Traditional names for slaves of the Tuareg are "éklan / Ikelan" in Tamasheq, "Bouzou" in Hausa and "Bella" in Songhai
As the Tuareg moved south on the continent in the 11th century AD, they took slaves as prisoners of war. Most slaves were taken from among sub-Saharan Africans: Songhay - Djerma, Kanuri and Hausa communities, as well rival Tuareg Kels (tribal confederations). These éklan once formed a distinct social class in Tuareg society. Servile groups came in two forms: domestic slaves lived near their owners as domestic servants and herders, and functioned as part of the family, with close social interactions. Additionally, entire communities became servile to aristocratic tribes, conquered in situ, formed by migration of Ikelan families or even other ethnic groups moving into Tuareg controlled communities seeking protection. Sometimes members of rival Kels, defeated in war, were subsumed as lower castes, but usually of higher level than the Ikelan. Servile farming or salt extraction communities, somewhat analogous to European Serfs were gradually assimilated into Tuareg culture, maintained Tuaregs herders during their annual transhumance cycle, or provided trade or farming centers for Tuareg clans. Prior to the 20th century, the Tuareg captured most individual slaves during raids into other communities and in war. War was then the main source of supply of slaves, although many were bought at slave markets, run mostly by indigenous peoples Some Tuareg noble and vassal men married slaves, and their children became freemen. In this sense, éklan formed distinct subsections of a family: "fictive children." Entire Ikelan communities, on the other hand were a class held in an inherited serf-like condition, common among some societies in pre-colonial West Africa, and often having little interaction with "their" nobles though most of the year. French officials following the Second World War reported there were some 50,000 "Bella" under direct control of Tuareg masters in the Gao - Timbuktu areas of French Soudan alone.This was at least four decades after French declarations of mass freedom had happened in other areas of the colony. In 1946, a series of mass desertions of Tuareg slaves and bonded communities began in Nioro and later in Menaka, quickly spreading along the Niger River valley.[12] In the first decade of the 20th century, French administrators in southern Tuareg areas of French Soudan estimated "free" to "servile" Tuareg populations at rations of 1 to 8 or 9.[13] At the same time the servile "rimaibe" population of the Masina Fulbe, roughly equivalent to the Bella, made up between %70 to %80 of the Fulbe population, while servile Songhai groups around Gao made up some 2/3 to 3/4 of the total Songhai population.[13] Klein concludes that roughly %50 of the population of French Soudan at the beginning of the 20th century were in some servile or slave relationship. ___________________________________
Fertility of Malian Tamasheq Repatriated Refugees: The Impact of Forced ... By Sara Randall, Joseph L. Mailman School of Public Health. Program on Forced Migration and Health, Roundtable on the Demography of Forced Migration
profile of our "friends" the Tuaregs
Hi there fake black woman, it appears you now have a new sport. TRYING TO PROVE who was/ is a slave descendant in Africa!
Some Europeans are truly something! It's always the same story with you! lol
Ironically your friend/ author did not write one sentences on MAMLUKS AND SAQALIBAS!
Plus a lot of what is written there is plain EUROCENTRIC BULLSHIT!
posted
The point is that dana makes up an opposite story in regard to Tuareg Nobles and bonded castes/slaves. She says the bonded castes/slaves were derived from white slaves and are lighter. Not the case. The bonded castes/slaves of the Tamasheq Tureg nobles were darker Africans from further South at a later 11th c stage when Tuareg moved into some more Southern regions. The noble class was also relatively dark but not as dark as the slaves. Some lighter skinned Berbers may have become Tuareg. They go back pretty far to BCE when Phoenicians and Sea People were in the area. The table of nations in Ramesses III can attest the lightness of SOME not all Libyans. Much later ther are also the white slaves of the Barbary Corairs. So there is a very complex ethnic history in the region. he Tuareg refer to themselves as "red-skinned," like most other Saharan peoples including the Maures, Tubu, and Amhara. According to observers of the late 1500s and early 1600s, there were around 35,000 European Christian slaves held throughout this time on the Barbary Coast - many in Tripoli, Tunis, and various Moroccan towns, but most of all in Algiers.Slaves in Barbary could be black, brown or white, Catholic, Protestant, Orthodox, Jewish or Muslim. However the Barbary Corsairs sometimes called the Ottoman Corsairs are not the Tuareg. Slavery and caste in North Africa prior to the Barbary is more an outgrowth of traditional tribal culture, local adaptions of ancient Islamic rulings on slavery, and hereditary social stratification in nomad communities, and it has existed in various forms as a fact of life for hundreds of years. It’s quite repugnant nonetheless
Bonded Castes and Slaves As did many other ethnic groups in West Africa, the Tuareg once held slaves (éklan / Ikelan in Tamasheq, Bouzou in Hausa, Bella in Songhai). Tuareg skin color in general is considerably darker than most Mediterranean Berbers, and lighter, in general, than sub-Saharan populations. The Tuareg refer to themselves as "red-skinned," like most other Saharan peoples including the Maures, Tubu, and Amhara. Slaves were taken as prisoners of war as the Tuareg moved south beginning in the 11th century AD, and many slaves may have originated among Songhay, Djerma and Hausa communities, groups that also held slaves. These éklan once formed a distinct social class in Tuareg society. Slaves lived near their owners as domestic servants and herders, and functioned as part of the family, with close social interactions. Some Tuareg noble and vassal men married slaves, and their children became freemen. In this sense, éklan formed distinct sub-communities: a class held in an inherited serfdom like condition, common in pre-colonial West Africa. French colonial governments passed legislation to abolish slavery but did not enforce it; this was more in the interest of dismantling the traditional Tuareg political economy, which depended on slave labor for herding, as well as "pacification" of the fiercely resistant Tuareg, than a blanket liberation of slaves.
While post independence states have sought to outlaw slavery, results have been mixed, and old caste relationships remain in many places. According to the Travel Channel show Bob Geldof in Africa, the descendants of those slaves (known as the Bella) are still slaves in all but name. In Niger, where the practice of slavery was outlawed in 2003, a study found that almost 8% of the population are still slaves.
References 1. ^ "Q&A: Tuareg unrest". BBC. Retrieved on 2008-01-04. 2. ^ a b c d "Who are the Tuareg?". Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved on 2007-11-03. 3. ^ See Rodd 1926. 4. ^ "Charles de Foucauld - Sera béatifié à l'automne 2005". Retrieved on 2007-11-03. 5. ^ Samuel Decalo. Historical Dictionary of Niger. Scarecrow Press, London and New Jersey (1979). ISBN 0810812290. See specific entries for each caste / clan title. 6. ^ o Edouard Bernus. "Les palmeraies de l'Aïr", Revue de l'Occident Musulman et de la Méditerranée, 11, (1972) pp.37-50. o Frederick Brusberg. Production and Exchange in the Saharan Air, in Current Anthropology, Vol. 26, No. 3. (Jun., 1985), pp. 394-395. Field research on the econmoics of the Aouderas valley, 1984. o Samuel Decalo. Historical Dictionary of Niger. Scarecrow Press, London and New Jersey (1979). ISBN 0810812290 o Jolijn Geels. Niger. Bradt London and Globe Pequot New York (2006). ISBN 1841621528. o Michael J. Mortimore. The Changing Resources of Sedentary Communities in Air, Southern Sahara, in Geographical Review, Vol. 62, No. 1. (Jan., 1972), pp. 71-91. 7. ^ o Anti-Slavery International & Association Timidira, Galy kadir Abdelkader, ed. Niger: Slavery in Historical, Legal and Contemporary Perspectives. March 2004. o Born to be a slave in Niger By Hilary Andersson, BBC Africa Correspondent, Niger. o Kayaking to Timbuktu, Writer Sees Slave Trade, More. o The Shackles of Slavery in Niger. o NIGER: Slavery - an unbroken chain. o On the way to freedom, Niger's slaves stuck in limbo 8. ^ ABC News: The Shackles of Slavery in Niger 9. ^ Cantor Arts Center - First Exhibition of Tuareg Art and Culture in America Appears at Stanford Before Traveling to the Smithsonian's National Museum of African Art 10. ^ Tinariwen:Aman Iman CD booklet 11. ^ http://wwwusers.imaginet.fr/~yusuf/introduction.html • Ghoubeid Alojaly, Karl Prasse, Ghabdouane Mohamed, Dictionnaire touareg-français, Copenhague, Museum Tusculanum, 2003 (2 vols., 1031 p.) - ISBN 8772898445 • Francis James Rennell Rodd, People of the veil. Being an account of the habits, organisation and history of the wandering Tuareg tribes which inhabit the mountains of Air or Asben in the Central Sahara, London, MacMillian & Co., 1926 (repr. Oosterhout, N.B., Anthropological Publications, 1966) • Heath Jeffrey 2005: A Grammar of Tamashek (Tuareg of Mali). New York: Mouton de Gruyer. Mouton Grammar Library, 35. ISBN 3-11-018484-2 • Rando et al. (1998) Mitochondrial DNA analysis of northwest African populations reveals genetic exchanges with European, near-eastern, and sub-Saharan populations. Annals of Human Genetics 62(6): 531-50; Watson et al. (1996) mtDNA sequence diversity in Africa. American Journal of Human Genetics 59(2): 437-44; Salas et al. (2002) The Making of the African mtDNA Landscape. American Journal of Human Genetics 71: 1082-1111. These are good sources for information on the genetic heritage of the Tuareg and their relatedness to other populations.
Posts: 42921 | From: , | Registered: Jan 2010
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posted
Troll Patty if you wnat to play games you will have to put up some sources on Ikelan in and Bella and who they are. Otherwise stop crying,
Posts: 42921 | From: , | Registered: Jan 2010
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quote:Originally posted by the lioness: The point is that dana makes up an opposite story in regard to Tuareg Nobles and bonded castes/slaves. She says the bonded castes/slaves were derived from white slaves and are lighter. Not the case. The bonded castes/slaves of the Tamasheq Tureg nobles were darker Africans from further South at a later 11th c stage when Tuareg moved into some more Southern regions. The noble class was also relatively dark but not as dark as the slaves. Some lighter skinned Berbers may have become Tuareg. They go back pretty far to BCE when Phoenicians and Sea People were in the area. The table of nations in Ramesses III can attest the lightness of SOME not all Libyans. Much later ther are also the white slaves of the Barbary Corairs. So there is a very complex ethnic history in the region. he Tuareg refer to themselves as "red-skinned," like most other Saharan peoples including the Maures, Tubu, and Amhara. According to observers of the late 1500s and early 1600s, there were around 35,000 European Christian slaves held throughout this time on the Barbary Coast - many in Tripoli, Tunis, and various Moroccan towns, but most of all in Algiers.Slaves in Barbary could be black, brown or white, Catholic, Protestant, Orthodox, Jewish or Muslim. However the Barbary Corsairs sometimes called the Ottoman Corsairs are not the Tuareg. Slavery and caste in North Africa prior to the Barbary is more an outgrowth of traditional tribal culture, local adaptions of ancient Islamic rulings on slavery, and hereditary social stratification in nomad communities, and it has existed in various forms as a fact of life for hundreds of years. It’s quite repugnant nonetheless
Bonded Castes and Slaves As did many other ethnic groups in West Africa, the Tuareg once held slaves (éklan / Ikelan in Tamasheq, Bouzou in Hausa, Bella in Songhai). Tuareg skin color in general is considerably darker than most Mediterranean Berbers, and lighter, in general, than sub-Saharan populations. The Tuareg refer to themselves as "red-skinned," like most other Saharan peoples including the Maures, Tubu, and Amhara. Slaves were taken as prisoners of war as the Tuareg moved south beginning in the 11th century AD, and many slaves may have originated among Songhay, Djerma and Hausa communities, groups that also held slaves. These éklan once formed a distinct social class in Tuareg society. Slaves lived near their owners as domestic servants and herders, and functioned as part of the family, with close social interactions. Some Tuareg noble and vassal men married slaves, and their children became freemen. In this sense, éklan formed distinct sub-communities: a class held in an inherited serfdom like condition, common in pre-colonial West Africa. French colonial governments passed legislation to abolish slavery but did not enforce it; this was more in the interest of dismantling the traditional Tuareg political economy, which depended on slave labor for herding, as well as "pacification" of the fiercely resistant Tuareg, than a blanket liberation of slaves.
While post independence states have sought to outlaw slavery, results have been mixed, and old caste relationships remain in many places. According to the Travel Channel show Bob Geldof in Africa, the descendants of those slaves (known as the Bella) are still slaves in all but name. In Niger, where the practice of slavery was outlawed in 2003, a study found that almost 8% of the population are still slaves.
References 1. ^ "Q&A: Tuareg unrest". BBC. Retrieved on 2008-01-04. 2. ^ a b c d "Who are the Tuareg?". Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved on 2007-11-03. 3. ^ See Rodd 1926. 4. ^ "Charles de Foucauld - Sera béatifié à l'automne 2005". Retrieved on 2007-11-03. 5. ^ Samuel Decalo. Historical Dictionary of Niger. Scarecrow Press, London and New Jersey (1979). ISBN 0810812290. See specific entries for each caste / clan title. 6. ^ o Edouard Bernus. "Les palmeraies de l'Aïr", Revue de l'Occident Musulman et de la Méditerranée, 11, (1972) pp.37-50. o Frederick Brusberg. Production and Exchange in the Saharan Air, in Current Anthropology, Vol. 26, No. 3. (Jun., 1985), pp. 394-395. Field research on the econmoics of the Aouderas valley, 1984. o Samuel Decalo. Historical Dictionary of Niger. Scarecrow Press, London and New Jersey (1979). ISBN 0810812290 o Jolijn Geels. Niger. Bradt London and Globe Pequot New York (2006). ISBN 1841621528. o Michael J. Mortimore. The Changing Resources of Sedentary Communities in Air, Southern Sahara, in Geographical Review, Vol. 62, No. 1. (Jan., 1972), pp. 71-91. 7. ^ o Anti-Slavery International & Association Timidira, Galy kadir Abdelkader, ed. Niger: Slavery in Historical, Legal and Contemporary Perspectives. March 2004. o Born to be a slave in Niger By Hilary Andersson, BBC Africa Correspondent, Niger. o Kayaking to Timbuktu, Writer Sees Slave Trade, More. o The Shackles of Slavery in Niger. o NIGER: Slavery - an unbroken chain. o On the way to freedom, Niger's slaves stuck in limbo 8. ^ ABC News: The Shackles of Slavery in Niger 9. ^ Cantor Arts Center - First Exhibition of Tuareg Art and Culture in America Appears at Stanford Before Traveling to the Smithsonian's National Museum of African Art 10. ^ Tinariwen:Aman Iman CD booklet 11. ^ http://wwwusers.imaginet.fr/~yusuf/introduction.html • Ghoubeid Alojaly, Karl Prasse, Ghabdouane Mohamed, Dictionnaire touareg-français, Copenhague, Museum Tusculanum, 2003 (2 vols., 1031 p.) - ISBN 8772898445 • Francis James Rennell Rodd, People of the veil. Being an account of the habits, organisation and history of the wandering Tuareg tribes which inhabit the mountains of Air or Asben in the Central Sahara, London, MacMillian & Co., 1926 (repr. Oosterhout, N.B., Anthropological Publications, 1966) • Heath Jeffrey 2005: A Grammar of Tamashek (Tuareg of Mali). New York: Mouton de Gruyer. Mouton Grammar Library, 35. ISBN 3-11-018484-2 • Rando et al. (1998) Mitochondrial DNA analysis of northwest African populations reveals genetic exchanges with European, near-eastern, and sub-Saharan populations. Annals of Human Genetics 62(6): 531-50; Watson et al. (1996) mtDNA sequence diversity in Africa. American Journal of Human Genetics 59(2): 437-44; Salas et al. (2002) The Making of the African mtDNA Landscape. American Journal of Human Genetics 71: 1082-1111. These are good sources for information on the genetic heritage of the Tuareg and their relatedness to other populations.
THE TUAREG ARE AN ETHNIC PEOPLE GOING BACK THOUSANDS OF YEARS LIVING IN THE SAME REGION. THEY DID NOT EMERGE RECENTLY BECAUSE OF A FEW ARABS OR "BERBERS"
WHAT MAKES YOU AND YOUR EUROCENTRIC FRIENDS EXPERTS? LOL
THE BERBER LANGUAGE DESCENTS FROM LIBYO-CHADIC!!!!! NOT THE OTHER WAY AROUND.
BERBERS ARE A YOUNGER GROUP!!!!
YOU EUROS TRY TO SELL A WHITE LIE!!!
YOU FOLKS HAVE A PROBLEM WITH THE ETHNOGRAPHIC COMPOSITION!!
quote:Originally posted by the lioness: Troll Patty if you wnat to play games you will have to put up some sources on Ikelan in and Bella and who they are. Otherwise stop crying,
Ahh look at this eurcentric piece of trash. Acting as a black woman. LOOOOL
Your european version is IRRELEVANT!
You think AFRICANS CAN'T MOVE/ MIGRATE FREELY!! IT ALWAYS HAD TO BE SLAVERY!!!
Posts: 22234 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010
| IP: Logged |
quote:Originally posted by dana marniche: The Berbers as represented by the Tuareg....
....ancient and modern Berbers like the Tuareg
quote:Originally posted by Troll Patrol:
quote:Originally posted by the lioness: Troll Patty if you wnat to play games you will have to put up some sources on Ikelan in and Bella and who they are. Otherwise stop crying,
Ahh look at this eurcentric piece of trash. Acting as a black woman. LOOOOL
Your european version is IRRELEVANT!
You think AFRICANS CAN'T MOVE/ MIGRATE FREELY!! IT ALWAYS HAD TO BE SLAVERY!!!
^^^^ you can see the crying when the capitol letters come out Ikelan in and Bella, sweep it under the rug, here's a broom
Posts: 42921 | From: , | Registered: Jan 2010
| IP: Logged |
quote:Originally posted by dana marniche: The Berbers as represented by the Tuareg....
....ancient and modern Berbers like the Tuareg
quote:Originally posted by Troll Patrol:
quote:Originally posted by the lioness: Troll Patty if you wnat to play games you will have to put up some sources on Ikelan in and Bella and who they are. Otherwise stop crying,
Ahh look at this eurcentric piece of trash. Acting as a black woman. LOOOOL
Your european version is IRRELEVANT!
You think AFRICANS CAN'T MOVE/ MIGRATE FREELY!! IT ALWAYS HAD TO BE SLAVERY!!!
^^^^ you can see the crying when the capitol letters come out
YES, IT IS INDEED A CRYING SHAME FOR YOU TO POST YOUR EUROCENTRIC LIES. IMPOSTOR BLACK WOMAN!!!!
TELL, WHITE BOY.
Were Africans not able to migrate move/ freely over the continent. Especially the Sahel and Sahara region?
Posts: 22234 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010
| IP: Logged |
You think AFRICANS CAN'T MOVE/ MIGRATE FREELY!! IT ALWAYS HAD TO BE SLAVERY!!! [/QB]
The first Negroid migration was the Bantu expansion, they moved from West Africa into North, East, South Africa c. 2000 bc - 1000 ad.
Prior to c. 2000 bc, Negroids were only in West Africa. East & North Africa was fully Caucasoid. Those peoples living there before 2000 bc, looked like ME, nothing like Negroids (black people).
Posts: 1575 | From: - | Registered: May 2011
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quote:Originally posted by dana marniche: The Berbers as represented by the Tuareg....
....ancient and modern Berbers like the Tuareg
quote:Originally posted by Troll Patrol:
quote:Originally posted by the lioness: Troll Patty if you wnat to play games you will have to put up some sources on Ikelan in and Bella and who they are. Otherwise stop crying,
Ahh look at this eurcentric piece of trash. Acting as a black woman. LOOOOL
Your european version is IRRELEVANT!
You think AFRICANS CAN'T MOVE/ MIGRATE FREELY!! IT ALWAYS HAD TO BE SLAVERY!!!
^^^^ you can see the crying when the capitol letters come out Ikelan in and Bella, sweep it under the rug, here's a broom
LOL, IT appears you cant' answer my question PROPERLY.
Do you think Africans couldn't move freely over the continent?
Why is it on average Tuaregs look like this?
Posts: 22234 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010
| IP: Logged |
You think AFRICANS CAN'T MOVE/ MIGRATE FREELY!! IT ALWAYS HAD TO BE SLAVERY!!!
The first Negroid migration was the Bantu expansion, they moved from West Africa into North, East, South Africa c. 2000 bc - 1000 ad.
Prior to c. 2000 bc, Negroids were only in West Africa. East & North Africa was fully Caucasoid. Those peoples living there before 2000 bc, looked like ME, nothing like Negroids (black people). [/QB]
What makes you the specialist on people from the Sahel and Sahara, English piece of NBP sh*t!?
If I mention the word retard, you may answer. Otherwise not!
Now go back to your other account. Impostor!
Looking like you? LOOOOL
Even if you would post depiction's of light skinned Berbers or other Northeast or Northwest African you would still find them with a snob noses and full lips. And even with prognathism! Oh .. and curly haired
Posts: 22234 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010
| IP: Logged |
Do you think Africans couldn't move freely over the continent?
The Tuareg were nomads and traveled over wide areas, so what, what does that prove?
Back to your other account. Good!
It proves that they have an ancient nomadic history in the same region for thousands of years. From before the Holocene period. AS TROPICAL ADAPTED PEOPLE comprised of the same composition!
Your story is based up on a lie, trying to vindicate a false massage!
Posts: 22234 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010
| IP: Logged |
You think AFRICANS CAN'T MOVE/ MIGRATE FREELY!! IT ALWAYS HAD TO BE SLAVERY!!!
The first Negroid migration was the Bantu expansion, they moved from West Africa into North, East, South Africa c. 2000 bc - 1000 ad.
Prior to c. 2000 bc, Negroids were only in West Africa. East & North Africa was fully Caucasoid. Those peoples living there before 2000 bc, looked like ME, nothing like Negroids (black people). [/QB]
I myself am wondering if "Negroids" like those of of Benin and Dahomey originally started off in West Africa how did they come to play such apart in the Palestinian Natufians in the Mesolithic age. Posts: 4226 | From: New Jersey, USA | Registered: Mar 2007
| IP: Logged |
You think AFRICANS CAN'T MOVE/ MIGRATE FREELY!! IT ALWAYS HAD TO BE SLAVERY!!!
The first Negroid migration was the Bantu expansion, they moved from West Africa into North, East, South Africa c. 2000 bc - 1000 ad.
Prior to c. 2000 bc, Negroids were only in West Africa. East & North Africa was fully Caucasoid. Those peoples living there before 2000 bc, looked like ME, nothing like Negroids (black people).
I myself am wondering if "Negroids" like those of of Benin and Dahomey originally started off in West Africa how did they come to play such apart in the Palestinian Natufians in the Mesolithic age. [/QB]
Just another crackpot Afrocentric lie.
The Natufians were fully Caucasoid.
Posts: 1575 | From: - | Registered: May 2011
| IP: Logged |
quote:Originally posted by the lioness: The point is that dana makes up an opposite story in regard to Tuareg Nobles and bonded castes/slaves. She says the bonded castes/slaves were derived from white slaves and are lighter. Not the case. The bonded castes/slaves of the Tamasheq Tureg nobles were darker Africans from further South at a later 11th c stage when Tuareg moved into some more Southern regions. The noble class was also relatively dark but not as dark as the slaves. Some lighter skinned Berbers may have become Tuareg. They go back pretty far to BCE when Phoenicians and Sea People were in the area. The table of nations in Ramesses III can attest the lightness of SOME not all Libyans. Much later ther are also the white slaves of the Barbary Corairs. So there is a very complex ethnic history in the region. he Tuareg refer to themselves as "red-skinned," like most other Saharan peoples including the Maures, Tubu, and Amhara. According to observers of the late 1500s and early 1600s, there were around 35,000 European Christian slaves held throughout this time on the Barbary Coast - many in Tripoli, Tunis, and various Moroccan towns, but most of all in Algiers.Slaves in Barbary could be black, brown or white, Catholic, Protestant, Orthodox, Jewish or Muslim. However the Barbary Corsairs sometimes called the Ottoman Corsairs are not the Tuareg. Slavery and caste in North Africa prior to the Barbary is more an outgrowth of traditional tribal culture, local adaptions of ancient Islamic rulings on slavery, and hereditary social stratification in nomad communities, and it has existed in various forms as a fact of life for hundreds of years. It’s quite repugnant nonetheless
Bonded Castes and Slaves As did many other ethnic groups in West Africa, the Tuareg once held slaves (éklan / Ikelan in Tamasheq, Bouzou in Hausa, Bella in Songhai). Tuareg skin color in general is considerably darker than most Mediterranean Berbers, and lighter, in general, than sub-Saharan populations. The Tuareg refer to themselves as "red-skinned," like most other Saharan peoples including the Maures, Tubu, and Amhara. Slaves were taken as prisoners of war as the Tuareg moved south beginning in the 11th century AD, and many slaves may have originated among Songhay, Djerma and Hausa communities, groups that also held slaves. These éklan once formed a distinct social class in Tuareg society. Slaves lived near their owners as domestic servants and herders, and functioned as part of the family, with close social interactions. Some Tuareg noble and vassal men married slaves, and their children became freemen. In this sense, éklan formed distinct sub-communities: a class held in an inherited serfdom like condition, common in pre-colonial West Africa. French colonial governments passed legislation to abolish slavery but did not enforce it; this was more in the interest of dismantling the traditional Tuareg political economy, which depended on slave labor for herding, as well as "pacification" of the fiercely resistant Tuareg, than a blanket liberation of slaves.
While post independence states have sought to outlaw slavery, results have been mixed, and old caste relationships remain in many places. According to the Travel Channel show Bob Geldof in Africa, the descendants of those slaves (known as the Bella) are still slaves in all but name. In Niger, where the practice of slavery was outlawed in 2003, a study found that almost 8% of the population are still slaves.
References 1. ^ "Q&A: Tuareg unrest". BBC. Retrieved on 2008-01-04. 2. ^ a b c d "Who are the Tuareg?". Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved on 2007-11-03. 3. ^ See Rodd 1926. 4. ^ "Charles de Foucauld - Sera béatifié à l'automne 2005". Retrieved on 2007-11-03. 5. ^ Samuel Decalo. Historical Dictionary of Niger. Scarecrow Press, London and New Jersey (1979). ISBN 0810812290. See specific entries for each caste / clan title. 6. ^ o Edouard Bernus. "Les palmeraies de l'Aïr", Revue de l'Occident Musulman et de la Méditerranée, 11, (1972) pp.37-50. o Frederick Brusberg. Production and Exchange in the Saharan Air, in Current Anthropology, Vol. 26, No. 3. (Jun., 1985), pp. 394-395. Field research on the econmoics of the Aouderas valley, 1984. o Samuel Decalo. Historical Dictionary of Niger. Scarecrow Press, London and New Jersey (1979). ISBN 0810812290 o Jolijn Geels. Niger. Bradt London and Globe Pequot New York (2006). ISBN 1841621528. o Michael J. Mortimore. The Changing Resources of Sedentary Communities in Air, Southern Sahara, in Geographical Review, Vol. 62, No. 1. (Jan., 1972), pp. 71-91. 7. ^ o Anti-Slavery International & Association Timidira, Galy kadir Abdelkader, ed. Niger: Slavery in Historical, Legal and Contemporary Perspectives. March 2004. o Born to be a slave in Niger By Hilary Andersson, BBC Africa Correspondent, Niger. o Kayaking to Timbuktu, Writer Sees Slave Trade, More. o The Shackles of Slavery in Niger. o NIGER: Slavery - an unbroken chain. o On the way to freedom, Niger's slaves stuck in limbo 8. ^ ABC News: The Shackles of Slavery in Niger 9. ^ Cantor Arts Center - First Exhibition of Tuareg Art and Culture in America Appears at Stanford Before Traveling to the Smithsonian's National Museum of African Art 10. ^ Tinariwen:Aman Iman CD booklet 11. ^ http://wwwusers.imaginet.fr/~yusuf/introduction.html • Ghoubeid Alojaly, Karl Prasse, Ghabdouane Mohamed, Dictionnaire touareg-français, Copenhague, Museum Tusculanum, 2003 (2 vols., 1031 p.) - ISBN 8772898445 • Francis James Rennell Rodd, People of the veil. Being an account of the habits, organisation and history of the wandering Tuareg tribes which inhabit the mountains of Air or Asben in the Central Sahara, London, MacMillian & Co., 1926 (repr. Oosterhout, N.B., Anthropological Publications, 1966) • Heath Jeffrey 2005: A Grammar of Tamashek (Tuareg of Mali). New York: Mouton de Gruyer. Mouton Grammar Library, 35. ISBN 3-11-018484-2 • Rando et al. (1998) Mitochondrial DNA analysis of northwest African populations reveals genetic exchanges with European, near-eastern, and sub-Saharan populations. Annals of Human Genetics 62(6): 531-50; Watson et al. (1996) mtDNA sequence diversity in Africa. American Journal of Human Genetics 59(2): 437-44; Salas et al. (2002) The Making of the African mtDNA Landscape. American Journal of Human Genetics 71: 1082-1111. These are good sources for information on the genetic heritage of the Tuareg and their relatedness to other populations.
The slaves among the Tuareg my friend are Iklan and not Tuareg. Nor do they look Tuareg. What genetic specialists have already told you is that Tuareg have been on their maternal side moderately influenced by the genetic impress of various non-African women as are almost all Berbers.
What you don't want to accept is that Tuareg HAVE HAD white women slaves very recently - as all BERBERS.
Commentary on "the Moors" by an early 19th century observer: “They carry the Christian captives about the desert to the different markets to sell them for they soon discover that their habits of life render them unserviceable , or very inferior to the black slaves of Timbuktoo. “ from An Account of the Empire of Marocco, by J. G. Jackson published 1809 and 1814.
The idea that Tuareg were influenced by "People of the Sea" is something I myself had wondered some time ago. That was before I discovered how the Tuareg ancestors (Ifuraces, Elamtai/Lamta, Aulimmidden/Lamtuna or Sanhaja, Cadenit, Imakitan/Mucuteni/Ucutamani/Kutama, Imaqqoren/Maghrawa, were described in the time of the Syrian and Iranian Muslim writers between the 11 and 14th century. They are only described as "blacks" with only "a few pale women among them". Did you forget that!
Secondly the recent genetic evidence showing the effects of the female slave trade really only go back to the last 800 years was the final confirmation. All of that leaves out the possibility of Tuareg having originally been white Iberians that mixed with African women or who have been greatly influenced by "Peoples of the Sea".
In fact none of the original peoples called Berbers were.
And yes it is very funny how these European authors either don't bother to read history or have the same problem as you do accepting that Europeans were also slaves in West Africa like North Africa and the Middle East where they were THE MAJORITY. I think it rather likely the latter and hence some people have to be the internet setting them straight. Posts: 4226 | From: New Jersey, USA | Registered: Mar 2007
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You think AFRICANS CAN'T MOVE/ MIGRATE FREELY!! IT ALWAYS HAD TO BE SLAVERY!!!
The first Negroid migration was the Bantu expansion, they moved from West Africa into North, East, South Africa c. 2000 bc - 1000 ad.
Prior to c. 2000 bc, Negroids were only in West Africa. East & North Africa was fully Caucasoid. Those peoples living there before 2000 bc, looked like ME, nothing like Negroids (black people).
I myself am wondering if "Negroids" like those of of Benin and Dahomey originally started off in West Africa how did they come to play such apart in the Palestinian Natufians in the Mesolithic age.
Just another crackpot Afrocentric lie.
The Natufians were fully Caucasoid. [/QB]
Loring Brace is not an Afrocentric. i can assure you, Cassiterides. in fact I wouldn't be surprised if he's not an Englishman like yourself.
You'll have to make up your mind . Are "Negroids" Caucasoids now just because they once lived in Palestine and Eurasia. Posts: 4226 | From: New Jersey, USA | Registered: Mar 2007
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They don't. The average Tuareg is still predominantly Caucasoid.
''The Tuarags have Caucasoid features and are tall.. with heavy brow ridges.'' - Ethnological elements of Africa, Robert Gayre, 1966, p. 58
''The physical characteristics of the Tuareg are those of the Caucasian'' - The Tuareg of the Sahara. H. R. Palmer Journal of the Royal African Society Vol. 31, No. 123 (Apr., 1932), pp. 153-166
Though yes, they have some Negroid admixture through recent intermarriage...
...the Tuareg - have a mixture of African and Caucasoid genes'' - The history and geography of human genes, Cavalli-Sforza, 1994, p. 194
Still though they are pred Caucasoid.
There is really little Negroid (Black) about them...
Posts: 1575 | From: - | Registered: May 2011
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You think AFRICANS CAN'T MOVE/ MIGRATE FREELY!! IT ALWAYS HAD TO BE SLAVERY!!!
The first Negroid migration was the Bantu expansion, they moved from West Africa into North, East, South Africa c. 2000 bc - 1000 ad.
Prior to c. 2000 bc, Negroids were only in West Africa. East & North Africa was fully Caucasoid. Those peoples living there before 2000 bc, looked like ME, nothing like Negroids (black people).
I myself am wondering if "Negroids" like those of of Benin and Dahomey originally started off in West Africa how did they come to play such apart in the Palestinian Natufians in the Mesolithic age.
Just another crackpot Afrocentric lie.
The Natufians were fully Caucasoid.
Loring Brace is not an Afrocentric. i can assure you, Cassiterides. in fact I wouldn't be surprised if he's not an Englishman like yourself.
You'll have to make up your mind . Are "Negroids" Caucasoids now just because they once lived in Palestine and Eurasia. [/QB]
It's funny and fascinating how someone who is clearly supporting fascism and a member of a fascist party like the NBP, has the nerve to insult a man like L. Brace.
It's crazy considering the fact I have p[posted this multiple times.
quote:
"From the Mesolithic to the early Neolithic period different lines of evidence support an out-of-Africa Mesolithic migration to the Levant by northeastern African groups that had biological affinities with sub-Saharan populations. From a genetic point of view, several recent genetic studies have shown that sub-Sabaran genetic lineages (affiliated with the Y-chromosome PN2 clade; Underhill et al. 2001) have spread through Egypt into the Near East, the Mediterranean area, and, for some lineages, as far north as Turkey (E3b-M35 Y lineage; Cinniogclu et al. 2004; Luis et al. 2004), probably during several dispersal episodes since the Mesolithic (Cinniogelu et al. 2004; King et al. 2008; Lucotte and Mercier 2003; Luis et al. 2004; Quintana-Murci et al. 1999; Semino et al. 2004; Underhill et al. 2001). This finding is in agreement with morphological data that suggest that populations with sub-Saharan morphological elements were present in northeastern Africa, from the Paleolithic to at least the early Holocene, and diffused northward to the Levant and Anatolia beginning in the Mesolithic.
Indeed, the rare and incomplete Paleolithic to early Neolithic skeletal specimens found in Egypt - such as the 33,000-year-old Nazlet Khater specimen (Pinhasi and Semai 2000), the Wadi Kubbaniya skeleton from the late Paleolithic site in the upper Nile valley (Wendorf et al. 1986), the Qarunian (Faiyum) early Neolithic crania (Henneberg et al. 1989; Midant-Reynes 2000), and the Nabta specimen from the Neolithic Nabta Playa site in the western desert of Egypt (Henneberg et al. 1980) - show, with regard to the great African biological diversity, similarities with some of the sub-Saharan middle Paleolithic and modern sub-Saharan specimens.
This affinity pattern between ancient Egyptians and sub-Saharans has also been noticed by several other investigators (Angel 1972; Berry and Berry 1967, 1972; Keita 1995) and has been recently reinforced by the study of Brace et al. (2005), which clearly shows that the cranial morphology of prehistoric and recent northeast African populations is linked to sub-Saharan populations (Niger-Congo populations). These results support the hypothesis that some of the Paleolithic-early Holocene populations from northeast Africa were probably descendents of sub-Saharan ancestral populations...... This northward migration of northeastern African populations carrying sub-Saharan biological elements is concordant with the morphological homogeneity of the Natufian populations (Bocquentin 2003), which present morphological affinity with sub-Saharan populations (Angel 1972; Brace et al. 2005).
In addition, the Neolithic revolution was assumed to arise in the late Pleistocene Natufians and subsequently spread into Anatolia and Europe (Bar-Yosef 2002), and the first Anatolian farmers, Neolithic to Bronze Age Mediterraneans and to some degree other Neolithic-Bronze Age Europeans, show morphological affinities with the Natufians (and indirectly with sub-Saharan populations; Angel 1972; Brace et al. 2005), in concordance with a process of demie diffusion accompanying the extension of the Neolithic revolution (Cavalli-Sforza et al. 1994)."
Nature 249, 120 - 123 (10 May 1974); doi:10.1038/249120a0
Barbed bone points from Central Sudan and the age of the “Early Khartoum” tradition
D. ADAMSON*, J. D. CLARK† & M. A. J. WILLIAMS‡
*School of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, New South Wales 2113, Australia †Department of Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 ‡School of Earth Sciences, Macquarie University, New South Wales 2113, Australia
Barbed bone points, typical of those from the early Holocene settlement of “Early Khartoum”, have been found at three sites along the White Nile, south of Khartoum. The form of the fragments and the stratigraphy of the sites throw light on the environment and technology of the early settlements along this part of the Nile.
The site of Beisamoun is located in the western margins of the Hula Basin, c. 10 km south of Qiryat Shemona. A moderate Mediterranean climate and water resources in the immediate vicinity of the site, such as the ‘Enan and Agamon springs, were one of the major factors for establishing prehistoric settlements in this region, one of which was ‘Ein Mallaha, a major Natufian site in the Levant.
They don't. The average Tuareg is still predominantly Caucasoid.
''The Tuarags have Caucasoid features and are tall.. with heavy brow ridges.'' - Ethnological elements of Africa, Robert Gayre, 1966, p. 58
''The physical characteristics of the Tuareg are those of the Caucasian'' - The Tuareg of the Sahara. H. R. Palmer Journal of the Royal African Society Vol. 31, No. 123 (Apr., 1932), pp. 153-166
Though yes, they have some Negroid admixture through recent intermarriage...
...the Tuareg - have a mixture of African and Caucasoid genes'' - The history and geography of human genes, Cavalli-Sforza, 1994, p. 194
Still though they are pred Caucasoid.
There is really little Negroid (Black) about them... [/QB]
Nobody is interested in your opinion Cassiterides. Did you forget there are AFricans on this forum who know what other Africans look like.
Notice how the lighter skin lower caste vassal Tuareg are rarely shown wearing the indigo veil of the nobles.
Half-caste Tuareg are lower caste Tuareg. Get it! Got it! Good!
Posts: 4226 | From: New Jersey, USA | Registered: Mar 2007
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They don't. The average Tuareg is still predominantly Caucasoid.
''The Tuarags have Caucasoid features and are tall.. with heavy brow ridges.'' - Ethnological elements of Africa, Robert Gayre, 1966, p. 58
''The physical characteristics of the Tuareg are those of the Caucasian'' - The Tuareg of the Sahara. H. R. Palmer Journal of the Royal African Society Vol. 31, No. 123 (Apr., 1932), pp. 153-166
Though yes, they have some Negroid admixture through recent intermarriage...
...the Tuareg - have a mixture of African and Caucasoid genes'' - The history and geography of human genes, Cavalli-Sforza, 1994, p. 194
Still though they are pred Caucasoid.
There is really little Negroid (Black) about them... [/QB]
Those last two are clearly mixed and look like Ethiopians
Posts: 1296 | From: the planet | Registered: May 2011
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You think AFRICANS CAN'T MOVE/ MIGRATE FREELY!! IT ALWAYS HAD TO BE SLAVERY!!!
The first Negroid migration was the Bantu expansion, they moved from West Africa into North, East, South Africa c. 2000 bc - 1000 ad.
Prior to c. 2000 bc, Negroids were only in West Africa. East & North Africa was fully Caucasoid. Those peoples living there before 2000 bc, looked like ME, nothing like Negroids (black people).
I myself am wondering if "Negroids" like those of of Benin and Dahomey originally started off in West Africa how did they come to play such apart in the Palestinian Natufians in the Mesolithic age.
Just another crackpot Afrocentric lie.
The Natufians were fully Caucasoid.
Loring Brace is not an Afrocentric. i can assure you, Cassiterides. in fact I wouldn't be surprised if he's not an Englishman like yourself.
You'll have to make up your mind . Are "Negroids" Caucasoids now just because they once lived in Palestine and Eurasia. [/QB]
Loring Brace is a quack. For starters he denies races exist, i'm more interested in what genuine anthropologists have had to say on the matter -
''What little we have from Palestine, mostly scraps of bone and a few teeth, is also Caucasoid. For example, the Mesolithic Natufian skulls and long bones from thet country are those of ancestral Mediterranean's'' - Carleton Coon, Origin of Races, 1962, p. 587
''The little Mediterranean people, whose ancestors were the Mesolithic Natufians of Palestine'' - Races of Man, Sonia Mary Cole, 1965, 2nd ed. p. 59.
''They were of rugged Eurafrican (Robust Mediterranean -Linear Basic White) stock with a dolichocephalic skull and of rather short stature'' - The Neolithic of the Near East, James Mellaart, 1975, p. 38.
The Natufians were Caucasoid, specifically ancestral Mediterranoids.
Posts: 1575 | From: - | Registered: May 2011
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They don't. The average Tuareg is still predominantly Caucasoid.
''The Tuarags have Caucasoid features and are tall.. with heavy brow ridges.'' - Ethnological elements of Africa, Robert Gayre, 1966, p. 58
''The physical characteristics of the Tuareg are those of the Caucasian'' - The Tuareg of the Sahara. H. R. Palmer Journal of the Royal African Society Vol. 31, No. 123 (Apr., 1932), pp. 153-166
Though yes, they have some Negroid admixture through recent intermarriage...
...the Tuareg - have a mixture of African and Caucasoid genes'' - The history and geography of human genes, Cavalli-Sforza, 1994, p. 194
Still though they are pred Caucasoid.
There is really little Negroid (Black) about them... [/QB]
Hell, you dumb Brit what do you know about the SAHARA AND SAHEL and it's people? lol
The people you show are from the Northern part of the NORTH!
That area has ADMIXTURE FROM EAST EUROPEANS FEMALES. MAMLUKS AND SAQALIBAS!!!! Yet, they still have African affinities! Unfortunate for you, you are too blind to see this! SMH
I have relatives looking like them this!
Your beloved Italian friend Cavalli-Sforza never mentioned any of this. FOR OBVIOUS REASONS. LOL
By the way, his mapping was done when there wasn't even a Human genome.
Posts: 22234 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010
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quote:Originally posted by Anglo_Pyramidologist: [QUOTE]Originally posted by Troll Patrol:
You think AFRICANS CAN'T MOVE/ MIGRATE FREELY!! IT ALWAYS HAD TO BE SLAVERY!!!
The first Negroid migration was the Bantu expansion, they moved from West Africa into North, East, South Africa c. 2000 bc - 1000 ad.
Loring Brace is not an Afrocentric. i can assure you, Cassiterides. in fact I wouldn't be surprised if he's not an Englishman like yourself.
You'll have to make up your mind . Are "Negroids" Caucasoids now just because they once lived in Palestine and Eurasia.
^Ancient mtDNA analysis and the origin of the Guanches.
Nicole Maca-Meyer, Matilde Arnay, Juan Carlos Rando, Carlos Flores, Ana M González, Vicente M Cabrera and José M Larruga Eur J Hum Genet 12(2):155-62 (2004) PMID 14508507
The prehistoric colonisation of the Canary Islands by the Guanches (native Canarians) woke up great expectation about their origin, since the Europeans conquest of the Archipelago. Here, we report mitochondrial DNA analysis (HVRI sequences and RFLPs) of aborigine remains around 1000 years old. The sequences retrieved show that the Guanches possessed U6b1 lineages that are in the present day Canarian population, but not in Africans. In turn, U6b, the phylogenetically closest ancestor found in Africa, is not present in the Canary Islands.
Comparisons with other populations relate the Guanches with the actual inhabitants of the Archipelago and with Moroccan Berbers.
This shows that, despite the continuous changes suffered by the population (Spanish colonisation, slave trade), aboriginal mtDNA lineages constitute a considerable proportion of the Canarian gene pool.
Although the Berbers are the most probable ancestors of the Guanches, it is deduced that important human movements have reshaped Northwest Africa after the migratory wave to the Canary Islands.
"This shows that, despite the continuous changes suffered by the population (Spanish colonisation, slave trade)"
"Furthermore, after the Conquest, the need of labour led to the introduction of slaves from the Northwest African coast..With time, these slaves were freed and integrated into the island population"
C. Loring Brace et al. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, November 11, 2005
When the Basques are run with the other samples used in Fig. 1, they link with Germany and more remotely with the Canary Islands. They are clearly European, although the length of their twig indicates that they have a distinction all their own.
It is clear, however, that they do not represent a survival of the kind of craniofacial form indicated by Cro-Magnon any more than do the Canary Islanders, nor does either sample tie in with the Berbers of North Africa as has previously been claimed (37, 44-45)...
It all came from eugenic freaks like Alfred Rosenberg, Von Schlegel and Blavatsky with their Atlantic fantasies.
Correct. What's more is that the Guanches are actually a minority and do NOT represent the majority of Canary Island natives who are BLACK.
quote:Originally posted by -Just Call Me Jari-: There was a black population on the Canary Islands prior to the slave trade and European Invasions...
Mathilda won't talk about this will she??
Pope Eugene IV Against the Enslaving of Black Natives from the Canary Islands January 13, 1435
Some six decades before Columbus set out for the new world, Pope Eugene IV condemned the enslavement of black natives from the Canary Islands. This 1435 papal command demanded the European slave-masters to release them within 15 days or face the weight of excommunication from the Church.
Juan de Bethencourt became the first European to settle in the Canary Islands and made slaves of several natives heralding the beginning of the black slave trade. At this time slavery had been practically eliminated in Europe, thanks to the influence of the Church. The Holy Roman Church later would not only condone and support slavery even of those baptized into the Roman Catholic Church but also would hold their own slaves. Europe, led by Spain, would begin over four centuries of slave trading that included some twenty million Africans alone, of which half died in transit. Jewish children deported from Portugal during the Inquisition settle Sao Tome e Principe, two islands 320 kilometers west of Gabon. It then became a transit point for the slave trade. Pope John Paul II (1978 - ) in 1992 deplored the Roman Catholic Church's condoning of that sad offense to human dignity.
Yeah I noticed that these Euronuts never mention the dark skinned populations of the Canary Islands that were documented by earlier sources - possibly Phoenicians or Moors i.e. the original Berbers. I remember Ausar had done a good write up on this.
Posts: 4226 | From: New Jersey, USA | Registered: Mar 2007
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posted
^Dana, I can't believe that you are engaging Cass on such nonsense. Doing so gives his nonsense the element of plausibility. Best to ignore him when he gets this stupid.
Posts: 22721 | Registered: Oct 2005
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quote:Originally posted by dana marniche: Yeah I noticed that these Euronuts never mention the dark skinned populations of the Canary Islands that were documented by earlier sources - possibly Phoenicians or Moors i.e. the original Berbers. I remember Ausar had done a good write up on this.
Pardon me, I posted the wrong one.This here is the right one.
It's crazy considering the fact I have posted this multiple times.
quote:
"From the Mesolithic to the early Neolithic period different lines of evidence support an out-of-Africa Mesolithic migration to the Levant by northeastern African groups that had biological affinities with sub-Saharan populations. From a genetic point of view, several recent genetic studies have shown that sub-Sabaran genetic lineages (affiliated with the Y-chromosome PN2 clade; Underhill et al. 2001) have spread through Egypt into the Near East, the Mediterranean area, and, for some lineages, as far north as Turkey (E3b-M35 Y lineage; Cinniogclu et al. 2004; Luis et al. 2004), probably during several dispersal episodes since the Mesolithic (Cinniogelu et al. 2004; King et al. 2008; Lucotte and Mercier 2003; Luis et al. 2004; Quintana-Murci et al. 1999; Semino et al. 2004; Underhill et al. 2001). This finding is in agreement with morphological data that suggest that populations with sub-Saharan morphological elements were present in northeastern Africa, from the Paleolithic to at least the early Holocene, and diffused northward to the Levant and Anatolia beginning in the Mesolithic.
Indeed, the rare and incomplete Paleolithic to early Neolithic skeletal specimens found in Egypt - such as the 33,000-year-old Nazlet Khater specimen (Pinhasi and Semai 2000), the Wadi Kubbaniya skeleton from the late Paleolithic site in the upper Nile valley (Wendorf et al. 1986), the Qarunian (Faiyum) early Neolithic crania (Henneberg et al. 1989; Midant-Reynes 2000), and the Nabta specimen from the Neolithic Nabta Playa site in the western desert of Egypt (Henneberg et al. 1980) - show, with regard to the great African biological diversity, similarities with some of the sub-Saharan middle Paleolithic and modern sub-Saharan specimens.
This affinity pattern between ancient Egyptians and sub-Saharans has also been noticed by several other investigators (Angel 1972; Berry and Berry 1967, 1972; Keita 1995) and has been recently reinforced by the study of Brace et al. (2005), which clearly shows that the cranial morphology of prehistoric and recent northeast African populations is linked to sub-Saharan populations (Niger-Congo populations). These results support the hypothesis that some of the Paleolithic-early Holocene populations from northeast Africa were probably descendents of sub-Saharan ancestral populations...... This northward migration of northeastern African populations carrying sub-Saharan biological elements is concordant with the morphological homogeneity of the Natufian populations (Bocquentin 2003), which present morphological affinity with sub-Saharan populations (Angel 1972; Brace et al. 2005).
In addition, the Neolithic revolution was assumed to arise in the late Pleistocene Natufians and subsequently spread into Anatolia and Europe (Bar-Yosef 2002), and the first Anatolian farmers, Neolithic to Bronze Age Mediterraneans and to some degree other Neolithic-Bronze Age Europeans, show morphological affinities with the Natufians (and indirectly with sub-Saharan populations; Angel 1972; Brace et al. 2005), in concordance with a process of demie diffusion accompanying the extension of the Neolithic revolution (Cavalli-Sforza et al. 1994)."
Nature 249, 120 - 123 (10 May 1974); doi:10.1038/249120a0
Barbed bone points from Central Sudan and the age of the “Early Khartoum” tradition
D. ADAMSON*, J. D. CLARK† & M. A. J. WILLIAMS‡
*School of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, New South Wales 2113, Australia †Department of Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 ‡School of Earth Sciences, Macquarie University, New South Wales 2113, Australia
Barbed bone points, typical of those from the early Holocene settlement of “Early Khartoum”, have been found at three sites along the White Nile, south of Khartoum. The form of the fragments and the stratigraphy of the sites throw light on the environment and technology of the early settlements along this part of the Nile.
The site of Beisamoun is located in the western margins of the Hula Basin, c. 10 km south of Qiryat Shemona. A moderate Mediterranean climate and water resources in the immediate vicinity of the site, such as the ‘Enan and Agamon springs, were one of the major factors for establishing prehistoric settlements in this region, one of which was ‘Ein Mallaha, a major Natufian site in the Levant.
The Guanches are described as white skinned and red haired in Spanish eye-witness reports.
In the 'Chroniciles of the Conquest of the Canaries', the colour of the skin of the inhabitants of the greater parts of the Canaries is described as white, and the hair as fair, reddish or red (''eubellos rubios, rojos, dorados'').
Berthelot informs us that nearly all of the Guanche mummies he had examined had hair which was red (''Ethnografia y Anales de la Conquista de las Ilas Canarias Santa Cruz de Teneriffe, 1849, p. 239).
''Meyer has himself summarised his ideas and those of Von Luschan concerning the Guanches, whom they believe to have been blonds of white skin, and distinguished from two other types which also inhabited the Canaries'' - Sergi, The Mediterranean Race, 1901, p. 136
'The skin of the Guanches is described by the poet Viana as light coloured, and Verneau considers that the hair was blond or light chestnut.'
Posts: 1575 | From: - | Registered: May 2011
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You think AFRICANS CAN'T MOVE/ MIGRATE FREELY!! IT ALWAYS HAD TO BE SLAVERY!!!
The first Negroid migration was the Bantu expansion, they moved from West Africa into North, East, South Africa c. 2000 bc - 1000 ad.
Prior to c. 2000 bc, Negroids were only in West Africa. East & North Africa was fully Caucasoid. Those peoples living there before 2000 bc, looked like ME, nothing like Negroids (black people).
I myself am wondering if "Negroids" like those of of Benin and Dahomey originally started off in West Africa how did they come to play such apart in the Palestinian Natufians in the Mesolithic age.
Just another crackpot Afrocentric lie.
The Natufians were fully Caucasoid.
Loring Brace is not an Afrocentric. i can assure you, Cassiterides. in fact I wouldn't be surprised if he's not an Englishman like yourself.
You'll have to make up your mind . Are "Negroids" Caucasoids now just because they once lived in Palestine and Eurasia. [/QB]
Paragroup E-M78 represents 74.5% of haplogroup E*, the highest frequencies observed in Masalit and Fur populations. Which spread into the Levant, Neareast and East-South Europe. Out of them arose E-V13.
The FUR! lol
"From the Mesolithic to the early Neolithic period different lines of evidence support an out-of-Africa Mesolithic migration to the Levant by northeastern African groups that had biological affinities with sub-Saharan populations. From a genetic point of view, several recent genetic studies have shown that sub-Sabaran genetic lineages (affiliated with the Y-chromosome PN2 clade; Underhill et al. 2001) have spread through Egypt into the Near East, the Mediterranean area, and, for some lineages, as far north as Turkey (E3b-M35 Y lineage; Cinniogclu et al. 2004; Luis et al. 2004), probably during several dispersal episodes since the Mesolithic (Cinniogelu et al. 2004; King et al. 2008; Lucotte and Mercier 2003; Luis et al. 2004; Quintana-Murci et al. 1999; Semino et al. 2004; Underhill et al. 2001). This finding is in agreement with morphological data that suggest that populations with sub-Saharan morphological elements were present in northeastern Africa, from the Paleolithic to at least the early Holocene, and diffused northward to the Levant and Anatolia beginning in the Mesolithic.
Indeed, the rare and incomplete Paleolithic to early Neolithic skeletal specimens found in Egypt - such as the 33,000-year-old Nazlet Khater specimen (Pinhasi and Semai 2000), the Wadi Kubbaniya skeleton from the late Paleolithic site in the upper Nile valley (Wendorf et al. 1986), the Qarunian (Faiyum) early Neolithic crania (Henneberg et al. 1989; Midant-Reynes 2000), and the Nabta specimen from the Neolithic Nabta Playa site in the western desert of Egypt (Henneberg et al. 1980) - show, with regard to the great African biological diversity, similarities with some of the sub-Saharan middle Paleolithic and modern sub-Saharan specimens.
This affinity pattern between ancient Egyptians and sub-Saharans has also been noticed by several other investigators (Angel 1972; Berry and Berry 1967, 1972; Keita 1995) and has been recently reinforced by the study of Brace et al. (2005), which clearly shows that the cranial morphology of prehistoric and recent northeast African populations is linked to sub-Saharan populations (Niger-Congo populations). These results support the hypothesis that some of the Paleolithic-early Holocene populations from northeast Africa were probably descendents of sub-Saharan ancestral populations...... This northward migration of northeastern African populations carrying sub-Saharan biological elements is concordant with the morphological homogeneity of the Natufian populations (Bocquentin 2003), which present morphological affinity with sub-Saharan populations (Angel 1972; Brace et al. 2005).
In addition, the Neolithic revolution was assumed to arise in the late Pleistocene Natufians and subsequently spread into Anatolia and Europe (Bar-Yosef 2002), and the first Anatolian farmers, Neolithic to Bronze Age Mediterraneans and to some degree other Neolithic-Bronze Age Europeans, show morphological affinities with the Natufians (and indirectly with sub-Saharan populations; Angel 1972; Brace et al. 2005), in concordance with a process of demie diffusion accompanying the extension of the Neolithic revolution (Cavalli-Sforza et al. 1994)."
Posts: 22234 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010
| IP: Logged |
quote:Originally posted by Mike111: ^Dana, I can't believe that you are engaging Cass on such nonsense. Doing so gives his nonsense the element of plausibility. Best to ignore him when he gets this stupid.
First of all your comment suggestts that he isn't always "this stupid". Secondly the reason I engage at all with people of his or Svenska's sort is only to bring out more information.
I am sure people who really want answers out here have the same doubts that assanine people are bringing up here. Some of their psychological blockage is based on the straight-out distortions of European academics who truly are white supremacists and so need to be addressed.
Case in point is the posting above which talks about black slaves and some imaginary race of "fair skinned" Tuareg. If we were to believe such writings fair-skin such as might be found on the average north Moroccan is common to the Tuareg when it is probably less than 5% of them. Just like it is among us African Americans.
The African American - Head of NAACP
Do we go around proclaiming this is how early AFricans looked because some AFrians in America have mixed with Europeans in recent times.
There thus is some more information that needed to get out.
Posts: 4226 | From: New Jersey, USA | Registered: Mar 2007
| IP: Logged |
I myself am wondering if "Negroids" like those of of Benin and Dahomey originally started off in West Africa how did they come to play such apart in the Palestinian Natufians in the Mesolithic age.
Just another crackpot Afrocentric lie.
The Natufians were fully Caucasoid.
Loring Brace is not an Afrocentric. i can assure you, Cassiterides. in fact I wouldn't be surprised if he's not an Englishman like yourself.
You'll have to make up your mind . Are "Negroids" Caucasoids now just because they once lived in Palestine and Eurasia.
Paragroup E-M78 represents 74.5% of haplogroup E*, the highest frequencies observed in Masalit and Fur populations. Which spread into the Levant, Neareast and East-South Europe. Out of them arose E-V13.
lol
"[/QB][/QUOTE]i am wondering what happened to these picture. This is the first time I have seen these men as pink.
The one from Chatal Huyuk or Anatolia at the top is especially strange looking.
ARe these from a Euronut site or something. lol!
Posts: 4226 | From: New Jersey, USA | Registered: Mar 2007
| IP: Logged |
quote:Originally posted by Anglo_Pyramidologist: Utter nonsense.
The Guanches are described as white skinned and red haired in Spanish eye-witness reports.
In the 'Chroniciles of the Conquest of the Canaries', the colour of the skin of the inhabitants of the greater parts of the Canaries is described as white, and the hair as fair, reddish or red (''eubellos rubios, rojos, dorados'').
Berthelot informs us that nearly all of the Guanche mummies he had examined had hair which was red (''Ethnografia y Anales de la Conquista de las Ilas Canarias Santa Cruz de Teneriffe, 1849, p. 239).
''Meyer has himself summarised his ideas and those of Von Luschan concerning the Guanches, whom they believe to have been blonds of white skin, and distinguished from two other types which also inhabited the Canaries'' - Sergi, The Mediterranean Race, 1901, p. 136
'The skin of the Guanches is described by the poet Viana as light coloured, and Verneau considers that the hair was blond or light chestnut.'
The above is simply LOOOOOL !
Am J Phys Anthropol. 1996 Mar;99(3):413-28.
Cranial variation in the Iberian Peninsula and the Balearic Islands: inferences about the history of the population.
Fox et. al
A multivariate analysis of four prehistoric and nine historic populations from the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands with large sample sizes (n > 30 individuals for the neurocranium and n > 15 for the facial skeleton) is presented, considering 874 male and 557 female skulls and using 20 craniometric measurements. Cluster analyses have been undertaken using the squared Euclidean distance as a measure of proximity and the average linkage between groups (UPGMA), and neighbor-joining algorithms as a branching method, and a bootstrap analysis was used to assess the robustness of the clustering topology. The study was complemented with a principal coordinate analysis and with the application of the Mantel test to measure the degree of correspondence between the information furnished by the female and the male samples. The analyses show that the main source of morphometric variability in the Iberian Peninsula is the Basque population. The second source of variation is provided by two populations (Muslims and Jews), different from the rest from an archaeological and cultural point of view, and can probably be attributed to influences from sub-Saharan Africa. The massive deportations of the Jews in 1492 and of the Moors between the 15th and 17th centuries may have erased this source of variability from the present population of the Iberian Peninsula. The remaining studied populations, including samples from Castile, Cantabria, Andalusia, Catalonia and Balearic Islands, are grouped together, showing a notable morphological homogeneity, despite their temporal and geographic heterogeneity. These results are in general agreement with those obtained in synthetic maps, by analyzing multiple genetic markers. In such studies, the Basque population is described as the main source of genetic variability, not only in the Iberian Peninsula, but also in Western Europe.
Polimorfismos de DNA mitocondrial en poblaciones antiguas de la cuenca mediterránea.
Fernández Domínguez, E. et al.
(2005)
The presence of almost 50% of sub-Saharan lineages L1b, L2 and L3 in Abauntz Chalcolithic deposits and Tres Montes, in Navarre, suggests the existence of an important gene flow from Africa to this geographic region.
The low frequency of these lineages in the current Spanish population indicates that it has gene produced a replacement from the Chalcolithic period.
The entry of African lineages could occur during the Paleolithic, during the Neolithic period, or during both periods.
The phylogenetically related sequences present in the Chalcolithic deposit Iberian Peninsula and Neolithic and Chalcolithic samples of the Middle East points to Neolithic as most likely time of entry into the peninsula of these lineages.
Description: SUMMARY OF DOCTORAL THESIS The origins of European populations have been addressed from different disciplines, highlighting the contribution of population genetics studies. Shuffle two moments in prehistory in which it has been possible to model the gene pool of populations in Europe: the spread of Neolithic and Palaeolithic period expansions. The ability to recover from bygone population genetics provides a unique opportunity to test the assumptions made in situ from other disciplines. We studied 197 samples from 115 dental and bone individuals 17 archaeological sites Sumerian Neolithic and Middle East, when Meroitic Nubia and Paleolithic era, post-Neolithic and Neolithic of the Iberian Peninsula. We obtained complete sequences of mitochondrial DNA of 244 bp of 35 different individuals, were compared with sequences from the same region of present individuals from 38 populations in Europe, Africa and Middle East. In phylogenetic reconstructions based on Reynolds distance groups of ancient samples are grouped together, separated from the rest of current populations. However, phylogenetic reconstructions made from the haplotypes of ancient and modern samples denote that although the majority of ancient mitochondrial variants are not present in current populations sampled, may relate more or less closely with them. The composition of haplotypes and haplogroups of ancient samples from the Near East and the Iberian Peninsula differs markedly from that found in the current populations of these geographical regions. In the ancient Middle East show highlights in particular the absence of mitochondrial haplogroup J, U3, W and X, associated with the Neolithic expansion into Europe. This may be due either to the sample obtained is not old chronologically or geographically-representative populations of the Middle East that spread during the Neolithic well that these variants were not introduced in Europe during the Neolithic. In the ancient sample of the Iberian Peninsula highlights the presence of 50% of sub-Saharan lines. These lines may have been introduced during the Solutrean, the Mesolithic or Neolithic. This work also delved into various technical aspects of obtaining authentic ancient DNA and the influence of several variables in the preservation of genetic material. ABSTRACT The origins of the European Populations Studied extensively from Have Been Different disciplines. It is Thought That ancient demic expansions, like occurred After the Late Those Glacial Maximum or DURING the Middle East from neolithic diffussion to Europe. The Possibility to recover DNA from past Populations offers an unique Opportunity to test in situ These hypothesis. 197 It Were Analyzed teeth and bones from 115 individuos Archaeological Sites and 17 Different from Middle East and the Iberian Peninsula. It WAS possible to recover mitochondrial DNA sequences 244pb-35 from Different Individuals. They Were 38 Compared to sequences from European, African and Middle Eastern Populations present-day. Phylogenetic Reconstructions from Reynolds genetic distance Showed That ancient samples clustered together, extant from Clearly Separated Populations. Howeve, based phylogenetic Reconstructions on ancient and modern mitochondrial haplotypes Showed That ancient haplotypes are related to extant ones. Haplotype frequencies and haplogroup in samples from the ancient Middle East and the Iberian Peninsula are Different from Those Clearly present in the Same Geographical Nowadays regions. Haplogroups related to J neolithic expansion to Europe, U3, W and X-are absent in ancient middle eastern sample. There are two possible Explanations to this fact. First, It Could Be That the ancient samples possible Analyzed wont be representative of the Middle Eastern Populations That expanded the neolithic. Second, It Could Be That Those haplogroups Also possible wont Have Been made to them in Europe associated with expansions to neolithic demic. At This work It Were Also Examined technical Several Aspects related to the obtention of genuine ancient DNA and the Influence of Different variables in DNA preservation.
Posts: 22234 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010
| IP: Logged |
I myself am wondering if "Negroids" like those of of Benin and Dahomey originally started off in West Africa how did they come to play such apart in the Palestinian Natufians in the Mesolithic age.
Just another crackpot Afrocentric lie.
The Natufians were fully Caucasoid.
Loring Brace is not an Afrocentric. i can assure you, Cassiterides. in fact I wouldn't be surprised if he's not an Englishman like yourself.
You'll have to make up your mind . Are "Negroids" Caucasoids now just because they once lived in Palestine and Eurasia.
Paragroup E-M78 represents 74.5% of haplogroup E*, the highest frequencies observed in Masalit and Fur populations. Which spread into the Levant, Neareast and East-South Europe. Out of them arose E-V13.
lol
quote:i am wondering what happened to these picture. This is the first time I have seen these men as pink.
The one from Chatal Huyuk or Anatolia at the top is especially strange looking.
ARe these from a Euronut site or something. lol!
It is probably due to the lighting in the dark cave/ area
"Rites of the early production cultures" Gímszarvasvadászatot painting, Catal Hülyük, BC 5800th k.
This non-profit educational portal was created and designed for Hungarian public education system. Only education and scientific research can be used strictly for non-profit basis. This site has no commercial Purpose and also provided to the Hungarian school system free of charge. It may be used for the sole Purpose of illustration for teaching or research Scientific Strictly and only for non-commercial Purpose.
Posts: 22234 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010
| IP: Logged |
quote:Originally posted by Mike111: ^Dana, I can't believe that you are engaging Cass on such nonsense. Doing so gives his nonsense the element of plausibility. Best to ignore him when he gets this stupid.
First of all your comment suggestts that he isn't always "this stupid". Secondly the reason I engage at all with people of his or Svenska's sort is only to bring out more information.
I am sure people who really want answers out here have the same doubts that assanine people are bringing up here. Some of their psychological blockage is based on the straight-out distortions of European academics who truly are white supremacists and so need to be addressed.
Case in point is the posting above which talks about black slaves and some imaginary race of "fair skinned" Tuareg. If we were to believe such writings fair-skin such as might be found on the average north Moroccan is common to the Tuareg when it is probably less than 5% of them. Just like it is among us African Americans.
The African American - Head of NAACP
Do we go around proclaiming this is how early AFricans looked because some AFrians in America have mixed with Europeans in recent times.
There thus is some more information that needed to get out.
Cosigned strongly!
Posts: 22234 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010
| IP: Logged |
quote:Originally posted by Anglo_Pyramidologist: Utter nonsense.
The Guanches are described as white skinned and red haired in Spanish eye-witness reports.
In the 'Chroniciles of the Conquest of the Canaries', the colour of the skin of the inhabitants of the greater parts of the Canaries is described as white, and the hair as fair, reddish or red (''eubellos rubios, rojos, dorados'').
Berthelot informs us that nearly all of the Guanche mummies he had examined had hair which was red (''Ethnografia y Anales de la Conquista de las Ilas Canarias Santa Cruz de Teneriffe, 1849, p. 239).
''Meyer has himself summarised his ideas and those of Von Luschan concerning the Guanches, whom they believe to have been blonds of white skin, and distinguished from two other types which also inhabited the Canaries'' - Sergi, The Mediterranean Race, 1901, p. 136
'The skin of the Guanches is described by the poet Viana as light coloured, and Verneau considers that the hair was blond or light chestnut.'
The above is simply LOOOOOL !
Am J Phys Anthropol. 1996 Mar;99(3):413-28.
Cranial variation in the Iberian Peninsula and the Balearic Islands: inferences about the history of the population.
Fox et. al
A multivariate analysis of four prehistoric and nine historic populations from the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands with large sample sizes (n > 30 individuals for the neurocranium and n > 15 for the facial skeleton) is presented, considering 874 male and 557 female skulls and using 20 craniometric measurements. Cluster analyses have been undertaken using the squared Euclidean distance as a measure of proximity and the average linkage between groups (UPGMA), and neighbor-joining algorithms as a branching method, and a bootstrap analysis was used to assess the robustness of the clustering topology. The study was complemented with a principal coordinate analysis and with the application of the Mantel test to measure the degree of correspondence between the information furnished by the female and the male samples. The analyses show that the main source of morphometric variability in the Iberian Peninsula is the Basque population. The second source of variation is provided by two populations (Muslims and Jews), different from the rest from an archaeological and cultural point of view, and can probably be attributed to influences from sub-Saharan Africa. The massive deportations of the Jews in 1492 and of the Moors between the 15th and 17th centuries may have erased this source of variability from the present population of the Iberian Peninsula. The remaining studied populations, including samples from Castile, Cantabria, Andalusia, Catalonia and Balearic Islands, are grouped together, showing a notable morphological homogeneity, despite their temporal and geographic heterogeneity. These results are in general agreement with those obtained in synthetic maps, by analyzing multiple genetic markers. In such studies, the Basque population is described as the main source of genetic variability, not only in the Iberian Peninsula, but also in Western Europe.
Polimorfismos de DNA mitocondrial en poblaciones antiguas de la cuenca mediterránea.
Fernández Domínguez, E. et al.
(2005)
The presence of almost 50% of sub-Saharan lineages L1b, L2 and L3 in Abauntz Chalcolithic deposits and Tres Montes, in Navarre, suggests the existence of an important gene flow from Africa to this geographic region.
The low frequency of these lineages in the current Spanish population indicates that it has gene produced a replacement from the Chalcolithic period.
The entry of African lineages could occur during the Paleolithic, during the Neolithic period, or during both periods.
The phylogenetically related sequences present in the Chalcolithic deposit Iberian Peninsula and Neolithic and Chalcolithic samples of the Middle East points to Neolithic as most likely time of entry into the peninsula of these lineages.
Description: SUMMARY OF DOCTORAL THESIS The origins of European populations have been addressed from different disciplines, highlighting the contribution of population genetics studies. Shuffle two moments in prehistory in which it has been possible to model the gene pool of populations in Europe: the spread of Neolithic and Palaeolithic period expansions. The ability to recover from bygone population genetics provides a unique opportunity to test the assumptions made in situ from other disciplines. We studied 197 samples from 115 dental and bone individuals 17 archaeological sites Sumerian Neolithic and Middle East, when Meroitic Nubia and Paleolithic era, post-Neolithic and Neolithic of the Iberian Peninsula. We obtained complete sequences of mitochondrial DNA of 244 bp of 35 different individuals, were compared with sequences from the same region of present individuals from 38 populations in Europe, Africa and Middle East. In phylogenetic reconstructions based on Reynolds distance groups of ancient samples are grouped together, separated from the rest of current populations. However, phylogenetic reconstructions made from the haplotypes of ancient and modern samples denote that although the majority of ancient mitochondrial variants are not present in current populations sampled, may relate more or less closely with them. The composition of haplotypes and haplogroups of ancient samples from the Near East and the Iberian Peninsula differs markedly from that found in the current populations of these geographical regions. In the ancient Middle East show highlights in particular the absence of mitochondrial haplogroup J, U3, W and X, associated with the Neolithic expansion into Europe. This may be due either to the sample obtained is not old chronologically or geographically-representative populations of the Middle East that spread during the Neolithic well that these variants were not introduced in Europe during the Neolithic. [i]In the ancient sample of the Iberian Peninsula highlights the presence of 50% of sub-Saharan lines. THESE LINES MAY HAVE BEEN INTRODUCED DURING THE SOLUTREAN THE MESOLITHIC OR NEOLITHIC.
That study is very interesting.
Someone witht the guts to mention sub-Saharan Africans in Spain?! - "...the second source of variation is provided by two populations (Muslims and Jews), different from the rest from an archaeological and cultural point of view, and can probably be attributed to influences from sub-Saharan Africa. The massive deportations of the Jews in 1492 and of the Moors between the 15th and 17th centuries may have erased this source of variability from the present population of the Iberian Peninsula.'
"In the ancient sample of the Iberian Peninsula highlights the presence of 50% of sub-Saharan lines. THESE LINES MAY HAVE BEEN INTRODUCED DURING THE SOLUTREAN THE MESOLITHIC OR NEOLITHIC."
Looks like they are suggesting population replacement in various regions.
Barranco de las letras painting of Iberia
Posts: 4226 | From: New Jersey, USA | Registered: Mar 2007
| IP: Logged |
I myself am wondering if "Negroids" like those of of Benin and Dahomey originally started off in West Africa how did they come to play such apart in the Palestinian Natufians in the Mesolithic age.
Just another crackpot Afrocentric lie.
The Natufians were fully Caucasoid.
Loring Brace is not an Afrocentric. i can assure you, Cassiterides. in fact I wouldn't be surprised if he's not an Englishman like yourself.
You'll have to make up your mind . Are "Negroids" Caucasoids now just because they once lived in Palestine and Eurasia.
Paragroup E-M78 represents 74.5% of haplogroup E*, the highest frequencies observed in Masalit and Fur populations. Which spread into the Levant, Neareast and East-South Europe. Out of them arose E-V13.
lol
quote:i am wondering what happened to these picture. This is the first time I have seen these men as pink.
The one from Chatal Huyuk or Anatolia at the top is especially strange looking.
ARe these from a Euronut site or something. lol!
It is probably due to the lighting in the dark cave/ area
"Rites of the early production cultures" Gímszarvasvadászatot painting, Catal Hülyük, BC 5800th k.
This non-profit educational portal was created and designed for Hungarian public education system. Only education and scientific research can be used strictly for non-profit basis. This site has no commercial Purpose and also provided to the Hungarian school system free of charge. It may be used for the sole Purpose of illustration for teaching or research Scientific Strictly and only for non-commercial Purpose.
But what I am saying is the paintings I have seen of this same scene from Anatolia on the internet show the person as dark brown not pink-peach. Thus i am questioning what or who is the culprit.
This is a different picture but from the same cave, no?
Posts: 4226 | From: New Jersey, USA | Registered: Mar 2007
| IP: Logged |
quote:Originally posted by Anglo_Pyramidologist: Utter nonsense.
The Guanches are described as white skinned and red haired in Spanish eye-witness reports.
In the 'Chroniciles of the Conquest of the Canaries', the colour of the skin of the inhabitants of the greater parts of the Canaries is described as white, and the hair as fair, reddish or red (''eubellos rubios, rojos, dorados'').
Berthelot informs us that nearly all of the Guanche mummies he had examined had hair which was red (''Ethnografia y Anales de la Conquista de las Ilas Canarias Santa Cruz de Teneriffe, 1849, p. 239).
''Meyer has himself summarised his ideas and those of Von Luschan concerning the Guanches, whom they believe to have been blonds of white skin, and distinguished from two other types which also inhabited the Canaries'' - Sergi, The Mediterranean Race, 1901, p. 136
'The skin of the Guanches is described by the poet Viana as light coloured, and Verneau considers that the hair was blond or light chestnut.'
The above is simply LOOOOOL !
Am J Phys Anthropol. 1996 Mar;99(3):413-28.
Cranial variation in the Iberian Peninsula and the Balearic Islands: inferences about the history of the population.
Fox et. al
A multivariate analysis of four prehistoric and nine historic populations from the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands with large sample sizes (n > 30 individuals for the neurocranium and n > 15 for the facial skeleton) is presented, considering 874 male and 557 female skulls and using 20 craniometric measurements. Cluster analyses have been undertaken using the squared Euclidean distance as a measure of proximity and the average linkage between groups (UPGMA), and neighbor-joining algorithms as a branching method, and a bootstrap analysis was used to assess the robustness of the clustering topology. The study was complemented with a principal coordinate analysis and with the application of the Mantel test to measure the degree of correspondence between the information furnished by the female and the male samples. The analyses show that the main source of morphometric variability in the Iberian Peninsula is the Basque population. The second source of variation is provided by two populations (Muslims and Jews), different from the rest from an archaeological and cultural point of view, and can probably be attributed to influences from sub-Saharan Africa. The massive deportations of the Jews in 1492 and of the Moors between the 15th and 17th centuries may have erased this source of variability from the present population of the Iberian Peninsula. The remaining studied populations, including samples from Castile, Cantabria, Andalusia, Catalonia and Balearic Islands, are grouped together, showing a notable morphological homogeneity, despite their temporal and geographic heterogeneity. These results are in general agreement with those obtained in synthetic maps, by analyzing multiple genetic markers. In such studies, the Basque population is described as the main source of genetic variability, not only in the Iberian Peninsula, but also in Western Europe.
Polimorfismos de DNA mitocondrial en poblaciones antiguas de la cuenca mediterránea.
Fernández Domínguez, E. et al.
(2005)
The presence of almost 50% of sub-Saharan lineages L1b, L2 and L3 in Abauntz Chalcolithic deposits and Tres Montes, in Navarre, suggests the existence of an important gene flow from Africa to this geographic region.
The low frequency of these lineages in the current Spanish population indicates that it has gene produced a replacement from the Chalcolithic period.
The entry of African lineages could occur during the Paleolithic, during the Neolithic period, or during both periods.
The phylogenetically related sequences present in the Chalcolithic deposit Iberian Peninsula and Neolithic and Chalcolithic samples of the Middle East points to Neolithic as most likely time of entry into the peninsula of these lineages.
Description: SUMMARY OF DOCTORAL THESIS The origins of European populations have been addressed from different disciplines, highlighting the contribution of population genetics studies. Shuffle two moments in prehistory in which it has been possible to model the gene pool of populations in Europe: the spread of Neolithic and Palaeolithic period expansions. The ability to recover from bygone population genetics provides a unique opportunity to test the assumptions made in situ from other disciplines. We studied 197 samples from 115 dental and bone individuals 17 archaeological sites Sumerian Neolithic and Middle East, when Meroitic Nubia and Paleolithic era, post-Neolithic and Neolithic of the Iberian Peninsula. We obtained complete sequences of mitochondrial DNA of 244 bp of 35 different individuals, were compared with sequences from the same region of present individuals from 38 populations in Europe, Africa and Middle East. In phylogenetic reconstructions based on Reynolds distance groups of ancient samples are grouped together, separated from the rest of current populations. However, phylogenetic reconstructions made from the haplotypes of ancient and modern samples denote that although the majority of ancient mitochondrial variants are not present in current populations sampled, may relate more or less closely with them. The composition of haplotypes and haplogroups of ancient samples from the Near East and the Iberian Peninsula differs markedly from that found in the current populations of these geographical regions. In the ancient Middle East show highlights in particular the absence of mitochondrial haplogroup J, U3, W and X, associated with the Neolithic expansion into Europe. This may be due either to the sample obtained is not old chronologically or geographically-representative populations of the Middle East that spread during the Neolithic well that these variants were not introduced in Europe during the Neolithic. [i]In the ancient sample of the Iberian Peninsula highlights the presence of 50% of sub-Saharan lines. THESE LINES MAY HAVE BEEN INTRODUCED DURING THE SOLUTREAN THE MESOLITHIC OR NEOLITHIC.
That study is very interesting.
Someone witht the guts to mention sub-Saharan Africans in Spain?! - "...the second source of variation is provided by two populations (Muslims and Jews), different from the rest from an archaeological and cultural point of view, and can probably be attributed to influences from sub-Saharan Africa. The massive deportations of the Jews in 1492 and of the Moors between the 15th and 17th centuries may have erased this source of variability from the present population of the Iberian Peninsula.'
"In the ancient sample of the Iberian Peninsula highlights the presence of 50% of sub-Saharan lines. THESE LINES MAY HAVE BEEN INTRODUCED DURING THE SOLUTREAN THE MESOLITHIC OR NEOLITHIC."
Looks like they are suggesting population replacement in various regions.
Yes, and of course there is a reason why they call North Africans sand niggers!
The Non-Arab Ethnic Groups of Libya Louis Dupree Middle East Journal Vol. 12, No. 1 (Winter, 1958), pp. 33-44
Snub ... Muhammad Ali's nose indicates a quick-witted person
Posts: 22234 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010
| IP: Logged |
I myself am wondering if "Negroids" like those of of Benin and Dahomey originally started off in West Africa how did they come to play such apart in the Palestinian Natufians in the Mesolithic age.
Just another crackpot Afrocentric lie.
The Natufians were fully Caucasoid.
Loring Brace is not an Afrocentric. i can assure you, Cassiterides. in fact I wouldn't be surprised if he's not an Englishman like yourself.
You'll have to make up your mind . Are "Negroids" Caucasoids now just because they once lived in Palestine and Eurasia.
Paragroup E-M78 represents 74.5% of haplogroup E*, the highest frequencies observed in Masalit and Fur populations. Which spread into the Levant, Neareast and East-South Europe. Out of them arose E-V13.
lol
quote:i am wondering what happened to these picture. This is the first time I have seen these men as pink.
The one from Chatal Huyuk or Anatolia at the top is especially strange looking.
ARe these from a Euronut site or something. lol!
It is probably due to the lighting in the dark cave/ area
"Rites of the early production cultures" Gímszarvasvadászatot painting, Catal Hülyük, BC 5800th k.
This non-profit educational portal was created and designed for Hungarian public education system. Only education and scientific research can be used strictly for non-profit basis. This site has no commercial Purpose and also provided to the Hungarian school system free of charge. It may be used for the sole Purpose of illustration for teaching or research Scientific Strictly and only for non-commercial Purpose.
But what I am saying is the paintings I have seen of this same scene from Anatolia on the internet show the person as dark brown not pink-peach. Thus i am questioning what or who is the culprit.
This is a different picture but from the same cave, no?
OK nevermind I see where they have been lightening up this photos of the early Chatal Huyuk rock art. But I am sure they are going to be sorry they went there soon.
Its onoy a matter of time I guess before they try to turn these below also into peaches and cream.
Chatal Huyuk - black "Caucasoids" of the wannabe pyramidologist Posts: 4226 | From: New Jersey, USA | Registered: Mar 2007
| IP: Logged |
posted
[QUOTE]Originally posted by Troll Patrol: [qb]
I just don't see what the Euronuts are not getting...
"...and the first Anatolian farmers, Neolithic to Bronze Age Mediterraneans and to some degree other Neolithic-Bronze Age Europeans, show morphological affinities with the Natufians (and indirectly with sub-Saharan populations; Angel 1972; Brace et al. 2005), in concordance with a process of demic diffusion accompanying the extension of the Neolithic revolution (Cavalli-Sforza et al. 1994)."
---Cranial Discrete Traits in a Byzantine Population and Eastern Mediterranean Population Movements F. X. Ricaut, M. Waelkens. Human Biology, Volume 80, Number 5, October 2008, pp. 535-564
Are Ricaut and Waelkens Afronuts.too? Actually now i am being the stupid one because of course no Euronut is going to every admit that ancient civilization was in fact NEGRO CIVILIZATION.
That inescapable fact is inescapably blocked in their minds as is the fact that people who were THE BULK of the slaves in HUMAN HISTORY were closely related to EUROPEANS. This hurts too much - literally. So in reality I don't blame them. It is a survival tactic, for among those who are the least intelligient and instinctively motivated.
They just need to click there heels together and repeat to themselves - there is no place in early civilization without the Negro, there is no place in early civilization without the Negro, there is no place in early civilization without the Negro and then I bet things should all be fine.
The Negro and civilization "so happy together..."
Posts: 4226 | From: New Jersey, USA | Registered: Mar 2007
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They don't. The average Tuareg is still predominantly Caucasoid.
''The Tuarags have Caucasoid features and are tall.. with heavy brow ridges.'' - Ethnological elements of Africa, Robert Gayre, 1966, p. 58
''The physical characteristics of the Tuareg are those of the Caucasian'' - The Tuareg of the Sahara. H. R. Palmer Journal of the Royal African Society Vol. 31, No. 123 (Apr., 1932), pp. 153-166
Though yes, they have some Negroid admixture through recent intermarriage...
...the Tuareg - have a mixture of African and Caucasoid genes'' - The history and geography of human genes, Cavalli-Sforza, 1994, p. 194
Still though they are pred Caucasoid.
There is really little Negroid (Black) about them...
Those last two are clearly mixed and look like Ethiopians [/QB]
Which is a fact, and based on historical accounts correct. Genetically, ethnologically, linguistically etc...
Posts: 22234 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010
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posted
This is perhaps one of the most important statements about the lack of J absent in the Middle Eastern sample.
"'Haplogroups related to J neolithic expansion to Europe, U3, W and X-are absent in the ancient middle eastern sample. There are two possible explanations to this fact. First, it could be that the ancient samples possibly analyzed won't ? be representative of the Middle Eastern populations that expanded the neolithic..."
-------------------- D. Reynolds-Marniche Posts: 4226 | From: New Jersey, USA | Registered: Mar 2007
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quote:Originally posted by the lioness: Troll Patty will show you one paternal study by Ottoni et. al but not the other Ottoni studies. Why is that?
quote:Originally posted by Troll Patrol:
also by Ottoni, et al:
First genetic insight into Libyan Tuaregs: a maternal perspective.
Mitochondrial Haplogroup H1 in North Africa: An Early Holocene Arrival from Iberia.
Troll Patty in light of a more comprehensive look at Tuareg genetics by your source Ottoni et al what do have to say for yourself?
.
You already have posted this white boy.
And I already have responded to this, white boy.
IT'S A HYPOTHESIS THEY SUGGEST. As I wonder who these "mythical females" were, and how they ended up there? What is their history? Go ahead and elaborate.....why did they migrate in North Africa after the Holocene and what is their origin???
-This process of autochthonous differentiation continues in the Libyan Tuareg who, probably due to isolation and recent founder events, are characterized by village-specific maternal mtDNA lineages.
-Recently, an extremely high incidence of H1 (61%) has been reported in a Tuareg population from the Central Sahara, in Libya [29]
Since there is no ancient history of cold adapted Europeans in the Sahara or Sahel region. It's mere a fantasy by some Europeans. Such thing isn't even in the collective mind or historic accounts of Sahara Sahel tradition. If that were to be true, believe me white boy, it would be known! But it's simple NOT!
But fact is the SEX BASE FROM RECENT INPUT of SAQALIBA AND MAMLUK SLAVES! These same people have been taken to Spain as well. As a matter of FACT people from that particular region have been the major component and BULK of enslaved Europeans all throughout history! YET NOT ONE WORD!!!! ?
They never mentioned any of that part this actual RECORDED history, course. Dana just spoke of this peculiar behaviour in a post. And wallah here you have it.
Can't you see you put yourself in a corner, each time you post.
Claim your a African American woman, yet don't know a damn thing about American black culture, hair etc... lol
Only biased, prejudiced thinking and stereotypes is what you are familiar with.
Each time you post about this you are being exposed more, you filthy liar!
Posts: 22234 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010
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You also had your veiled people in Circassia somewhere - probably in a harem.
Look you were even in Morocco not just brought into Timbuktu by the Tuareg - The Moors: A Comprehensive Description in the chapter "Slavery among the Moors" says “Another way in which the Europeans have been frequently outwitted is by the importation of Circassian and other slaves and eunuchs from Turkey via braltar or Algiers in foreign vessels, usually entered as members of the family of their master. Notwithstanding the nominal prohibition of the trade in the Turkish Empire, there are houses on the Bosporus where young children are trained for the hareems by instruction in music and dancing, and even in English and French, as well as in the degrading arts by which the women of these lands endeavour to secure the favour of their lords. These, too, are sometimes brought to Morocco, where they fetch high prices, if offered at all to the public ; as much, sometimes, as a couple of hundred pounds or more, of which they are very proud..."
Yes that description was regard to Morocco Svenska not Algeria.
Be proud Svenska - “These women are beautiful in the eyes of all nations; they are sought after in all parts of the world: they bear the sway in all the seraglios of Asia, Africa, and Europe, because they possess that union of pleasing features, that just proportion in all the parts of the body, that freshness, those brilliant colours,..." The Circassians, Miscellany [NJ], Jul 15, 1805: 23
Posts: 4226 | From: New Jersey, USA | Registered: Mar 2007
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posted
^ The retard above hasn't yet realised race is far more than about mere skin pigmentation.
The Tuareg in craniometric analyses cluster with Caucasoids, they are predominantly leptorrhine-mesorrhine, and orthognathic. Their hair texture is also Caucasoid, not nappy haired like Negroids.
Posts: 1575 | From: - | Registered: May 2011
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quote:Originally posted by Anglo_Pyramidologist: ^ The retard above hasn't yet realised race is far more than about mere skin pigmentation.
The Tuareg in craniometric analyses cluster with Caucasoids, they are predominantly leptorrhine-mesorrhine, and orthognathic. Their hair texture is also Caucasoid, not nappy haired like Negroids.
Actually there is no such ting as "race" numbskull. And no - these Africans with their naturally nappy hair before they put oil on it are not related to you except for formerly having many some slave concubines from Europe.
Are you out of polytechnic school, yet, or did you drop out.
Like this little Tuareg girl from Mali, We can't all be perfect and have your long flowing hair now can we.
Posts: 4226 | From: New Jersey, USA | Registered: Mar 2007
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quote:Originally posted by Anglo_Pyramidologist: ^ The retard above hasn't yet realised race is far more than about mere skin pigmentation.
The Tuareg in craniometric analyses cluster with Caucasoids, they are predominantly leptorrhine-mesorrhine, and orthognathic. Their hair texture is also Caucasoid, not nappy haired like Negroids.
Says who? A Euronut's website? Elongated hamites and other Watusi-related people don't cluster with YOU! Just remember what Ricaut and Waelkens said. Posts: 4226 | From: New Jersey, USA | Registered: Mar 2007
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quote:Originally posted by Anglo_Pyramidologist: ^ The retard above hasn't yet realised race is far more than about mere skin pigmentation.
The Tuareg in craniometric analyses cluster with Caucasoids, they are predominantly leptorrhine-mesorrhine, and orthognathic. Their hair texture is also Caucasoid, not nappy haired like Negroids.
Says who? A Euronut's website? Elongated hamites and other Watusi-related people don't cluster with YOU! Just remember what Ricaut and Waelkens said.
I like to see that paper of what he claims, for myself. If trully so, they probably took some heave admixed Saqaliba or Mamluk descents, or even on of those colonialist descendants from Spain, Portugal or Turkey, in Libya.
You know how these extreme racist work. Trying to show the world their miraculous history. Now claiming Tuaregs are caucasiods. lol
I like to see how a bunch of white women managed to go by foot from extreme cold Europe all the way to Sahara and Sahel Africa. And mix with the indigenous populations.
The Sahel-Sahara region is at least the size of Europe. lol
The landmass Tuaregs cover is at least as large as the entire of South Europe.
Even funnier it get's when you break it down. And see how they claim they have spread into the belt from East to West, from Northeast all the way up to the Sahel. And mixed with everybody their. A landmass as large as Europe itself. Yet, there is no memory of such event by the people. lol
Or another analogy,
The Sahara desert covers around 9,000,000 square kilometers and the overall area is as large as the continental United States. The Sahara desert also has the reputation of being the world's largest hot desert!
This hot desert has annual temperatures that can exceed 30 degrees C. Some of the hottest months have temperatures exceeding 50 degrees C. In the winters, the temperatures drop below freezing points. This itself explains the diverse climates of this hot desert.
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