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Explain what resources and land Black Americans benefit from??? We already have a stabilized they didn't size or confiscated any land in the Americas. And with that logically also no resources.

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With hat being said, you do know that some of these tribes fought along with Europeans against other tribes and also enslaved Blacks, at the time known as Africans.

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As posted in the previous citation, you seem not to really understand the sentiments in full context. They didn't sign up to fight against Native Americans, but rather against the Confederacy etc. nor do we know what you cited is 100% and accurate. If so, why hasn't it continued, as we see with white racism towards Black Americans? You explain that one… lol

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You do know that many Maroon populations fought together with Amerindian population all throughout the Americas against the oppression of European settlers? Are you aware of this history? This means the Caribbean, North Central and South America. This is why a lot to these people of African descent will have Native American admixture, to some degree. Most of these nations in Latin America have a white elite ruling class controlling the country and resources. Or as in some Caribbean countries, either a creole ruling class, where the native Americans have died out long ago, or are small and accepted the assimilation.

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As was explained before, Native Americans do have protected laws and separate land. They did and do receive money allocated to them specially.

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In fact I responded to you in that thread, you blind bat.

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There's countless of videos online going against these claims made by some who claim to be Native Americans.

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On the other hand, is it completely false to claim African marine already had arrived on American soil prior to the Iberian exploration?

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Posts: 2684 | From: Sweden | Registered: Mar 2020  |  IP: Logged | 

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Originally posted by Elmaestro:
Ish you really gonna let Arch get you off center on some stuff that he doesn't even know about.

The man claimed that Native Americans where ignored for the travesties and instead black people get too much attention as an argument against reparations lol.

This is a silly discussion that doesn't even need to be had.

Also the thread is getting off topic.

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Posts: 2684 | From: Sweden | Registered: Mar 2020  |  IP: Logged | 

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Originally posted by Elmaestro:
Ish you really gonna let Arch get you off center on some stuff that he doesn't even know about.

The man claimed that Native Americans where ignored for the travesties and instead black people get too much attention as an argument against reparations lol.

This is a silly discussion that doesn't even need to be had.

Also the thread is getting off topic.

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Originally posted by Archeopteryx:

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Originally posted by Elmaestro:
Ish you really gonna let Arch get you off center on some stuff that he doesn't even know about.

The man claimed that Native Americans where ignored for the travesties and instead black people get too much attention as an argument against reparations lol.

This is a silly discussion that doesn't even need to be had.

Also the thread is getting off topic.

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Well maybe I later start another thread about these things.

That Natives are not seen as much in media as Black Americans is a fact, but I do not claim it is a argument against reparations. Blacks are free to call for reparations, let´s see if they get any. I just wanted to point out that not only Blacks have suffered and that the whole American society lies on Native American soil, literally speaking. Without the sacrifice of Native Americans (giving both land and blood) there would be no American society at all. So Americans, white, but also blacks, owe them everything.

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Originally posted by Archeopteryx:

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Explain what resources and land Black Americans benefit from??? We already have a stabilized they didn't size or confiscated any land in the Americas. And with that logically also no resources.

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What resources? Do they not eat food, grown on land that was once Native land? Do they not use oil? Do they not use metals and minerals that is mined from lands that was once Native? Do they not use woods that grew on land once owned by Native Americans? Do they never use power from hydroelectric plants who is built in rivers on what was once Native lands? Do they not live in houses built on former Native lands? Do they not live in cities that cover what was once forests and fields and meadows belonging to Native American? Do not any Black Americans earn money from participating in extracting natural resources from land that was once Native American?

The American society in general owe Native Americans so much more than most Americans even want to realize or admit. The whites are the main culprits, but also Blacks have been a part of the exploitation, and also they benefit from the land once taken from the Native Americans. So if they contribute with one or another tax dollar as compensation to Native Americans that is not more than fair.

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Originally posted by Archeopteryx:
Well, Buffalo soldiers still participated in the wars against Native Americans, during a long period (30 years), and they seem to inherited some of the whites attitudes against the Natives. One can not only blame the whites and try to excempt the Black soldiers for their part in the wars.

Maybe afterwards many blacks got other things to worry about, and most Natives were also more or less subjugated, so they seized to be a main enemy.

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Originally posted by Archeopteryx:
I am aware of that, and all credit to them, but at the same time Blacks in different parts of the Americas also participated in exploitation of Native Americans.

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Originally posted by Archeopteryx:

If you want to bring South America into the discussion I can give you a really horrible example from the rubberboom in the Amazon of South America where rubber barons in the border areas of Peru, Colombia and Brazil hired many black Caribbeans to work as overseers in their exploitation of Native slaves for the extraction of rubber. Both the white and Black slave drivers committed horrible atrocities against the Native populations in such places as the area around the river Putumayo. So Blacks have also been complicit in genocide directed against Native Americans.

One can read about this in the anthropologist Lars Perssons book "The Doomed indians"

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Posts: 22234 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010  |  IP: Logged | 

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Originally posted by Ish Geber:

You are using circular talking points that go nowhere, because you have been refuted and debunked already.

Native Americans didn't sacrifice anything in bustling what is not the USA! Why? Because they lived on autonomous land and separate, you dummy.

You have no argument, so all you can do and will do is repeat the same already refuted and debunked circular arguments.

It was Black labor that built the foundation of America. It's recorded history. You simply don't know American history.

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Originally posted by Ish Geber:From where else are Black Americans supposed to get food and water, if not from the soil they were forced to live on. Been subjugated on and terrorized on for hundreds of years? How does that equate to being complicted with crimes committed to Native Americans? Is / was it Black Americans making or made the laws, acts and legislation? What did Black people benefit from is what I am asking you, and you appear not being able answer this question. All you have is they live on that land. When asked, where else are they supposed to live you are stuck on stupid.

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From here on out I am going to call you. retard because you hehave link one.

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Posts: 2684 | From: Sweden | Registered: Mar 2020  |  IP: Logged | 

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Originally posted by Archeopteryx:
Native Americans lost most of their lands, and both whites and blacks live like squatters on their land. The reparations, and land they got are just small crumbs compared with what they lost

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The above was literally circular babble. You've added nothing new to any of your argument. It's all reparative babble with no details.

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Originally posted by Archeopteryx:
Native American land is at the base of American society. Without the lands and it´s resources there would be no America as we know it.

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Originally posted by Archeopteryx:

Well at last Black Americans can also contribute in giving some compensation for the stolen land they live on. That is only fair.

I already explained some of the benefits black people get from the land they live on. If you do not understand what I am saying it is up to you.

And calling others stupid does not make you smarter.

You seem to be so blinded by your immersion in black matters that you can not see the perspective of other peoples. As if Blacks are the only ones that suffered, or have suffered more than others. And you do as Black could never do anything wrong, that they were only innocent victims or bystanders when it comes to displacing Native Americans.

Ad hominem attacks shows that you are unable to discuss in a civilized manner. So it is hardly worth the time to continue discussing with you.

Seems some people just can not act in a civilized way.

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Paying to Play Indian: The Dawes Rolls and the Legacy of $5 Indians

Paying a commissioner $5 could get an opportunistic white person on the Dawes Rolls 125 years ago, which still causes problems for tribes today.

It may be fashionable to play Indian now, but it was also trendy 125 years ago when people paid $5 apiece for falsified documents declaring them Native on the Dawes Rolls.

These so-called five-dollar Indians paid government agents under the table in order to reap the benefits that came with having Indian blood. Mainly white men with an appetite for land, five-dollar Indians paid to register on the Dawes Rolls, earning fraudulent enrollment in tribes along with benefits inherited by generations to come.

“These were opportunistic white men who wanted access to land or food rations,” said Gregory Smithers, associate professor of history at Virginia Commonwealth University. “These were people who were more than happy to exploit the Dawes Commission—and government agents, for $5, were willing to turn a blind eye to the graft and corruption.”

The Dawes Commission, established in 1893 to enforce the General Allotment Act of 1887 (or the Dawes Act), was charged with convincing tribes to cede their land to the United States and divide remaining land into individual allotments. The commission also required Indians to claim membership in only one tribe and register on the Dawes Rolls, what the government meant to be a definitive record of individuals with Indian blood.

The Curtis Act, passed in 1898, targeted the Five Civilized Tribes (Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek and Seminole), forcing them to accept allotments and register on the Dawes Rolls. The two acts—which came during a “period of murky social context” after the Civil War when white and black men were intermarrying with Native American women, aimed to help the government keep track of “real” Indians while accelerating efforts to assimilate Indian people into white culture, Smithers said.

“By 1865, African Americans and white Americans were moving into the Midwest, into the Indian and Oklahoma territories, all vying for some patch of land they could call their own and live out their Jeffersonian view of independence,” he said. “The federal government poured a lot of effort and energy into the Dawes Commission, but at the same time it was very hard for both Native and American governments to keep track of who was who.”

The Dawes Commission set up tents in Indian Territory, said Bill Welge, director emeritus of the Oklahoma Historical Society’s Office of American Indian Culture and Preservation. There, field clerks scoured written records, took oral testimony and generated enrollment cards for individuals determined to have Indian blood.

That included authentic Indians, Welge said. But it also included lots of people with questionable heritage.

“Commissioners took advantage of their positions and enrolled people who had very minimal or questionable connections to the tribes,” he said. “They were not adverse to taking money under the table.”


The Dawes Commission, established in 1893 to enforce the General Allotment Act of 1887 (or the Dawes Act), was charged with convincing tribes to cede their land to the United States and divide remaining land into individual allotments. The commission also required Indians to claim membership in only one tribe and register on the Dawes Rolls.

The implications of such shady practices are enormous now, Smithers said. Five-dollar Indians passed their unearned benefits to heirs who still lay claim to tribal citizenship and associated privileges.

“Now we have people who are white but who can trace their names back to the rolls used by tribal nations to ascertain who has rights as citizens,” he said. “That means we have white people who have the ability to vote at large; it means political rights; it means the potential to influence tribal policy on a whole range of issues; it means people have access to health care, education and employment. The implications are quite profound for people who got away with fraud.”

On the flip side, while non-Natives paid to play Indian, many authentic Indians who didn’t trust the government chose not to register with the Dawes Rolls at all, said Gene Norris, a genealogist at the Cherokee National Historical Society. That means people with legitimate claims to tribal enrollment and the benefits are now excluded.

“Native Americans are the only racial group defined by blood,” Norris said. “Even that was arbitrary. In the 1890s, siblings who talked to different commissioners emerged with different blood quantum. Because they didn’t apply together, some of them have different blood degrees.”

In short, the Dawes Rolls forever changed the way the federal government defined Indians—and, in many cases, the way Indians still define themselves.

In 1900, one woman registered on the rolls with 1/256 Cherokee blood, Norris said. Now, some enrolled members of the Cherokee Nation have as little as 1/8,196 Indian blood.

The Dawes Rolls—even now—are a murky and “very inaccurate” gauge of Indian citizenship, he said. In the 2000 Census, the number of people claiming Cherokee ancestry was three times that of official tribal enrollment.

“That’s what happens when the federal government established the rules, not the Natives,” he said.

Smithers has no estimate of the number of people who fraudulently registered on the Dawes Rolls—or who lay false claim to Indian citizenship now. But five-dollar Indians did not represent an isolated case of appropriation.

“What we had was simply white people claiming to be Indian,” he said. “They were early wannabes, just like we have today. Five-dollar Indian is just another term for that.”

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Originally posted by Archeopteryx:

And it was not only blacks that built American society, whites also built a lot, and later also Chinese and others contributed.

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Originally posted by Archeopteryx:

Blacks were only a part of building American society.

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Posts: 22234 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010  |  IP: Logged | 

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Originally posted by Tazarah:
arch is a pain freak

He/she loves getting humiliated and embarrasssed by people who actually know what they are talking about

I think it is a fetish

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Posts: 22234 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010  |  IP: Logged | 

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Originally posted by Ish Geber:

You speak of civilized, but reason uncivilized. You cannot even answer properly. So let's start there for starter! If not I will call you out again as you deserve.
Tell, how many Black Americans do you know? And what should Black Americans give to who exactly, when a lot of these Indians Americans are 5 dollar Indians?

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Posts: 2684 | From: Sweden | Registered: Mar 2020  |  IP: Logged | 

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Originally posted by Archeopteryx:
Not enough. Some Native communities are still among the most poor in America, while others do not live on the land once belonging to them. And all Native Americans do not have access to any special money or protected lands. It actually varies.

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Originally posted by Archeopteryx:
If people have nothing intelligent to say they often resort to ad hominem

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Originally posted by Archeopteryx:
Yes, and I did not say that all African Americans believe in those lofty theories. Also some African Americans have made videos against those claims. But still too much of that misinformation is out there.

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And how does a few people online become instrumental in this? Do you know how many fake history is being spread on a daily basis that actually effects people? It's not like some videos online by a few Black Americans. I just posted a source about $5 pretendians who steals billions od dollars from actual Native Americans. But you are here arguing over a few Black people online who claim to be indigenous to the Americans. They do not even claim the money owed to Native Americans.

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Originally posted by Archeopteryx:
It meaningless to discuss with someone who use ad hominems and name calling. You disqualify yourself as a debater by resorting to such things.

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Ok, got ya. Now answer my questions, in an intelligent way. Be very detailed and specific when explaining your complaint.

If not you are disqualifying yourself from being able to talk about this topic all together

It became meaningless the moment you could't respond properly and started to become repetitive. It could be fruitful if you had been able to give some actual and factual argument that is historically documented as well. We have actually physical anthropological osteology evidence.


Fort Amsterdam, shown here c. 1665, was built by enslaved Africans. Courtesy of the New York Public Library.



One of the earliest depictions of New Amsterdam, c. 1642.

https://www.scarsdalehistoricalsociety.org/slavery-in-new-york-and-scarsdale

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Originally posted by Archeopteryx:
Seems you are stuck in your narrow view only seeing black peoples needs and immersing in victim mentality.

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Btw, what victim mentality? What are you talking about? Be detailed and specific.

Why are the racist laws in American history all throughout American history targeted at the Black population?

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Northern Blacks and the Reconstruction Amendments

The 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments to the Constitution, sometimes known as the Reconstruction Amendments, were critical to providing African Americans with the rights and protections of citizenship. The 13th Amendment formally abolished slavery. The 14th Amendment established African Americans as equal citizens of the United States. This amendment overturned the 1857 Dred Scott v. Sanford case in which Supreme Court Chief Justice Roger B. Taney had written that black Americans were not citizens and thus had “no rights which the white man was bound to respect.” Finally, the 15th Amendment gave African American men the right to vote. Northern African Americans were tireless advocates for these amendments, fighting for equality on behalf of their recently freed brethren as well as for themselves.

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Originally posted by Archeopteryx:
Until hard, tangible evidence is found it is not really right to claim such things. And the worst propagandists do not only claim that some mariners visited the Americas,

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Spain's heavy reliance on sub-Saharan Africans and their descendants to populate and sustain key Caribbean seaports resulted in social transformations which often mirrored or directly responded to contemporary events in precolonial Western Africa.

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Christopher Columbus arrived in the Americas, beginning the European colonization of the Americas. Contact with Europeans was deadly, triggering numerous epidemics that killed millions of Native Americans. Europeans enslaved Native Americans and also brought Africans to the Americas to provide slave labor.

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Posts: 22234 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010  |  IP: Logged | 

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Originally posted by Tazarah:
arch complains about ad hominems, but I could easily provide a handful of examples from multiple different occasions of arch throwing ad homs at me simply because I'm black and acknowledge the fact that I am a Jew.

What a hypocrite

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Yep, all this persons has done was insult people on a daily basis. And when being asked for come up with a proper answer to a question all we get is the same repatative arguments as before. Yet, this person demands a civil conversation.

When asked why Buffalo Soldiers fought against them, he she it refuses to mention this part:

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During the antebellum period, the Cherokee and other Southeast Native American nations known as the Five Civilized Tribes held African-American slaves as workers and property. The Cherokee "elites created an economy and culture that highly valued and regulated slavery and the rights of slave owners" and, in "1860, about thirty years after their removal to Indian Territory from their respective homes in the Southeast, Cherokee Nation members owned 2,511 slaves (15 percent of their total population)." It was slave labor that "allowed wealthy Indians to rebuild the infrastructure of their lives even bigger and better than before," such as John Ross, a Cherokee chief, who "lived in a log cabin directly after Removal" but a few years after, "he replaced this dwelling with a yellow mansion, complete with a columned porch." After the American Civil War, the Cherokee Freedmen were emancipated and allowed to become citizens of the Cherokee Nation in accordance with a reconstruction treaty made with the United States in 1866.

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In 1860…Cherokee Nation citizens owned 2,511 slaves (15 percent of their total population), Choctaw citizens owned 2,349 slaves (14 percent of their total population), and Creek citizens owned 1,532 slaves (10 percent of their total population). Chickasaw citizens owned 975 slaves, which amounted to 18 percent of their total population, a proportion equivalent to that of white slave owners in Tennessee, a former neighbour of the Chickasaw Nation and a large slaveholding state.

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Posts: 22234 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010  |  IP: Logged | 

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Originally posted by Archeopteryx:
About reparations to Native Americans: There are money reparations, but some think that land is more important, since the connection with the land is important in many Native cultures. But all land can not be left back since it is needed to keep the American society going. For land which is not possible to return there could be more monetary compensation which could be financed by tax money.

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Originally posted by Archeopteryx:

How to avoid paying to the wrong people is something Native communities and the government must discuss. It is probably not unsolvable.

https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2014/06/10/why-native-americans-dont-want-reparations/

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Looking at this picture, do I need to say more?


And Here is a better picture of him.














From the article.

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Both groups have suffered centuries of severe damage, courtesy of the U.S. political and economic systems. There’s the legacy of slavery, Jim Crow laws and segregated housing nationwide. Similarly, the establishment of the reservation system, the “Kill the Indian, Save the Man”-inspired Indian boarding schools, and the Dawes Act of 1887 (the largest “legal” colonial dispossession of Native American lands in U.S. history) contribute to the social dysfunctions many American Indians experience daily.

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Originally posted by Archeopteryx:
I suppose it could also be discussions about which African Americans should get reparations. Shall all black people living in USA have it, or only people who descend from slaves? And how about mixed people, at which point is a person so mixed that he cannot really be seen as African American anymore? There can be more or less white people who had some black ancestors. But I suppose that is not unsolvable either.

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UFC Fighter Ronda Rousey's Great-Grandfather Was a Black History Pioneer. Rousey's mom shared the news about the family's Black ancestry. In news that came completely out of left field, it's been revealed that Ronda Rousey is related to one of North America's first Black physicians, Dr. Alfred Waddell."

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Originally posted by Archeopteryx:
And actually reparations to Native people and reparations to African Americans are not mutually exclusive. I suppose the AA communities has to negotite some arrangement with the government too.

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Callie House is most famous for her efforts to gain reparations for former slaves and is regarded as the early leader of the reparations movement among African American political activists. Callie Guy was born a slave in Rutherford Country near Nashville, Tennessee. Her date of birth is usually assumed to be 1861, but due to the lack of birth records for slaves, this date is not certain. She was raised in a household that included her widowed mother, sister, and her sister’s husband. House received some primary school education.

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The Idea of Reparations

Reparations for the slavery is not a new idea. Before the Civil War ended, General William Tecumseh Sherman issued an order in South Carolina. He wanted 40 acres and the loan of an Army mule set aside for each former slave family. This order was never carried out. After the war, Radical Republicans in Congress passed laws requiring confiscation of former-Confederate property to provide the ex-slaves with "40 acres and a mule." In 1866, President Andrew Johnson vetoed the legislation.

The next push for reparations took place at the turn of the century. Several black organizations lobbied Congress to provide pensions for former slaves and their children. One bill introduced into the U.S. Senate in 1894 would have granted direct payments of up to $500 to all ex-slaves plus monthly pensions ranging from $4 to $15. This, and several similar bills, died in congressional committees. The pension movement itself faded away with the onset of World War I.

During the 1960s, some black leaders revived the idea of reparations. In 1969, James Forman (then head of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee) proclaimed a "Black Manifesto." It demanded $500 million from American churches and synagogues for their role in perpetuating slavery before the Civil War. Black nationalist organizations, such as the Black Panther Party and Black Muslims, also demanded reparations.

In the 1980s, a new call arose for black reparations. It was stimulated by two other movements that successfully secured payments from the U.S. government. The Supreme Court in 1980 ordered the federal government to pay eight Sioux Indian tribes $122 million to compensate for the illegal seizure of tribal lands in 1877. Then in 1988, Congress approved the payment of $1.25 billion to 60,000 Japanese-American citizens who had been interned in prison camps during World War II.

In April 1989, Council Member Ray Jenkins guided through the Detroit City Council a resolution. It called for a $40 billion federal education fund for black college and trade school students. About the same time, a conference of black state legislators meeting in New Orleans backed the idea of a federally financed education fund for descendants of slaves. Shortly afterward, Rep. John Conyers Jr. (D-MI) drafted a bill calling for the establishment of a congressional commission to study the impact of slavery on African-Americans.

[...]

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Originally posted by Archeopteryx:
I am not against reparations to anyone needing it, but I still think that Natives should be sufficiently compensated for their loss of land. If African Americans and maybe other minorities also will get reparations is something between them and American authorities.

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Tribal sovereignty refers to the right of American Indians and Alaska Natives to govern themselves. The U.S. Constitution recognizes Indian tribes as distinct governments and they have, with a few exceptions, the same powers as federal and state governments to regulate their internal affairs.

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The US Constitution recognizes that tribal nations are sovereign governments, just like Canada or California. Sovereignty is a legal word for an ordinary concept—the authority to self-govern.

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https://www.ncai.org/policy-issues/tribal-governance


This is the "spokesman", Larry Wright Jr




https://journalstar.com/larry-wright-jr/image_1572e7a2-f2a6-51a3-9026-d500949e577b.html


Here is another representative:


NCAI President Fawn Sharp, March 20, 2022. Sharp is also the Vice President of the Quinault Indian Nation. (Photo by Dalton Walker, Indian Country Today)

Make it make sense?








All you do is spinning around the same argument that has been refuted already. It's obvious you have no clue what you are talking about. Simply because you lack knowledge on the topic of political science.

And there's no other "minorities" that have suffered what Black Americans had to endure. Black Americans systemically have been locked out of generational wealth. This is why all these Laws, Acts and Legislations have been imposed upon Black Americans pre and post antebellum.


You don't understand American history, nor political science. This is why you make zero sense.

Posts: 22234 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010  |  IP: Logged | 

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Originally posted by Archeopteryx:
Something about the Buffalo soldiers and the wars they participated in. They actually did partake in wars against Native Americans during 30 years, so they were indeed involved in the displacement of Native Americans, that is undeniable.

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The Black Maroons of Florida, also known as Black Seminoles, Seminole Maroons, and Seminole Freedmen, were a community derived from Runaway slaves who integrated into American Indian culture.

[…]

During the first of two so-called Seminole Wars, Blacks and Indians fought side by side against American incursion into the region. Spain sold Florida to the United States in 1819 but even before the transfer, in 1818, General Andrew Jackson sent U.S. forces down the Apalachicola River to defeat and destroy Maroon, Seminole, and Creek communities. They destroyed the Maroons’ and Indian villages. Black Maroons and the Seminoles responded by moving further south into the more remote forests of central and southern Florida. Many Black Seminoles left Florida for Andros Island in the Bahamas.

[...]

They were mostly Gullah fugitives who escaped from the rice plantations in South Carolina and Georgia who joined with the newly formed Seminole groups who broke away from the Muskogee or Creek people.

[…]

Black maroons and the Seminoles also shared numerous cultural similarities regarding cuisine, tribal dancing, and dwelling construction There were differences such as religious practices and languages—the Seminoles spoke Creek and the maroons spoke Afro-Seminole Creole. These differences, however, did not prevent intercultural marriages or military alliances. The Florida Native American communities protected Black Seminoles from re-enslavement. In return, they provided manpower in military conflicts with the Spanish or Americans. Overall, the Florida Maroons lived independently of the Indians without oversight.

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The Cherokee, Choctaw, Seminole, Catawba, and Creek tribes were the only tribes to fight on the Confederate side."

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At the outset of the war, many nations in Indian Territory signed treaties with the Confederacy—supported by a minority of wealthy slave-holding Indians within their communities. But those sympathies weren’t monolithic: Many Indians leaned toward abolitionism and advocated for sovereign independence from the U.S. and its bloody conflict. As the war progressed, momentum shifted as three Indian Home Guard regiments emerged to support the Union and protect vulnerable tribal communities from violent guerrilla warfare. The result: Indians fighting Indians in a white man’s war.

While Native American soldiers went to battle for a variety of reasons—to support or fight slavery, to defend tribal sovereignty and to protect family and community—the war did little to advance their needs and interests. Instead, it aggravated longstanding internal tribal tensions and ravaged territory the U.S. government had relocated them to decades earlier, creating a new wave of impoverished refugees.

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https://www.history.com/news/civil-war-native-american-indian-territory-cherokee-home-guard













Buffalo soldiers at Pine Ridge 1890s

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The Commission to the Five Civilized Tribes was appointed by President Grover Cleveland in 1893 to negotiate land with the Cherokee.



Will Rogers and his wife, 1935.
Will's application to the Dawes Commission in 1900 was accepted, and he was enrolled as a member of the Cherokee Nation.

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Posts: 22234 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010  |  IP: Logged | 

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Originally posted by the lioness,:
https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3553/3325331743_08c2f659b9_b.jpg

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Originally posted by the lioness,:
It says right there he's Mexican

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Originally posted by Ish Geber:


Navajo Radmilla Cody,

Cody is a traditional Navajo recording artist, Indie Award winner, Native American Award nominee, Miss Navajo Nation (1997)

https://www.rit.edu/liberalarts/news/navajo-recording-artist-speak-perform-rit

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Originally posted by the lioness,:

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Originally posted by Ish Geber:


Navajo Radmilla Cody,

Cody is a traditional Navajo recording artist, Indie Award winner, Native American Award nominee, Miss Navajo Nation (1997)

https://www.rit.edu/liberalarts/news/navajo-recording-artist-speak-perform-rit

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Radmilla Cody's father is African American.
Did you know that?

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So she doesn't have Native American ancestry?

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The Arawak community is celebrated on this date in 1500. They are a non-white community of indigenous peoples of South America and the Caribbean.

Specifically, the term "Arawak" has been applied at various times to the Lokono of South America and the Taíno, who historically lived in the Greater Antilles and the northern Lesser Antilles in the Caribbean. All these groups spoke related Arawakan languages. The term Arawak originally was applied by white Europeans specifically to the South American community who self-identified as Arawak, Arhuaco, or Lokono. Their Arawak language is the name of the overall Arawakan language family. Arawakan speakers in the Caribbean were also historically known as the Taíno, a term meaning “relative”.

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The Arawakan languages may have emerged in the Orinoco River valley. They subsequently spread widely, becoming by far the most extensive language family in South America at the time of white-European contact, with speakers located in various areas along the Orinoco and Amazonian rivers and their tributaries. The group that self-identified as the Arawak, also known as the Lokono, settled the coastal areas of what is now Guyana, Suriname, Grenada, Jamaica, and parts of the islands of Trinidad and Tobago. The Spaniards who arrived in the Americas in 1492, and later in Puerto Rico, did not bring women on their first expeditions.

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In the 21st century, these descendants, about 10,000 Lokono, live primarily in the coastal areas of Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, and French Guiana, with additional Lokono living throughout the larger region. Unlike many indigenous groups in South America, the Lokono population is growing.

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“All Native American mtDNA can be traced back to five Haplogroups called A, B, C, D, and X. More specifically, Native American mtDNA belongs to sub-haplogroups that are unique to the Americas and not found in Asia or Europe: A2, B2, C1, D1, and X2a (with minor groups C4c, D2, D3, and D4h3)”

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Ancient DNA From Frozen Hair May Untangle Eskimo Roots

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Notwithstanding the general interest and the geopolitical importance of the island countries in the Greater Antilles, little is known about the specific ancestral Native American and African populations that settled them.

In an effort to alleviate this lacuna of information on the genetic constituents of the Greater Antilles, we comprehensively compared the mtDNA compositions of Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Jamaica and Puerto Rico.

To accomplish this, the mtDNA HVRI and HVRII regions, as well as coding diagnostic sites, were assessed in the Haitian general population and compared to data from reference populations.

The Taino maternal DNA is prominent in the ex-Spanish colonies (61.3%–22.0%) while it is basically non-existent in the ex-French and ex-English colonies of Haiti (0.0%) and Jamaica (0.5%), respectively. The most abundant Native American mtDNA haplogroups in the Greater Antilles are A2, B2 and C1. The African mtDNA component is almost fixed in Haiti (98.2%) and Jamaica (98.5%), and the frequencies of specific African haplogroups vary considerably among the five island nations.

The strong persistence of Taino mtDNA in the ex-Spanish colonies (and especially in Puerto Rico), and its absence in the French and English excolonies is likely the result of different social norms regarding mixed marriages with Taino women during the early years after the first contact with Europeans. In addition, this article reports on the results of an integrative approach based on mtDNA analysis and demographic data that tests the hypothesis of a southward shift in raiding zones along the African west coast during the period encompassing the Transatlantic Slave Trade.

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“Thirteen of the 18 haplogroups previously observed in African populations were observed in the African American populations: L1a, L1b, L1c, L2a, L2b, L2c, L3b, L3d, L3e1, L3e2, L3e3, L3e4, and L3f”

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“In this context, the Dominican Republic is in line with the observations from other Caribbean and non-Caribbean American regions. All the mtDNA African lineages account for 61% of the maternal haplogroups, with the most frequent mtDNA lineages being the sub-Saharan L1c, L2a, L3b, and L3d, all reaching frequencies higher than 10%.

Y Haplogroup Diversity of the Dominican Republic: Reconstructing the Effect of the European Colonization and the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trades”

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(Eugenia D’Atanasio et al., Y Haplogroup Diversity of the Dominican Republic: Reconstructing the Effect of the European Colonization and the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trades)


Haplogroups (Diaspora), Dissecting the Within-Africa Ancestry of Populations of African Descent in the Americas.





https://tracingafricanroots.wordpress.com/dna-studies/haplogroups-diaspora/

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0014495

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Considering Yacub was discussed before, has anyone ever hear of Dorothy Blake Fardan? I recently have heard of this woman. She was a white woman in the NOI. She has published some books.

From what was told the Yacub story comes from her. Not sure to what degree this is true.

Yakub & The Origins Of White Supremacy: Message To The White Man & Woman In America.





Lonesome Road: Journey to Islam and Liberation.





Message to the White Man and White Woman in America: Yakub and the Origins of White Supremacy.





Reparations, the cure for America's race problem: A collaborative effort in reparations advocacy by the founding members of C.U.R.E.

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On a recent summer trip to Richmond, VA I came across Lonesome Road: Journey to Islam and Liberation by Dorothy Blake Fardan. I had almost dismissed Fardan’s memoir but soon realized I had stumbled upon a gem. In Lonesome Road Fardan recounts her life’s journey from her childhood growing up in Lawrenceburg, Kentucky to venturing a monastic path as a teenager and ultimately accepting Islam and becoming part of the Nation of Islam. However, what sets Fardan apart from other NOI members, is her race. Fardan is said to be the first white woman member of the NOI. This caused her to became a bit of a sensation. A 1976 article from the Chicago Tribune offers a brief biographical sketch of Fardan: “She said she was baptized a Catholic, entered a convent in Los Angeles to join the order of the Sisters of Social Service but was ‘radicalized’ by the student movement and her husband, Donald 12X Dorsey, a Muslim and former member of the Black Panther Party. Dr. Dorsey, who has a Ph.D in sociology and anthropology, said, ‘Around the late sixties while teaching on various college campuses, I became disenchanted and began searching for truth, something real that was not so hypocritical. I found that in Islam.'”

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Fardan has authored several other books including, Yakub: and the Origin of White Supremacy and Cure: Reparations is the Cure for America’s Race Problems. Currently, Fardan, is a professor of Sociology/Anthropology at Bowie State University in Maryland.

Fardan, Dorothy Blake. 2009. Lonesome Road: Journey to Islam and Liberation. Drewryville, VA: UBUS Communications Systems.

Reynolds, Barbara. 1976. First White Woman Becomes a Muslim. Chicago Tribune, March 2, sec. C p. 12.

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Originally posted by Ish Geber:

Reynolds, Barbara. 1976. First White Woman Becomes a Muslim. Chicago Tribune, March 2, sec. C p. 12.

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Donald Elijah {Dorsey) Fardan, lovingly called “Potsy,” “Piccolo,” and Bro. D,” passed to his eternal home on October 3, 2007, following his second struggle with cancer. He was married to Dorothy Blake (Hill) Fardan for 36 years.

Though born in the Martinsburg community, he grew up in Washington, D.C. His life was music; he came up around some of the old harmony groups like the Spaniels, the Orioles, and the Knight Brothers. He sang bass, was with some local groups in the D.C. area when they performed at Howard Theatre.

He came up like many young brothers today, knew the streets and the Belly of the Beast. He loved his people and always returned to the old neighborhoods, sharing knowledge, money, whatever he could, with those less fortunate.

He embraced Islam in 1959 and became a member of the Nation of Islam.

His janaaza (funeral service) was held at Muhammad Mosque #4 in Washington, D.C., and he is buried in The Martinsburg Community Cemetery near his Home.

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