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Vikings raided North Africa in 861AD, taking slaves back to the north. The slaves become known as blue men, in reference to their dark skins.

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Posts: 22247 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010  |  IP: Logged | 

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Originally posted by DD'eDeN:
Pleistocene Hominins as a Resource for Carnivores:
A c. 500,000-Year-Old Human Femur Bearing Tooth-Marks in North Africa
(Thomas Quarry I, Morocco)
Camille Daujeard, Denis Geraads, Rosalia Gallotti, David Lefèvre,
Abderrahim Mohib, Jean-Paul Raynal & Jean-Jacques Hublin 2016
PLoS free access
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0152284

In many Mid-Pleistocene sites, the co-occurrence of hominins with
carnivores (who both contributed to faunal accumulations) suggests
competition for
- resources &
- living spaces.
Despite this, there is very little evidence of direct interaction between
them to-date.
Recently, a human femoral diaphysis has been recognized in Thomas Quarry I
(SW of Casablanca), famous for its Mid-Pleistocene fossil hominins
considered representatives of H.rhodesiensis.
The bone was discovered in Unit 4 of the Grotte à Hominidés (GH), c 500
ka, associated with Acheulean artefacts, and a rich mammalian fauna.
Anatomically, it fits well within the group of known early Mid-Pleistocene
Homo.
The diaphyseal ends display numerous tooth-marks:
it had been consumed shortly after death by a large carnivore, probably a
hyena.
It represents the first evidence of consumption of human remains by
carnivores in the cave.
Whether predated or scavenged, this chewed femur indicates that humans
were a resource for carnivores, underlining their close relationships
during the Mid-Pleistocene in Atlantic Morocco.

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Originally posted by the lioness,:


--The Complex and Diversified Mitochondrial Gene Pool of Berber Populations
C. Coudray1∗ , A. Olivieri2, A. Achilli2,3, M. Pala2, M. Melhaoui4, M. Cherkaoui5, F. El-Chennawi6, M. Kossmann7, A. Torroni2 and J. M. Dugoujon1

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frequency of M81, Siwa as per this article 1.1%

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Oh Sweet Lord why? lol

E-M81 is a relatively young clade, only a few thousand years old. It derived from older clades from the Sudan region.

I said, Siwa are related to Central African Berbers/ Tuareg. When are you going to grasp? SMH

You try so hard to be "right", it's getting pathetic. Well, it already was, but it is getting worse. It's frantic, considering the first Berber confederations originated from the South, North Sahara.

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The Berber-Abidiya region is situated just south of the fifth Nile cataract in Sudan. This project, a joint mission with the Sudanese National Corporation for Antiquities and Museums (NCAM), is focussed on the late Kushite city of Dangeil (third century BC – fourth century AD) and associated cemeteries.

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Originally posted by Tukuler:
Nice shot of Canaries Lady mummy.

Since they began confederating
there have always been Kels as
black as the 'Sudan' (Guineans,
Gnawa). Early Arabic records
mention it.

Slavery stings remembrance of
past raids but the Kel Tamasheq
don't stand out alone as enslavers.

Then remember the fellow Berber
vassals to Tuareg throughout
Algerian oases who hadn't the
advantage domestic Gnawa
had.

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Originally posted by Tukuler:
Precisely

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the maternal genetic pool of the Libyan Tuaregs is characterized by a major "European" component shared with the Berbers that could be traced to the Iberian Peninsula, as well as a minor 'south Saharan' contribution possibly linked to both Eastern African and Near Eastern populations.

The European Component

A high fraction of HVS-I CRS sequences were present in the Libyan Tuareg sample (56%). Screening of the single Pleistocene hunter-gatherers to repopulate central and north- ern Europe (Torroni et al., 1998, 2001, 2006; Achilli et al., 2004; Loogvali¨ et al., 2004) at the same time as another pop- ulation movement is thought to have spread southward into northwest Africa (Achilli et al., 2005; Cherni et al., 2008; Coudray et al., 2009).


The South Saharan Component

Besides the European genetic component, a minor but more heterogeneous African component was observed in our sam- ples.


A remarkable genetic affinity with the Eastern African populations (particularly with the Beja) was observed for autosomal markers by Cavalli-Sforza (Cavalli-Sforza et al., 1994). From an analysis of a sample of individuals from many Tuareg populations in Western and Central Africa, he proposed that the Tuaregs originated through a population split from an ancestral pastoral group in the area between the Nile and the Red Sea in the middle Holocene. Despite some affinity with Eastern African mtDNA lineages, our data differ ap- parently from Cavalli-Sforza’s survey, as he found no close relationship with Berber groups.

This might suggest that the geographic connotation is particularly strong in the Tuaregs, so that groups from different areas are genetically different. This has been confirmed by mtDNA data from another Tuareg sample (Western Tuareg) (Watson et al., 1996).


It is worth noting the low haplotype diversity value of the south Saharan mtDNA pool, which pointed out that genetic drift affected this component in the Tuaregs as well as the European one. An early introduction of south Saharan lineages into the main European matrix could be plausible; however, the hypothesis that both mtDNA components were present in the same founder population cannot be ruled out.


Final Remarks

The mtDNA analysis helped to characterise the Libyan Tuaregs as a mixed group in which two main components are present. A European component, marked by haplogroups H1 and V, is strongly predominant and is shared with some Berber groups and other north African populations as well. Also present is a typically south Saharan component that shows a genetic relationship with Eastern African populations.

The L2a1 and L0a1a lineages could be related to the movement of people from Eastern Africa approximately 15,000 years ago and subsequently via the Near East during pastoral movements. Additional studies are needed to collecmore data.

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