(from CL) leeward leap so steep the tea, sow deep the sea. weep/uipana(N)=call into line, weave/whip/wife/wipe=sweep. deep/steep/step=tepetl(N)=intrepid/interpret/temple\chapel/xyambuatl(E).
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Far as I know, yam gardening does not include burning the field at any time.
Grain farming does include seasonal/annual burning or a similar weed-clearing action (plowing/flooding).
Both yams (the green top) and grains (the seed spike at top) are cropped/lopped/coppiced and then replanted in the soil when soil is moist and soft. The Name Egypt/gebt/kmet/copt may relate to this. In Malay, to make/do/birth/build is buat, possibly copt is from co-buat/com-buat/xyambuatl.
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Black Sea.Czar DD'eDeN uexine/Ukraine/oxym/Crimea Alas Baja Qalif de Guererro Negro Le jardin MY.ami du Nord Carib Oasis gan Dedan al'Ula (eagle's wing) - - - oXyambuatlaya Mbuanuagualua aquaeus okeonos j.a.mbo amb(u/a)ni umb(u/e)tlt wombelly ododem/totem (oft/oft)endum(onguolu) psychology = (psy/xy)(xua/cho)(mbuat)l(o/a)(g)ya bolo/mabul/npl/(st/sl/d)eep(ee)ll ripari/driplet yes we have *heaven /qufa(sky(c)(upp/ov)er)/xyam(bua(x/tal)y(a))/tien/(z/s)ion/she/a.ten.ger.i/terang/lan(g)i(t)
*"Old English heofon "home of God," earlier "sky, firmament," probably from Proto-Germanic *hibin-, dissimilated from *himin- (cognates Low German heben, Old Norse himinn, Gothic himins, Old Frisian himul, Dutch hemel, German Himmel "heaven, sky"), perhaps from a PIE root *kem- "to cover" (also proposed as the source of chemise). [Watkins derives it elaborately from PIE *ak- "sharp" via *akman- "stone, sharp stone," then "stony vault of heaven"].
Plural use in sense of "sky" is probably from Ptolemaic theory of space composed of many spheres, but it also formerly was used in the same sense as the singular in Biblical language, as a translation of Hebrew plural shamayim" per Etymologyonline - - - note: shema(H) morning prayer (towards sun) Ha shem(H) the name/god (sun/shamash/Xyamaxy)
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Iskodaywatomi(Ojb) Fire People ~ ignitio Odaywatomi(Ojb) Potawatomi Ohkwamingininiwug(Ojb) Ice people ~ eskimo Oshkibimadizeeg(Ojb) New People Chimookamonnug(Ojb) Long Knives Zhaagnaash (Ojb) White people
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I've found a very unexpected link: Coastal Eskimo (E) & Old Dutch (OD) words match
Innuit (E) = Duid (OD) meaning: people kom.atim (E) = kom (OD) meaning sled/bowl(coracle bowlboats were first pulled by dog teams at Phu Quoc island, this changed to long boats and sleds)
Now, is there a link to the Sapmi/Laap reindeer-riding shaman, or the Yx/Ice-Crimea pyramids, Jardin D'eDeN 4 rivers, Noah's flood, Plato's Atlantis & Arthur's Avalon submerged castle stories?? Soon we will know.
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Kilimanjaro mountain in Africa, from Swahili, literally "mountain of the god of cold," from kilima "mountain" + njaro "god of cold." (my interp smokeyhillmoundarea) s(no)wy at top Xylmbuangualu -> s(mo)k(e)y + mo(ngolu/njaro)
Mt. Kinabalu(Borneo) also snow peaked ~ smokey= Ki + (m/n)ab(uangu)alu where uangu became mountain/gunung in front of word
Sa.ntiaco.laus
Ola.ntzaro olah(Hung) offering (to mountain?)
(Mb)olandjaro (my interp of original form meaning moundhill/monguolu)
Mulanje (Malawi: Chichewa) mountain
Selanje (pronounced) Slainte (written) (Scottish) ~ a (cup) lift? a toast ~ cheers/salud/ganbai/yamsing
Mohenjo Daro (Indus Valley Civ. city) (my interp. Mo'end'jaro ~ Mo'und'goi'roa ~ Mbuanguara ~ Mbuangualuo ~ Mongolu(MButi)/Bungalo(India)
Gunung(M) mtn (my interp. mongunungunu)
Gara(Tigrinya/Amharic) mtn.
All mountains in West Papua are in the Maoke Mountains, a translation of the name “Sneeuwgebergte” or Snowy Mountains endowed to them in 1623 by Jan Carstensz,(Du?)
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More likely, Kilimanjaro = kiln/chimney + monguolu/mound, from earlier (mo)ngueli.mongualo a duplicated derived Pygmy term. Apa = fire, ki = smokey.
Pygmies historically lived around Lake Malawi (Bantu history) and the Rift Valley(Adamson).
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There is a large deposit of magnetite on a volcanic island near Borneo. I think this island was part of the ancient route to southern Japan of the Jomon/Ama/Ami/Yami pygmies, and that this magnetic mineral was collected and used, and at some point was used to make a foil wrapped around spatulas (to pry abelone) & spears used by women divers, and later eventually (after association with Ainu/Aynu) compasses and then structural steel swords.
"Magnetite is NOT a normal occuring iron oxide, it forms in vulcanos in contact with water vapour and in the air above 1200°C from rust... " Frank Doernenburg @ HOM - - - L. Cooper @ HOM: "Meteoritic iron is known in Egypt from pre-dynastic graves, and seems to have been considered precious, although not unheard of.
A. M. Roth (JEA 79, p. 69ff [hebrewjudaic.as.nyu.edu]) proposed that smaller pieces from such iron sources were used in the Opening of the Mouth ceremony during the Old Kingdom - forming the blades in the adze from this ritual - directly similar, she says, to the "iron-bladed chisels found in the tomb of Tutankhamun (that) resemble closely chisels shown in representations of 'opening of the mouth' tools". "
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The Dawada (Duwwud, Dawwada) is an Afro-Arab ethnic group from the Fezzan region of southern Libya. They live around the Gabraoun oasis where they harvest brine shrimp in the salty lakes. They dry the brine shrimp and sell them to caravans. The name Dawada means "worm-folk" in Arabic due to this practice. The appearance of the Dawada is distinctive and has been likened to the Khoisan, perhaps a relict population
Dawada Libya <- brine shrimp - Dead Sea ~> Dravidian [also natron for tanneries, which Jews did in India]
Oran Algeria <- Aura/lion/dawn -> Oroan Non-Hindu Wild boar Totem/taboo -> India
Da'udum - potsherd with name, meaning either Land of Dawadu or House of David, found near Ebla/Elba/Elam.
Majkic and colleagues conducted a mixed-methods study to assess whether the two extra notches on the ZSK raven bone were made by Neanderthals with the intention of making the final series of notches appear to be evenly spaced. First, researchers conducted a multi-phase experiment where recruited volunteers were asked to create evenly spaced notches in domestic turkey bones, which are similar in size to the ZSK raven bone. Morphometric analyses reveal that the equal spacing of the experimental notches was comparable to the spacing of notches in the ZSK raven bone, even when adjusted for errors in human perception. Archeological specimens featuring aligned notches from different sites were also analyzed and compared with the ZSK raven bone specimen.
Researchers concluded that the two extra notches on the ZSK raven bone may have been made by Neanderthals intentionally to create a visually consistent, and perhaps symbolic, pattern.
A series of recent discoveries of altered bird bones across Neanderthal sites has caused many researchers to argue that the objects were used for personal ornaments, as opposed to butchery tools or activities. But this study is the first that provides direct evidence to support a symbolic argument for intentional modifications on a bird bone.
Explore further: New evidence suggests ancient jewelry at Grotte du Renne cave made by Neanderthals
More information: Majki A, Evans S, Stepanchuk V, Tsvelykh A, d'Errico F (2017) A decorated raven bone from the Zaskalnaya VI (Kolosovskaya) Neanderthal site, Crimea. PLoS ONE 12(3): e0173435. journals.plos.org/plosone/articleid=10.1371/journal.pone.0173435
"We analyzed many ancient and modern mitochondrial genomes in parts of the South Caucasus and found genetic continuity for at least 8,000 years," said Ashot Margaryan and Morten E. Allentoft from Centre for GeoGenetics at the Natural History Museum of Denmark. "In other words, we could not detect any changes to the female gene pool over this very long time frame. This is highly interesting because this region has experienced multiple cultural shifts over the same time period, but these changes do not appear to have had a genetic impact -- at least not on the female population."
The researchers were interested to study this part of the world because of its position as a cultural crossroads since ancient times. It's also known as an important area for the potential origin and spread of Indo-European languages.
To shed light on the maternal genetic history of the region, the researchers analyzed the complete mitochondrial genomes of 52 ancient skeletons from present-day Armenia and Artsakh, an unrecognized republic bordering Armenia and Azerbaijan. Those specimens span 7,800 years of history
Their analyses suggest that the population size in the region rapidly increased after the last glacial maximum, about 18,000 years ago. The researchers also used several sophisticated analyses to test five different demographic scenarios that could explain the formation of the modern Armenian gene pool. Despite well-documented cultural shifts in the South Caucasus across the time period in question, their results strongly favor genetic continuity in the maternal gene pool, the researchers report.
The findings imply that the female population in at least some parts of the South Caucasus has been highly stable through many cultural shifts that have occurred over thousands of years. They also suggest that documented migrations into this region during the last 2,000 to 3,000 years have had little genetic impact on the local female population.
Margaryan says the findings suggest either that cultural shifts occurred primarily through the exchange of ideas or that it was primarily men who moved into new territories, bringing new cultural ideas along with them.
The researchers say the next step is to explore these questions in whole-genome data to see if it tells the same story. They also hope to expand the study by including both modern and ancient samples from neighboring countries, which could involve collaborations with researchers in Georgia and Azerbaijan.
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Re. above article, I think the static mtDNA can be explained by the fact that the indigines were likely highlanders dependent upon mountain pasturage, while the the Black Sea deluge refugees were lowland coastal folk with no previous history of mountain dwelling. As they moved away from the basin 7.7ka (recorded in epic hero oral stories eg. Noah, Deucalion, Atrahasis, Atlantis, eDeN/Adan), they generally settled along non-coastal elevated rivers. I speculate that this included Tigris-Euphrates & Nile (later Lake Chad), Armenian Ararat, Iranian plateau & Ethiopian highlands and European river systems but only later the low deltas.
The existence of the fortresses was forgotten but the localities were still called “borg” (fortification) or “ring”. Note how many are called Trelleborg or some variation thereof.
DD'eDeN says: July 28, 2017 at 9:21 am
Norse: Borg = ring fort Hebrew: ma’gal = circular camp David & Goliath Basque: magal = protect, shield Hebrew: magen/mogen = shield Maya: pacal = shield Malay: macan = tiger blind (shield) Balinese: mbo = mother Chinese: gulu = circle Mbuti: mongolu = dome hut archaic: mbongolu/mborg/ mbuangdualua/mom-dwelling/trellisring?
The words themselves tell the true oral history if you listen very carefully.
Reich and his colleagues' work suggests that about three-quarters of the ancestry of both peoples derives from the first farmers of the Aegean Sea, including western Anatolia (a region that lies within modern day Turkey), Greece, and the Greek islands. But, quite different from the rest of contemporary Europe and from the first farmers of Greece, the Bronze Age Greek civilizations also derived a small part of their ancestry from populations from the Caucasus and Iran.
The Minoans, based on the island of Crete from roughly 3100 to 1050 BCE, were a maritime people with sophisticated palaces, one of which was so large and complex that it may have been the historical basis of the myth of the Labyrinth, home of the beast called the Minotaur. The Mycenaeans of mainland Greece, 1700 to 1100 BCE, who eventually conquered the Minoans, were skilled engineers and fierce warriors.
The new study also shows that the Mycenaeans have additional ancestry that is distinct from the Minoans, says Iosif Lazaridis, a postdoctoral researcher in Reich's lab and lead author of the study. This genetic contribution may be from people of the steppes north of the Black and Caspian seas.
Senckenberg scientists have studied the diet of anatomically modern humans. With their recent study, published in the journal Scientific Reports, they were able to refute the theory that the diet of early representatives of Homo sapiens was more flexible than that of Neanderthals.
Just like the Neanderthals, our ancestors had mainly mammoth and plants on their plates -- the researchers were unable to document fish as part of their diet. Therefore, the international team assumes that the displacement of the Neanderthals was the result of direct competition.
The first representatives of Homo sapiens colonized Europe around 43,000 years ago, replacing the Neanderthals there approximately 3,000 years later. "Many studies examine the question of what led to this displacement -- one hypothesis postulates that the diet of the anatomically modern humans was more diverse and flexible and often included fish," explains Prof. Dr. Hervé Bocherens of the Senckenberg Center for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment (HEP) at the University of Tübingen
Together with his colleague, Dr. Dorothée Drucker, the biogeologist from Tübingen now set out to get to the bottom of this hypothesis. In conjunction with an international team, he studied the dietary habits of early modern man on the basis of the oldest know fossils from the Buran Kaya caves on the Crimean Peninsula in the Ukraine. "In the course of this study, we examined the finds of early humans in the context of the local fauna," explains Drucker, and she continues, "Until now, all analyses of the diet of early modern humans were based on isolated discoveries; therefore, they are very difficult to interpret."
In order to reconstruct our ancestor's menu -- despite the lack of a fossil dietary record -- the team around the scientists from Tübingen measured the percentage of stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes in the bones of the early humans and the locally present potential prey animals such as Saiga, horses, and deer. In addition, they also analyzed the nitrogen-15 content of individual amino acids, making it possible to not only determine the origin, but also the proportion of the nitrogen. "Our results reveal a very high proportion of the nitrogen isotope 15N in early modern humans," adds Bocherens, and he continues, "However, contrary to our previous assumptions, these do not originate from the consumption of fish products, but primarily from mammoths."
And yet another result came as a surprise for the scientists: The proportion of plants in the diet of the anatomically modern humans was significantly higher than in comparable Neanderthal finds -- mammoths, on the other hand, appear to have been one of the primary sources of meat in both species.
"According to our results, Neanderthals and the early modern humans were in direct competition in regard to their diet, as well -- and it appears that the Neanderthals drew the short straw in this contest," adds Drucker in conclusion.
Materials provided by Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum.
quote:Originally posted by DD'eDeN: San is used by KhoiKhoi cattle herders to describe the "wild" bushmen, an exonym, no Bushmen call themselves San in their own language. -
Archaeologists post research data from Sudan online
[DD: cf Harrar desert animal drawings and Safait script/zodiac?]
Graves, small huts or stone-lined sleeping places from antiquity and the Middle Ages: the "Wadi Abu Dom Itinerary" archaeological project being undertaken at the University of Münster’s Institute of Egyptology and Coptology is now putting its data online, gathered between 2009 and 2016 during field research in Sudan. Academics, as well as anyone in the general public who is interested, can use a browser-based geoinformation system (WebGIS) to take a look at the findings.
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