that with increases of Ks, not all color would be seen in the African samples as population substructure would start to appear.
For one, we all know there's some haplogroups, thus SNPs, which are present in populations outside Africa but not inside of it (evident in any hg study as posted above about the Hema) . Those are haplogroups/mutations which appeared anytime, including more recently, after the out of Africa migration.
There was some back migration, but not enough for Africa to contain all the SNP and haplogroups in the world despite it's high genetic diversity. It would be cool if it was true, but it's just not true.
Why bringing up something that is obviously wrong?
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quote:Originally posted by Troll Patrol: African Archaeological Review
John E. Yellen National Science Foundation, 4201 Wilson Boulevard, Arlington, Virginia 22230
Abstract Examination of African barbed bone points recovered from Holocene sites provides a context to interpret three Late Pleistocene occurrences from Katanda and Ishango, Zaire, and White Paintings Shelter, Botswana. In sites dated to ca. 10,000 BP and younger, such artifacts are found widely distributed across the Sahara Desert, the Sahel, the Nile, and the East African Lakes. They are present in both ceramic and aceramic contexts, sometimes associated with domesticates. The almost-universal presence of fish remains indicates a subsistence adaptation which incorporates a riverine/lacustrine component. Typologically these points exhibit sufficient similarity in form and method of manufacture to be subsumed within a single African “tradition.”They are absent at Fayum, where a distinct Natufian form occurs. Specimens dating to ca. 20,000 BP at Ishango, possibly a similar age at White Paintings Shelter, and up to 90,000 BP at Katanda clearly fall within this same African tradition and thus indicate a very long-term continuity which crosses traditionally conceived sub-Saharan cultural boundaries.
And more recent sources:
Volume 300, 25 June 2013, Pages 153–170
The Middle Palaeolithic in the Desert
The Middle Stone Age of the Central Sahara: Biogeographical opportunities and technological strategies in later human evolution
In other words, stone tool technology arose first in Africa among modern hominids and spread outward, along with writing, language, culture, art and everything else. All of which goes totally against the nonsense of the white supremacists.
Posts: 8896 | Registered: May 2005
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posted
Great bed time reading TP. I need to diversify. Move away from genetics..some.
quote:Originally posted by Doug M:
quote:Originally posted by Troll Patrol: African Archaeological Review
John E. Yellen National Science Foundation, 4201 Wilson Boulevard, Arlington, Virginia 22230
Abstract Examination of African barbed bone points recovered from Holocene sites provides a context to interpret three Late Pleistocene occurrences from Katanda and Ishango, Zaire, and White Paintings Shelter, Botswana. In sites dated to ca. 10,000 BP and younger, such artifacts are found widely distributed across the Sahara Desert, the Sahel, the Nile, and the East African Lakes. They are present in both ceramic and aceramic contexts, sometimes associated with domesticates. The almost-universal presence of fish remains indicates a subsistence adaptation which incorporates a riverine/lacustrine component. Typologically these points exhibit sufficient similarity in form and method of manufacture to be subsumed within a single African “tradition.”They are absent at Fayum, where a distinct Natufian form occurs. Specimens dating to ca. 20,000 BP at Ishango, possibly a similar age at White Paintings Shelter, and up to 90,000 BP at Katanda clearly fall within this same African tradition and thus indicate a very long-term continuity which crosses traditionally conceived sub-Saharan cultural boundaries.
And more recent sources:
Volume 300, 25 June 2013, Pages 153–170
The Middle Palaeolithic in the Desert
The Middle Stone Age of the Central Sahara: Biogeographical opportunities and technological strategies in later human evolution
In other words, stone tool technology arose first in Africa among modern hominids and spread outward, along with writing, language, culture, art and everything else. All of which goes totally against the nonsense of the white supremacists.
Posts: 12143 | From: When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable | Registered: Jun 2007
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posted
You do realize at K4...That is the "highest" level. Ie. The foundation of the populations structure. Of course there will be population sub-structure with increased Ks. Specific to geographic region.
[
QUOTE]Originally posted by Amun-Ra The Ultimate:
quote:Originally posted by xyyman: with increased resolution/magnification, all color codes are found in Luyha, Hema, Alur and to other Africans. The pygmy seems to be a distinct branch. While the reverse is NOT true. ALL combined color codes are not found outside of Africa.
Even if at K=7, we can see all the color in the Hema population. It doesn't matter. We know that with increases of Ks, not all color would be seen in the African samples as population substructure would start to appear.
For one, we all know there's some haplogroups, thus SNPs, which are present in populations outside Africa but not inside of it (evident in any hg study as posted above about the Hema) . Those are haplogroups/mutations which appeared anytime, including more recently, after the out of Africa migration.
There was some back migration, but not enough for Africa to contain all the SNP and haplogroups in the world despite it's high genetic diversity. It would be cool if it was true, but it's just not true.
Why bringing up something that is obviously wrong? [/QUOTE]
Posts: 12143 | From: When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable | Registered: Jun 2007
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Originally posted by al-Takuri: Kefi is unethical in ignoring TafVIII, i.e., her only L3/M/N ("sub-Saharan female") fossil find.
For instance, in her PPt Kefi throws out TafVIII. Is it in order to deny an inner African component in epipaleolithic Taforalt? It is the only sample of possible L3, M, or N affiliation. There were only two U6 samples yet Kefi did not exclude them among originators of "Ibero-Maurusians."
Clearly if the L3/M/N individual was found at Taforalt then she was just as much an "Ibero-Maurusian" originator as the two U6 females were. 4% is as weighty as 8% when the true heavy weight ranks in at 50%.
Also, it is very significant that an L3/M/N female was living that far north so near the very shoreline of N Africa at that point in time with her other African mtDNA sisters of the U6 haplogroup. ---------------------
Thanks to Kefi's actual Maurusian era Taforalt mtDNA study there's no doubt Eurasian lineage existed in coastal and tell Mechta-Afalou ages well before Islamic white slave trade or even chalcolithic trade in non-human goods between North Africa and South Europe.
Kefi's data, though limited where it differs from rCRS by no more than a three variant haplotype in 12 samples, is authentic. The problem is her obvious bias against Africa sub-Sahara.
Even though she admits one sample possibly is L, M, or N, she nonetheless ignores it and categorically states there was no SSA contribution.
This led me to wonder how far her bias prejudiced the haplogroup assignments of the non-rCRS samples.
The fact is some polymorphisms are associated with more than one haplogroup.
Using Watson 1997's full sequences of over 150 control region haplotypes with their associated L haplogroups I present valid alternatives to Kefi's interpretation which, without decisive coding region data as in Herrnstadt (2002), are just as possible.
^^Excellent analysis Takuri, exposing the contradictions.
-------------------- Note: I am not an "Egyptologist" as claimed by some still bitter, defeated, trolls creating fake profiles and posts elsewhere. Hapless losers, you still fail. My output of hard data debunking racist nonsense has actually INCREASED since you began.. Posts: 5905 | From: The Hammer | Registered: Aug 2008
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quote:Originally posted by the lioness,: over time black people transformed into white people
Whites popped from out of nowhere, didn't you know? Neither are there\ were there crossover segments. "Mutations". It all never happened. There were stereotype Africans and then "poof" there were whites. No intermediates needed. No transgression. And no certainly no transformation how redicilous such statement.
Posts: 22235 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010
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quote:Originally posted by xyyman: with increased resolution/magnification, all color codes are found in Luyha, Hema, Alur and to other Africans. The pygmy seems to be a distinct branch. While the reverse is NOT true. ALL combined color codes are not found outside of Africa.
Seems like all world populations "back-migrated" to Africa. He! He!
Based on such theoretical structure it should mean that all African populations have Neanderthalers and Denisovian admixture. Which isent the case at all. However, when it occurs is only very minimal, oddly enough.
posted
From DNATribes Feb 1st 2013. these Alur and Luyha keep popping up…. What about the connection inferred by DNATrbies between East Africa and Harrappan. Maybe Dr. Winters can shed some light here. Remember also recent African lineage have been found in pockets of Indians and Pakistanis.
Quote: To the south of Egypt (near present day Sudan and South Sudan), Nubians cultures (formerly Egyptian colonies) established the newly independent Kingdom of Kush.5 Also near the Upper Nile, neighboring Nilotic speaking cultures (including relatives of present day Maasai, Alur, and Luo) later embarked on a series of long term migrations towards the African Great Lakes, eventually reaching parts of present day Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania by the 18th century CE. To the east of Egypt, Semitic speaking cultures were developing around the East Mediterranean and Red Sea trade routes. Egyptians associated the East Mediterranean territories of Canaan with the former Hyksos pharaohs and the eclectic Amarna Period culture of the Bronze Age.6 During the Iron Age,
. 5 These Nubian cultures might have been influenced by Bronze Age maritime links with the Indus Valley (Harappan) Civilization. See http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?paperID=24584. The name “Meluhha” was associated with both Western South Asia and Africa. It is also thought that South Asian Zebu cattle (depicted on Indus seals) were introduced to East Africa during the Harappan period (possibly around 1600 BCE) to become ancestors of modern Sanga cattle.
To the north of Egypt, Sea Peoples were involved in a series of migrations in the Mediterranean. These maritime cultures probably included early Indo-Europeans from the Aegean and West Asia. The Sea Peoples’ invasion of Egypt during the reign of Ramesses III was repelled. However, Sea Peoples raided and settled in territories of the former Hittite, Mycenaean, and Mitannian empires during the Bronze Age Collapse and were probably related to not only Sicilian (Siculi) and Sardinian (Nuragic) peoples, but also possibly to PRE-PHOENICIAN CULTURES OF NORTH AFRICA
These diverse Bantu speaking cultures are thought to be descended from a mixture of early West African migrants and indigenous populations of East Africa and Southern Africa.
All of these migrations (see Figure 1) might have influenced the present day genetic structure of Africa and Eurasia (including Egypt). For this reason, present day DNA matches in the following geographical analysis might to some degree reflect these population movements that took place AFTER the time in Ramesses III.
Among present day world populations, Ramesses III’s autosomal STR profile is most frequent in the African Great Lakes region, where it is approximately 335.1 times as frequent as in the world as a whole (see Table 1 and Figure 2). Unknown Man E’s autosomal STR profile is most frequent in the Southern Africa region, where it is approximately 134.6 times as frequent as in the world as whole (see Table 1 and Figure 3). Both autosomal STR profiles are also found in the Levantine region that includes populations of present day Egypt, but are substantially more frequent in regions of Sub-Saharan Africa (see Table 1). Specifically, both of these ancient individuals inherited the alleles D21S11=35 and CSFIPO=7, which are found throughout Sub-Saharan Africa but are comparatively rare or absent in other regions of the world. These African related alleles are different from the African related alleles identified for the previously studied Amarna period mummies (D18S51=19 and D21S11=34).11 This provides independent evidence for African autosomal ancestry in TWO DIFFERENT pharaonic families of New Kingdom Egypt...***Why are we arguing origin of AEians? Who are the Sea peoples seems really interesting****
-------------------- Without data you are just another person with an opinion - Deming Posts: 12143 | From: When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable | Registered: Jun 2007
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quote:Originally posted by Troll Patrol: African Archaeological Review
John E. Yellen National Science Foundation, 4201 Wilson Boulevard, Arlington, Virginia 22230
Abstract Examination of African barbed bone points recovered from Holocene sites provides a context to interpret three Late Pleistocene occurrences from Katanda and Ishango, Zaire, and White Paintings Shelter, Botswana. In sites dated to ca. 10,000 BP and younger, such artifacts are found widely distributed across the Sahara Desert, the Sahel, the Nile, and the East African Lakes. They are present in both ceramic and aceramic contexts, sometimes associated with domesticates. The almost-universal presence of fish remains indicates a subsistence adaptation which incorporates a riverine/lacustrine component. Typologically these points exhibit sufficient similarity in form and method of manufacture to be subsumed within a single African “tradition.”They are absent at Fayum, where a distinct Natufian form occurs. Specimens dating to ca. 20,000 BP at Ishango, possibly a similar age at White Paintings Shelter, and up to 90,000 BP at Katanda clearly fall within this same African tradition and thus indicate a very long-term continuity which crosses traditionally conceived sub-Saharan cultural boundaries.
And more recent sources:
Volume 300, 25 June 2013, Pages 153–170
The Middle Palaeolithic in the Desert
The Middle Stone Age of the Central Sahara: Biogeographical opportunities and technological strategies in later human evolution
In other words, stone tool technology arose first in Africa among modern hominids and spread outward, along with writing, language, culture, art and everything else. All of which goes totally against the nonsense of the white supremacists.
Yes, that is in fact the case,
quote: This study provides the first strong quantitative evidence for the presence of three major river systems flowing across the Sahara during MIS 5e.
"Three ancient river systems, now buried, may have created viable routes for human migration across the Sahara to the Mediterranean region about 100,000 years ago, according to research published September 11?"
--Jorge A. Ramirez
I am proposing the Aterian / Nubian Complex correlation,
The Aterian culture is said to be from 80k-40k BC.
"The Aterian is the name given to a distinctive stone tool industry made by anatomically modern humans between about 80,000 and 40,000 years ago. The tools are found on sites in northern Africa between the Atlantic coast to the Kharga Oasis and the western edge of the Nile river basin.
As first described by Caton-Thompson in the 1940s, the tools of the Aterian include distinctive tanged projectile points-triangular blades with skinny, squared-off hafting elements-and foliates or leaf-shaped projectile points. Other tools exhibit typical Levallois technology, and include endscrapers, perforators and burins. Like the similarly-dated Howiesons Poort in South Africa, Aterian assemblages often include perforated Nassarian shell beads. Nassarius gibbosulus (marine tick) shell beads were found at Oued Djebbana in Algeria, and Grotte des Pigeons in Taforalt, Morocco, at about 80,000 years BP."
Dating the Aterian
"The Aterian was originally thought to be dated between 40,000-20,000 bp, in part because of the similarity of some of the point styles to the much-later Solutrean, and in part because 40,000 is about as far back as radiocarbon dating can go. New dates using new methods such as electric spin resonance, Uranium/Thorium, OSL and thermoluminescence on sites such as Grotte des Pigeons and Rhafas Cave suggest the Aterian reaches well into the Middle Paleolithic, perhaps as much as 82-90,000 years ago, and probably ended about 40,000 years ago, similar in age and complexity to that of Howiesons Poort/Stille Bay in South Africa, and a good 25,000 years before the Solutrean."
Posts: 22235 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010
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quote:Originally posted by Doug M: In other words, stone tool technology arose first in Africa among modern hominids and spread outward, along with writing, language, culture, art and everything else. All of which goes totally against the nonsense of the white supremacists.
The Aterian and its place in the North African Middle Stone Age
Eleanor M.L. Scerri Centre for the Archaeology of Human Origins (CAHO), 65A Avenue Campus, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BF, UK
Abstract
quote: The Aterian is a frequently cited manifestation of the Middle Stone Age (MSA) of North Africa, yet its character and meaning have remained largely opaque, as attention has focused almost exclusively on the typology of ‘tanged’, or ‘pedunculated’, lithics. Observations of technological similarities between the Aterian and other regional technocomplexes suggest that the Aterian should be considered within the wider context of the North African MSA and not as an isolated phenomenon. This paper critically reviews the meaning and history of research of the Aterian. This highlights a number of serious issues with definitions and interpretations of this technocomplex, ranging from a lack of definitional consensus to problems with the common view of the Aterian as a ‘desert adaptation’. Following this review, the paper presents the results of a quantitative study of six North African MSA assemblages (Aterian, Nubian Complex and ‘MSA’). Correspondence and Principal Components Analyses are applied, which suggest that the patterns of similarity and difference demonstrated do not simplistically correlate with traditional divisions between named industries. These similarity patterns are instead structured geographically and it is suggested that they reflect a population differentiation that cannot be explained by isolation and distance alone. Particular results include the apparent uniqueness of Haua Fteah compared to all the other assemblages and the observation that the Aterian in northeast Africa is more similar to the Nubian in that region than to the Aterian in the Maghreb. The study demonstrates the existence of population structure in the North African MSA, which has important implications for the evolutionary dynamics of modern human dispersals.
It's hard to say when the transition between the Mousterian and Aterian industries took place and the relationship between the two is unclear. While the Aterian industry has been dated between 90,000 to 61,000 years BP, the Mousterian industry had yet to be dated. Further studies are needed due to the fact that the two industries share similar technological and typological organizations. During the Aterian tool phase there was a presence of tanged points that could represent well transient (hunting) camps.
--Cremaschi, Mauro, et al. "Some Insights on the Aterian in the Libyan Sahara: Chronology, Environment, and Archeology." African Archaeological, Vol. 15, No. 4. 1998.
quote:Originally posted by Doug M: In other words, stone tool technology arose first in Africa among modern hominids and spread outward, along with writing, language, culture, art and everything else. All of which goes totally against the nonsense of the white supremacists.
quote:Regular Middle Paleolithic inventories as well as Middle Paleolithic inventories of Aterian type have a long chronology in Morocco going back to MIS 6 and are interstratified in some sites. Their potential for detecting chrono-cultural patterns is low. The transition from the Middle to Upper Paleolithic, here termed Early Upper Paleolithic—at between 30 to 20 ka—remains a most enigmatic era. Scarce data from this period requires careful and fundamental reconsidering of human presence. By integrating environmental data in the reconstruction of population dynamics, clear correlations become obvious. High resolution data are lacking before 20 ka, and at some sites this period is characterized by the occurrence of sterile layers between Middle Paleolithic deposits, possibly indicative of a very low presence of humans in Morocco. After Heinrich Event 1, there is an enormous increase of data due to the prominent Late Iberomaurusian deposits that contrast strongly with the foregoing accumulations in terms of sedimentological features, fauna, and artifact composition. The Younger Dryas again shows a remarkable decline of data marking the end of the Paleolithic. Environmental improvements in the Holocene are associated with an extensive Epipaleolithic occupation. Therefore, the late glacial cultural sequence of Morocco is a good test case for analyzing the interrelationship of culture and climate change.
--Late Pleistocene Human Occupation of Northwest Africa: A Crosscheck of Chronology and Climate Change in Morocco Jörg Linstädter, Prehistoric Archaeology, Cologne University, GERMANY Josef Eiwanger, KAAK, German Archaeological Institute, GERMANY Abdessalam Mikdad, INSAP, MOROCCO Gerd-Christian Weniger, Neanderthal Museum, GERMANY
quote: North Africa is quickly emerging as one of the more important regions yielding information on the origins of modern Homo sapiens. Associated with significant fossil hominin remains are two stone tool industries, the Aterian and Mousterian, which have been differentiated, respectively, primarily on the basis of the presence and absence of tanged, or stemmed, stone tools. Largely because of historical reasons, these two industries have been attributed to the western Eurasian Middle Paleolithic rather than the African Middle Stone Age. In this paper, drawing on our recent excavation of Contrebandiers Cave and other published data, we show that, aside from the presence or absence of tanged pieces, there are no other distinctions between these two industries in terms of either lithic attributes or chronology. Together, these results demonstrate that these two ‘industries’ are instead variants of the same entity. Moreover, several additional characteristics of these assemblages, such as distinctive stone implements and the manufacture and use of bone tools and possible shell ornaments, suggest a closer affinity to other Late Pleistocene African Middle Stone Age industries rather than to the Middle Paleolithic of western Eurasia.
--On the industrial attributions of the Aterian and Mousterian of the Maghreb, Harold L. Dibble et al. Journal of Human Evolution, 2013 Elsevier.
Posts: 22235 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010
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quote:Originally posted by Troll Patrol: African Archaeological Review
John E. Yellen National Science Foundation, 4201 Wilson Boulevard, Arlington, Virginia 22230
Abstract Examination of African barbed bone points recovered from Holocene sites provides a context to interpret three Late Pleistocene occurrences from Katanda and Ishango, Zaire, and White Paintings Shelter, Botswana. In sites dated to ca. 10,000 BP and younger, such artifacts are found widely distributed across the Sahara Desert, the Sahel, the Nile, and the East African Lakes. They are present in both ceramic and aceramic contexts, sometimes associated with domesticates. The almost-universal presence of fish remains indicates a subsistence adaptation which incorporates a riverine/lacustrine component. Typologically these points exhibit sufficient similarity in form and method of manufacture to be subsumed within a single African “tradition.”They are absent at Fayum, where a distinct Natufian form occurs. Specimens dating to ca. 20,000 BP at Ishango, possibly a similar age at White Paintings Shelter, and up to 90,000 BP at Katanda clearly fall within this same African tradition and thus indicate a very long-term continuity which crosses traditionally conceived sub-Saharan cultural boundaries.
And more recent sources:
Volume 300, 25 June 2013, Pages 153–170
The Middle Palaeolithic in the Desert
The Middle Stone Age of the Central Sahara: Biogeographical opportunities and technological strategies in later human evolution
In other words, stone tool technology arose first in Africa among modern hominids and spread outward, along with writing, language, culture, art and everything else. All of which goes totally against the nonsense of the white supremacists. [/QUOTE] [/QB][/QUOTE]
^^ Good roundup, showing that the African MSA cultures and traditions were already in place and flourishing long ago in "North Africa" and "sub-Saharan elements" are not a recent arrival, nor do they depend on any outside influences to be in place from very ancient times. The Sahara was once a lush greenbelt covering one-third of Africa. The native peoples were not bound by any genetic "apartheid" line.
Interestingly, the maps above include big slices of NON coastal areas as part of "North Africa" including Chad, Niger, Mali and the Sudan. This is in contrast to claims that samples mostly drawn from near the Mediterranean coast are "representative" of North Africa.
Posts: 5905 | From: The Hammer | Registered: Aug 2008
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quote:Originally posted by Troll Patrol: Homo Sapiens Sapiens had no access to this region.
Who said Homo Sapiens had no access to that region? What about the West African microlithic? Did I miss something?
I don't follow much the pre-holocene history of Africa so please indulge me but this article makes it clear that the population with the earliest pottery in Africa was in southern Mali, ceramic technology which then spread to the rest of the Sahara up to east Africa and all Africa, was born in continuation with earlier West African microlithic techno-complex.
As the article said, this West African microlithic started in Cameroon (30,600-29,000 BC), then moved to Ivory Coast, then Nigeria, then Mali. Where it evolve to become a pottery making neolithic population. Which then spread to the rest of Africa.
Here: A cultural influx from the southeastern sub-Saharan zone toward the Sahara could explain the spread of quartz microlithic industries across West Africa. First observed in Cameroon at Shum Laka (30,600-29,000 BC), we next find them in the Ivory Coast at Bingerville (14,100-13,400 BC), in Nigeria at Iwo Eleru (11,460-11,050 BC) and finally at Ounjougou (phase 1: 10th mill. BC).
The complete article with link:
quote: The beginning of the Holocene at Ounjougou
Introduction
The Ogolian, an extremely arid episode beginning in West Africa around 23,000 BP, is represented at Ounjougou by a significant sedimentary and archaeological hiatus. It is not until the return of humid climatic conditions at the beginning of the Holocene that we once again find evidence for humans in this part of the continent. It is thus in a context of heavy rains and recolonization of the vegetal cover, at the beginning of the 10th millennium BC, that a new population was established on the Bandiagara Plateau. At the Ounjougou site complex, several sites have made it possible to define two occupation phases chronologically situated between 10,000 and 7,000 cal BC. Strikingly, the presence of pottery is attested from the first half of the 10th mill. BC. This is the earliest evidence for pottery in sub-Saharan Africa. The use of stone milling material is confirmed from the 8th mill. BC by the discovery of a millstone and grinder.
Issues and objectives
It is thus within a context of climatic and environmental change, of migrations and repopulation of a region of Africa abandoned for several thousand years that the craft of making pottery and the use of milling emerged. Our aims are to better understand the material culture of these Early Holocene populations, to determine their origins and identify their development, and finally to clarify the paleoenvironmental context in which they were established and evolved. Understanding of the mechanisms in which humans invented pottery and milling tools clearly lie at the heart of our research problem. Our main objective is therefore to excavate stratified sites located in the valley base, geologically in situ, to obtain the broadest sample possible of material remains, to situate the site in relative and absolute chronologies and to place them in relation to the geomorphological and archaeobotanical sequence. By comparison to the rare contemporaneous assemblages in West and Saharan Africa, we hope to retrace the route of humans after the vegetation had returned at the beginning of the Holocene. Finally, via systematic survey, we hope to discover contemporaneous site yielding complementary data on these populations, in terms of subsistence economy or the use of space.
The 10th and 9th millennia BC (Phase 1 of the Holocene of Ounjougou)
It is at the site of Ravin de la Mouche that we identify the first Holocene sedimentary sequence, in the form of a channel cut into the yellow Pleistocene silts, infilled with coarse sand and gravel. The chronological placement of the upper layers of this first group has been determined by 12 radiocarbon dates and 3 OSL dates between 9,400 and 8,400 cal BC. The lithic industry discovered in stratigraphic position shows that unidirectional reduction predominates, but other techniques, such as bipolar reduction on anvil and multidirectional, were also employed. Quartz was the main raw material used and the typological range includes small retouched flakes, borers and especially an original type of bifacial armatures with covering retouch.
Three ceramic sherds are linked to this industry. They all come from the base of the HA1A stratigraphic unit. Their thickness ranges between 4.5 and 7 mm. The only way is refundable on board simple hemispherical bowl of 21 cm diameter. One sherd shows a roulette decoration, which could not be further identified. Microscopic analysis of two samples revealed that they contain a silicate matrix, without carbonates, with 20-30% of non-plastic inclusions. These consist mainly of single crystal quartz well rounded with an edge of recrystallization, with a fine to very fine diameter. These quartz are quite similar to those found in local sandstone and clays. Mineralogical analysis of the nearest clay deposits by X-ray diffraction revealed the presence of kaolinite, whose absence in ceramics indicates a cooking temperature above 550C. The pastes were prepared using non-calcareous clays with little prior treatment, as shown by their texture somewhat chaotic. The serial structure indicates that no temper has been added. Only one sherd contains fragments of grog, with a maximum diameter of 4 mm. However, this low percentage may indicate involuntary incorporation during the preparation of the paste.
The 8th millennium BC (Phase 2 of the Holocene of Ounjougou)
The next part of the Holocene sequence is documented at two principal sites – the Ravin du Hibou and Damatoumou. The archaeological layers are chronologically situated by an OSL date and 7 radiocarbon dates (8,000-7,000 cal BC). The lithic industry is characterized by reduction of quartz cobbles by unidirectional, bidirectional, multidirectional, peripheral and bipolar on anvil reduction techniques. The assemblage is composed mainly of microlithic tools: borers, backed points, notches, denticulates, sidescrapers, retouched flakes and geometric microliths.
The next part of the Holocene sequence is documented at two principal sites – the Ravin du Hibou and Damatoumou. The archaeological layers are chronologically situated by an OSL date and 7 radiocarbon dates (8,000-7,000 cal BC). The lithic industry is characterized by reduction of quartz cobbles by unidirectional, bidirectional, multidirectional, peripheral and bipolar on anvil reduction techniques. The assemblage is composed mainly of microlithic tools: borers, backed points, notches, denticulates, sidescrapers, retouched flakes and geometric microliths.
West African and Saharan context
The ceramics and grinding material from phases 1 and 2 at Ounjougou are the earliest evidence of this type currently known in sub-Saharan Africa. In our present state of knowledge, this pottery at Ounjougou may have resulted from a center of invention in the current Sahelo-Sudanian zone with exportation somewhat later toward the Central Sahara, where it is known from the 9th millennium BC. The pottery types at Tagalagal in Niger, the earliest known for this region, were already quite diversified when they first appeared, perhaps confirming the adoption of the use of pottery from another place of origin. The lithic industry of phases 1 and 2 is characterized by southern affinities, including quartz microliths using bipolar reduction on anvil proper to the "sub-Saharan microlithic technocomplex" defined by K. MacDonald, except for the bifacial armatures which are only found in the north, in the Saharan zone, at slightly younger sites. A cultural influx from the southeastern sub-Saharan zone toward the Sahara could explain the spread of quartz microlithic industries across West Africa. First observed in Cameroon at Shum Laka (30,600-29,000 BC), we next find them in the Ivory Coast at Bingerville (14,100-13,400 BC), in Nigeria at Iwo Eleru (11,460-11,050 BC) and finally at Ounjougou (phase 1: 10th mill. BC).
The history of Africa is always a history of interlinkage, back and forth migrations between people and regions.
Posts: 2981 | Registered: Jan 2012
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posted
^Yep, and that exactly what I am referring at.
The info I have posted, on which Zarahan responded, goes back to the lower Paleolithic, to the upper Epipaleolithic.That's when the first West Africans arose in the region. At the present coast. Unless you can show they had accesses prior to this, then you'll have a case.
Ivory Coast at Bingerville (14,100-13,400 BC), in Nigeria at Iwo Eleru (11,460-11,050 BC) and finally at Ounjougou (phase 1: 10th mill. BC).
quote:Originally posted by Troll Patrol: Homo Sapiens Sapiens had no access to this region.
Who said Homo Sapiens had no access to that region? What about the West African microlithic? Did I miss something?
I don't follow much the pre-holocene history of Africa so please indulge me but this article makes it clear that the population with the earliest pottery in Africa was in southern Mali, ceramic technology which then spread to the rest of the Sahara up to east Africa and all Africa, was born in continuation with earlier West African microlithic techno-complex.
As the article said, this West African microlithic started in Cameroon (30,600-29,000 BC), then moved to Ivory Coast, then Nigeria, then Mali. Where it evolve to become a pottery making neolithic population. Which then spread to the rest of Africa.
Here: A cultural influx from the southeastern sub-Saharan zone toward the Sahara could explain the spread of quartz microlithic industries across West Africa. First observed in Cameroon at Shum Laka (30,600-29,000 BC), we next find them in the Ivory Coast at Bingerville (14,100-13,400 BC), in Nigeria at Iwo Eleru (11,460-11,050 BC) and finally at Ounjougou (phase 1: 10th mill. BC).
This geographic evolution of the West African microlithic industry from Cameroon to Ivory Coast to Nigeria to Mali, then to central sahara, eastern sahara, Kerma, Ancient Egypt. Makes me think about the possible spread of the sickle cell gene of the Benin variety which is speculated to be the same variety as in Ancient Egypt. Benin is in West Africa and obviously only a few archeological works are undertaken in Africa and we know in our speculation that the Benin variety ended up in Ancient Egypt. Coincidences? Let's say a lot more archeological studies need to be undertaken to confirm and clarify many of those aspects.
Posts: 2981 | Registered: Jan 2012
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, than with Europe or coastal North Africa. The study mentions ancient European MtDNA from Iberia. When biologists talk about Europoean MtDNA in North Africa they talk about the MtDNA H, U and V haplogroups (and derived hg). 
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