quote: Trypillians built comfortable two-storied houses. They lived on the upper floor, the ground floor was used in household aims. Several clay models of Trypillian houses and temples have been found, which help to reconstruct (reproduce) ancient architecture. An interesting collection of clay temples has been collected by Sergej Platonov of late. Literally, these finds corrected our notion about prehistoric architecture of Old Europe between 4200-3500 BC. One of them represented rectangular in plan building on platform, based on six strong pillars. The roof of the temple is semicircular, frontons are decorated with a crescent, which is similar to bull (or cow?) horns. The entrance to the temple is represented as an arc, decorated with five images of crescents. The walls are decorated with antropomorphous pillars and spiral snake symbols. The model was covered by red paint, and an incised ornament was enchased with white paint. On other models roofs were painted, it looks like they were covered by rush floor-mates An attempt to find analogies to such temples has given unexpected data. At the times of Trypillia culture the nearest region with similar rush-temples was located at Southern Mesopotamia. The remains of such houses were explored at El'Ubaid and have been known on the seals since the Uruk period (3900-3100BC). This temples are related with Nintur, incarnation of Ninkhursag, one of the most powerful goddesses of Sumer. In Southern Iraq such houses exist at present time. It is an interesting question, how and where Trypillians acquainted with the traditions of Sumer, their temples and deities...
Posts: 676 | From: the Alpha and the Omega | Registered: Nov 2010
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posted
This thread is retarded. Seriously, Jari??! I mean has this 'DaHoTips' (I refuse to acknowledge this African hater by his AFRICAN moniker) really gotten under your skin that you would bother challenging his mentally challenged self with anything??
You just said it yourself that the dude was utterly defeated and humiliated in the African civilizations thread. What purpose would it be to humiliate him again?? Are you that much as sadist or are you just soft skin??
By the way, so many threads have been created in this forum on civilizations and advanced cultures in Africa that the moderators would have difficulty deleting them all. The most recent one for DaHoTips was here.
Posts: 26361 | From: Atlanta, Georgia, USA | Registered: Feb 2005
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quote:Some other features of the civilization are the appearance and using of writing. Developed sign system, created by Trypillians, was the step to the creation of writing. Some from more than 300 signs (adout 12%), according to Taras Tkachuk, are similar to Sumerian: "star", "plant", "house". Trypillians used clay tokens - the same, as in Mesopotamia.
Posts: 676 | From: the Alpha and the Omega | Registered: Nov 2010
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posted
^ What about Egyptian hieroglyphs? I don't see any mention of that there contrary to claims that such writing influenced Egypt. LOL
By the way, such is not necessarily evidence that Sumer was influenced by Trypillia. It could just mean common Neolithic origins. As the Neolithic in Southwest Asia is ancestral to that of Europe.
quote:Originally posted by DaHoTips: I'm sure if Europeans had never colonized Africa that modern London would still look much as it does, but Nairobi would not even exist. Nairobi was founded by the British in 1899 as a railway depot, and grew to become the capital of British East Africa. Nairobi is therefore not evidence of a negro civilization!
I find this hard to believe. First of all the neolithic from which all European civilizations sprang is derived from Asia (including those of African ancestry). Second, even after the fall of the Roman Empire further advancement in Europe was still not possible without Asia, and even Europe's economy was supported by gold and salt from Africa while supplemented by spice from Asia.
Posts: 26361 | From: Atlanta, Georgia, USA | Registered: Feb 2005
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"But what was happening in Europe and Ukraine when "everything was just beginning in Sumer?" Was it really true that people there were living in caves and kurens, as they did in the Stone Age? In reality, archaeologists have discovered in Europe many bright civilizations dating back to the period between 6000-3000 BC. for the last hundred years. Among them you can find the following: Vinca, Gumelnica, Cucuteni - Trypillia. Scientists have explored many old settlements, some of them have got fortifications. Scientists have found some traces of very old metallurgy, which flourished between 5000-4500 BC on the Balkans, graves with golden treasures, and clay tables with inscriptions. These investigations have given an opportunity to make the reconstruction of "Civilization of Old Europe". The borders of this civilization ranged from Eastern Italy to the Dnipro river, from the Carpathians to the Aegean and Black Seas. But it seems, that 6000 years ago the East of Old Europe was an unknown land, a far away frontier for the inhabitants of the Danube river. The modern name of this far away land of Old Europe is Ukraine. We can translate this name into English, as "purlieu", an "outlying districts ". It was an enigmatic, rich and boundless territory Trypillians built comfortable two-storied houses. They lived on the upper floor, the ground floor was used in household aims. Several clay models of Trypillian houses and temples have been found, which help to reconstruct (reproduce) ancient architecture. An interesting collection of clay temples has been collected by Sergej Platonov of late. Literally, these finds corrected our notion about prehistoric architecture of Old Europe between 4200-3500 BC. One of them represented rectangular in plan building on platform, based on six strong pillars. The roof of the temple is semicircular, frontons are decorated with a crescent, which is similar to bull (or cow?) horns. The entrance to the temple is represented as an arc, decorated with five images of crescents. The walls are decorated with antropomorphous pillars and spiral snake symbols. The model was covered by red paint, and an incised ornament was enchased with white paint. On other models roofs were painted, it looks like they were covered by rush floor-mates An attempt to find analogies to such temples has given unexpected data. At the times of Trypillia culture the nearest region with similar rush-temples was located at Southern Mesopotamia. The remains of such houses were explored at El'Ubaid and have been known on the seals since the Uruk period (3900-3100BC). This temples are related with Nintur, incarnation of Ninkhursag, one of the most powerful goddesses of Sumer. In Southern Iraq such houses exist at present time. It is an interesting question, how and where Trypillians acquainted with the traditions of Sumer, their temples and deities Some other features of the civilization are the appearance and using of writing. Developed sign system, created by Trypillians, was the step to the creation of writing. Some from more than 300 signs (adout 12%), according to Taras Tkachuk, are similar to Sumerian: "star", "plant", "house". Trypillians used clay tokens - the same, as in Mesopotamia"
can you show us the evidence where are the pictures of these things??
Posts: 164 | Registered: Apr 2006
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Evidence for an apartheid-like social structure in early Anglo-Saxon England
Genetic Britain: How Roman, Viking and Anglo-Saxon Genes Make up the UK's DNA
These original Britons were subjugated by the Romans then displaced by an influx of Anglo Saxons from Germany and Holland in the sixth and seventh centuries AD. Later invasions by the Vikings and the Normans further altered the local population.
The Roman occupation of Britain had a profound impact on trade, culture and technology, but saw little in the way of actual immigration.
After the Roman withdrawal in around 400AD, Britain entered the Dark Ages – and found itself increasingly vulnerable to attack by outside forces.
Wave after wave of Europeans came to displace the native Britons. The three main tribes were the Angles from Angeln in northern Germany, the Saxons from Lower Saxony, and the Jutes from the Jutland Peninsular.
The study found remarkable genetic similarities between the two populations and concluded that a ‘mass migration event’ must have occurred in the Dark Ages. In other words, a flood of Anglo Saxons came to dominate the English gene pool, stopping short at the Welsh border
The Romans founded London, built roads, baths and aqueducts, overhauled trade and introduced coinage.
The Vikings brought with them words from Old Norse that remain in our language today – some of them tellingly aggressive (knife, ransack, die), some rather more elemental (husband, sky, bairn, get, call).
The Normans had arguably the greatest impact, establishing one of the oldest monarchical lines in the word, overhauling the political and legal systems, and fusing French and English words together, as well as kick-starting a thousand-year rivalry with the Old Enemy.
Mark G Thomas,1* Michael P.H Stumpf,2 and Heinrich Härke3
1Department of Biology, University College London, Wolfson House, 4 Stephenson Way
2Centre for Bioinformatics, Imperial College London, Wolfson Building,
3Department of Archaeology, School of Human and Environmental Sciences,
Fifteen generations marks the upper limit for the duration of an Anglo-Saxon/British apartheid-like social structure since, by assuming an intergenerational time of between 25 and 30 years, this is the approximate time span between the initial immigration in the middle of the fifth century and the laws of Alfred the Great (issued around AD 890), which do not contain any indications of legal status differences between Britons and Anglo-Saxons (Whitelock 1979).
Such a distinction is unlikely to have arisen in the seventh century, two centuries after the initial contact. It is much more likely to have originated in the immigration situation of the fifth and early sixth centuries. On the other hand, this ethnic distinction of two intermingling populations and its formalization in law cannot have survived for such a long period without some mechanism that perpetuated the distinction.
posted
I want to ask Simple Girl and her Crew stay out of my thread.
I don't care about what you have to say this is a thread for me and Her Majesty's Grey Puppon Eating Chap AKA Watsonispleased, for us to debate Man to Man, toe to toe.
Stick to your thread you created.
Posts: 8812 | From: The fear of his majesty had entered their hearts, they were powerless | Registered: Nov 2007
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Not everyone was free to come and go as he or she liked. Some people were slaves or 'thralls'. Slaves did the hardest, dirtiest jobs. People could be born slaves. The child of a slave mother and father was a slave too, but the child of a slave mother and a free father was free. Many slaves were people captured in a Viking raid. Viking traders sold slaves in markets, but slave-trading in England was stopped in 1102.
The Aristocracy - The Anglo-Saxon territory was divided into seven separate kingdoms commonly referred to as the heptarchy. Each kingdom was ruled by a king, the king's sons who were called aethlings and the ruling nobility known as the eoldermen. (Anglo-Saxon village) The basic unit of land was called the hide which was enough land to support one family and varied in size from 40 acres to 4 square miles. Approximately one hundred hides formed the unit known as the 'hundred', and each village or shire contained many hundreds. (another Anglo-Saxon village) For each hundred, one leader known as the 'hundred eolder' was responsible for administration, justice, and supplying military troops, as well as, leading its forces. The office was not hereditary, but by the tenth century the office was selected from among a few outstanding families.
The thane, similar to the knight, stood at the lowest echelon of the aristocracy. Good service by a thane resulted in gifts, the granting of lands, and elevation to eolderman. Members of the clergy held the title of thane as they were considered one of 'God's thanes', and bishops generally held the position of eolderman.
The Middle Class - The middle class was divided into three main classes of freemen, also known as ceorls: The geneatas, a peasant aristocracy who paid rent to their overlord, the kotsetlas, and the geburs, or lower middle class. All ceorls had the right and duty to serve in the fyrd, which was the Anglo-Saxon military. Ceorls won promotion through economic prosperity or military service. If a ceorl possessed five hides of land, he became entitled to the rights of a thane, but could not be elevated to the position of thane or eolderman.
The lower class - At the lowest end of the social strata was the slave or bondsmen, also known as the theow. Although they were slaves or bondsmen, they were entitled to certain provisions, such as grain. The slaves were allowed to own property and could earn money in their spare time which allowed them to buy their freedom. When times were difficult people sold themselves into slavery to ensure they were provisioned.
The early Anglo-Saxon society was organized around clans or tribes and was centered around a system of reciprocity called comitatus. The eoldorman expected martial service and loyalty from his thanes, and the thanes expected protection and rewards from the lord. By the middle of the ninth century the royal family of Wessex was universally recognized as the English royal family and held a hereditary right to rule. Succession to the throne was not guaranteed as the witan, or council of leaders, had the right to choose the best successor from the members of the royal house.
The military organization - As stated above, the military organization was called the fyrd, which consisted of highly trained thanes chosen from each hundred. Thanes became 'professional' warriors because their position within the society depended upon it. In peace time the thanes had to serve one month out of every three in rotation, so there was always a sizeable force on call. Loyalty to a lord was the greatest virtue for the thane, and if their lord or king died in battle, his men were expected to die avenging his death, as it was considered dishonorable to leave the battlefield on which the military leader had been slain. Those who did were executed by their lord's successor for their disloyalty. The Fyrd also served as a police force when not at war.
Religion and the role of the church - (St Alpheges church) (St. Wereburg) Besides the spiritual functions of the church, the Church also fulfilled the functions of a 'civil service', and for the nobility, an educational system. The Church and the government needed men who could read and write in English and Latin to write letters and keep accounts. (illuminated manuscripts) The words 'cleric' and 'clerk' have the same origin, and every nobleman would have at least one priest to act as a secretary.
Economy - The economy of the early middle ages was not cash based. (Anglo-Saxon clothing) Even though coins were minted, their use was not widespread, and most goods were bartered. (jewelry and pottery) Trade relied upon transport to be effective, and water was the preferred method of transport. For this reason, the most successful markets were near rivers.
Slavery was an important part of the Anglo-Saxon economy. Almost all the slaves traded in the early middle ages were captured in raids or warfare. It seems to have been the practice to kill the leaders of the losing army and enslave the local villagers. The English conquest of Cornwall led to the enslavement of many of the indigenous Celts. At the Westminster Council of 1102ce, slavery was abolished.
David Wyatt, Ph.D. (2003) in History, Cardiff University, is the Co-ordinating Lecturer in History at Cardiff University’s Centre for Lifelong Learning.
Slaves and Warriors in Medieval Britain and Ireland,800-1200
Modern sensibilities have clouded historical views of slavery, perhaps more so than any other medieval social institution. Anachronistic economic rationales and notions about the progression of European civilisation have immeasurably distorted our view of slavery in the medieval context. As a result historians have focussed their efforts upon explaining the disappearance of this medieval institution rather than seeking to understand it. This book highlights the extreme cultural/social significance of slavery for the societies of medieval Britain and Ireland c. 800-1200. Concentrating upon the lifestyle, attitudes and motivations of the slave-holders and slave-raiders, it explores the violent activities and behavioural codes of Britain and Ireland’s warrior-centred societies, illustrating the extreme significance of the institution of slavery for constructions of power, ethnic identity and gender.
The Vikings in Ireland
The Vikings first attacked Ireland in 795. They looted monasteries. They also took women and children as slaves. However the Vikings were not only raiders. They were also traders and craftsmen. In the 9th century they founded Ireland's first towns, Dublin, Wexford, Cork and Limerick. They also gave Ireland its name, a combination of the Gaelic word Eire and the Viking word land. In time the Vikings settled down. They intermarried with the Irish and accepted Christianity.
Around 940 the great High King Brian Boru was born. At that time the Danes had conquered much of the kingdom of Munster. Brian defeated them in several battles. In 968 he recaptured Cashel, the capital of Munster. After 976 Brian was king of Munster and in 1002 he became the High King of Ireland. However in 1014 Leinster, the people of Dublin and the Danes joined forces against him. Brian fought and defeated them at the battle of Clontarf on 23 April 1014, although he was killed himself. This victory ended the Viking threat to Ireland.
The Vikings in Iceland
The first people to settle in Iceland were probably Irish monks who came in the 8th century. However in the 9th century they were driven out by Vikings.
According to tradition the first Viking to discover Iceland was a man named Naddoddur who got lost while on his way to the Faeroes. Following him a Swede named Gardar Svavarsson circumnavigated Iceland about 860. However the first Viking attempt to settle was by a Norwegian named Floki Vilgeroason. He landed in the northwest but a severe winter killed his domestic animals and he sailed back to Norway. However he gave the land its name. He called it Iceland.
Then in the late 9th century many settlers came to Iceland from Norway and the Viking colonies in the British Isles. A Norwegian named Ingolfur Arnarson led them. He sailed with his family, slaves and animals.
When he sighted Iceland Ingolfur dedicated his wooden posts to his gods then threw them overboard. He vowed to settle at the place where the sea washed them up. He then explored Iceland. When the posts were found in the southwest Ingolfur and his household settled there. He called the place Reykjavik, meaning Smokey bay. Many other Vikings followed him to Iceland.
The land was free to whoever wanted it. A man could claim as much land as he could light fires around in one day while a woman could claim as much land as she could lead a heifer round in one day.
There were very good fishing grounds around Iceland and the land was well suited to sheep. Many Vikings brought flocks with them and soon sheep became a major Icelandic industry. The population of Iceland soared. By about 930 there were about 60,000 people living in Iceland.
The Peasant's Life.
Villages consisted of from 10-60 families living in rough huts on dirt floors, with no chimneys or windows. Often, one end of the hut was given over to storing livestock. Furnishings were sparse; three legged stools, a trestle table, beds on the floor softened with straw or leaves. The peasant diet was mainly porridge, cheese, black bread, and a few home-grown vegetables.
Peasants had a hard life, but they did not work on Sundays or on the frequent saints' days, and they could go to nearby fairs and markets. The lot of serfs was much harsher.
The Serf's Life.
Although not technically a slave, a serf was bound to a lord for life. He could own no property and needed the lord's permission to marry. Under no circumstance could a serf leave the land without the lord's permission unless he chose to run away. If he ran to a town and managed to stay there for a year and a day, he was a free man. However, the serf did have rights. He could not be displaced if the manor changed hands. He could not be required to fight, and he was entitled to the protection of the lord.
Posts: 22247 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010
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quote:Originally posted by adrianne: can you show us the evidence where are the pictures of these things??
I would show you some things, but this thread really isn't about southeastern Europe. I was just responding to your comments about Europe never having had any civilizations.
Posts: 676 | From: the Alpha and the Omega | Registered: Nov 2010
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posted
LOL, an Indutrialized, High I.Q White Army with Guns was wiped out by Spear Chuckers..
Isandhlwana, 1879.
The battle at Isandhlwana. The battle that took place at Isandhlwana, which is now Durban in South Africa, was part of a larger colonial campaign that the British Empire fought during the 19th century in Africa. African natives, known as the Zulus, had opposed the British occupation and scored a major victory when British troops, in response to the Zulu nation ignoring an ultimatum, marched on the capital of Ulundi. A force of some 25,000 Zulu warriors camped in wait for one of the marching British columns. The Zulus were well prepared for the battle, they had even managed to acquire a number of guns which they used to fire on the British as they marched. The British were also well prepared, and the Zulu trap was spotted by a British scout. Recognising that their opportunity was now or never, the Zulu warriors, realising they had been discovered, marched quickly on the British column. Being lightly armed and armoured, the Zulus moved quickly and were able to surround the British positions as they were adopting defensive formations. Determined waves of Zulu warriors eventually forced a hand-to-hand engagement which overwhelmed the British troops. Some 1000 British and 2000 Zulus died after the Zulu forces cut off the line of retreat back to Rorkes Drift. Once again it is interesting to consider the historical context and the way that this battle is often discussed in the British mainstream. The fact that the colours of the 24th regiment (the British unit that fought in the battle) were not captured by the enemy and were recovered after being washed up down stream from a river where it is surmised that a Lt. Coghill died defending the banner is often seen as a coded victory for the honour of the British army. What actually happened to the Regimental colours is a matter of historical interpretation as not a single soldier survived to tell the tale. Ultimately the Zulus were defeated when they pushed on to Rorkes Drift as a precursor to an invasion of the land occupied by European settlers in Natal. They were finally defeated at Ulundi when well-drilled British troops beat back a similar Zulu attack.
Spurious counter argument...
Britain conquered the Zulu capital at Ulundi soon after the battle at Isandhlwana.
This is true, but it cannot paper over the cracks of the fact that an entire column of British troops were wiped out.
quote:Originally posted by Anglo_Pyramidologist: There is no logic to this thread calling white northern europeans (particularly the ethnic-british) as savages when they colonised Africa.
If northern europeans were so primitive or savage how did they manage to conquer virtually the whole of Africa?
When the Europeans arrived with artillary, guns etc the native sub-saharan africans were living in mud huts with wooden spears.
This is how 139 british soldiers managed to defeat and defend their post from 4,000+ Zulus in the Battle of Rorke's Drift. The Zulus were primitive savages in rags with spears, while the British were armed with guns, armour, ammo and sophisticated equipment.
Handwriting is an individualistic craft and each scribe writes a little differently. However, over time the forms of letters and the style of writing have changed. Different styles have also developed for particular purposes, so that even in the same time and place, the handwriting of a majestic book of church liturgy, designed for reading aloud in solemn performance, may be different to that of a more modest book, and to that of a royal charter, and to that of a scribe in a court of law, and to that of a tired and irritable university student.
Two examples from one document showing the variations in hands between two scribes writing in essentially the same script, Caroline minuscule. The book is an 11th century manuscript, the Harley Psalter (British Library, Harley 603), by permission of the British Library.
Despite the variations, there are recognisable patterns of change which have occurred over time as writing has evolved. Styles of writing can be categorised into named scripts which can be identified as to their time and place of origin. Because of the natural variation and fluid relationships between these products of individual human creativity, the classification and nomenclature of scripts is somewhat variable. There are trends, developments of very different general categories of script, periods of diversification and periods of consolidation of styles. Change has sometimes occurred rapidly and sometimes slowly.
(See Bischoff 1990, also Brown 1990, also Jackson 1981, also Thompson 1912.)
The history of script changes reflects aspects of the history of the literate world. They are of interest not only to those who have a fascination for the changing shapes of letters, but to those with a more general interest in the history of social and cultural processes.
The scripts used by the Romans were used throughout the Empire and formed the basis for all later developments. After the fall of the Empire, surviving and reviving centres of literacy developed a diversity of scripts based on the Roman model. The script known as Caroline minuscule was developed in the revival of literacy and Classical culture which occurred under the Emperor Charlemagne. This became a standard across much of literate Europe by the 10th century. A new wave of diversification began in northern France and the Low Countries in the 11th century, resulting in the development of the large and diverse family of scripts known as Gothic. In the Renaissance period in Italy, a return to aspects of Classical culture included the revival of what were perceived as Classical scripts. This era represented the end of manuscript book production to any significant degree, although a range of stylised hands for document production remained in use.
quote:Originally posted by rahotep101: Jari you're a failre. I've shown great British structures and artworks from the Neolithic and Bronze Age, and I could go on. There are hundreds of stone circles, mounds, brochs, hill-forts etc. There are bronze and iron weapons of exquisite workmanship, and yet finer items in gold, including cups, torcs and ceremonial capes.
Yet way more exists, naturally in the vast Sub-Saharan region of the African continent alone.
quote:
Strange how they look strikingly similar to much older Nile African artifacts.
^ The last is a Nubian dagger. Of course due to the close resemblances slow minds like Simpleton would assume direct "influence". LOL
But I forgot, you again you don't consider Egyptians, Nubians, and other northeast Africans as 'black' because they don't live below the Sahara. LOLPosts: 26361 | From: Atlanta, Georgia, USA | Registered: Feb 2005
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quote:Originally posted by Anglo_Pyramidologist: ''I want you to prove they were not'' ====
I've already done this before on many other forums. lets go to my photobucket again then...
The popular idea that the ancestors of the British were painted savages has no foundation in fact. It was a custom of the Picts and other branches of the Celtic and Gothic nations to make themselves look terrible in war, from whence came the Roman term 'savage'. The 'painting' was in reality tattooing
Far from these ancestral Britons having been mere painted savages, roaming wild in the woods as we are imaginatively told in most of the modern histories, they are now, on the contrary, as disclosed by newly found historical facts given by Professor Waddell, known to have been, from the very first grounding of their galley keels upon these shores, over a millennium and a half before the Christian era, a literate race, pioneers of civilization. The universally held belief that the mixed race has prevailed during many centuries; this belief, however, is now fading out of the scientific mind and giving place to the exact opposite. Britons, Celts, Gaels, Anglo-Saxons, Danes and Normans when warring with each other were kinsmen shedding kindred blood.
- "Celt, Druid and Culdee" (1973) by Isabel Hill Elder
Basically Elder compiled all the sources proving the indigenous pre-Roman British were never savages. When the Romans arrived they found roads, advanced agriculture, universities (Csesar wrote the Druids had libraries of over 20,000 books) etc.
Posts: 22247 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010
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quote:Some other features of the civilization are the appearance and using of writing. Developed sign system, created by Trypillians, was the step to the creation of writing. Some from more than 300 signs (adout 12%), according to Taras Tkachuk, are similar to Sumerian: "star", "plant", "house". Trypillians used clay tokens - the same, as in Mesopotamia.
Romans introduced written scripture.
Stop the fantasies!
Posts: 22247 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010
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posted
^ The Tripillya culture is Neolithic and precedes Rome by millennia. However the script that the Romans introduced to the rest of Europe is derived from Greek and Etruscan which originates from the Near East. Even the Neolithic culture of Tripillia is Near Eastern in origin so.
Posts: 26361 | From: Atlanta, Georgia, USA | Registered: Feb 2005
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quote:Originally posted by Anglophile_Pyramidiot: ''I want you to prove they were not'' ====
I've already done this before on many other forums. lets go to my photobucket again then...
The popular idea that the ancestors of the British were painted savages has no foundation in fact. It was a custom of the Picts and other branches of the Celtic and Gothic nations to make themselves look terrible in war, from whence came the Roman term 'savage'. The 'painting' was in reality tattooing
Far from these ancestral Britons having been mere painted savages, roaming wild in the woods as we are imaginatively told in most of the modern histories, they are now, on the contrary, as disclosed by newly found historical facts given by Professor Waddell, known to have been, from the very first grounding of their galley keels upon these shores, over a millennium and a half before the Christian era, a literate race, pioneers of civilization. The universally held belief that the mixed race has prevailed during many centuries; this belief, however, is now fading out of the scientific mind and giving place to the exact opposite. Britons, Celts, Gaels, Anglo-Saxons, Danes and Normans when warring with each other were kinsmen shedding kindred blood.
- "Celt, Druid and Culdee" (1973) by Isabel Hill Elder
Basically Elder compiled all the sources proving the indigenous pre-Roman British were never savages. When the Romans arrived they found roads, advanced agriculture, universities (Csesar wrote the Druids had libraries of over 20,000 books) etc.
The first and perhaps only time I agree with you Anglophile. You are correct that the Celts did have civilization and advanced culture long before Roman contact. I'm not Jari so I have never bashed northern European cultures, but I do point out the common bias many north Europeans tend to have to look to Rome and Greece for cultural heritage and not their own Celtic or Germanic ancestry.
However your are deeply mistaken if you think you can white-wash the history of the rest of the world. Posts: 26361 | From: Atlanta, Georgia, USA | Registered: Feb 2005
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posted
PhotoBucket indeed, as I said when it first posted by the Tin Isles man back in January, Is this the best you can do, post a snippet from an ethnocentric enthusiast non-academic 1931 British Israelite source Colquhoun's Our Descent from Israel Proved by Cumulative [non-] Evidence? Talk about cranks and loons, your choice of source debunks itself, no matter who here swallows it up as valid academia.
For those who do I highly suggest they go read it here.
Enter "ancient inhabitants" in the Search inside box or save yourself the trouble and look at the table of contents.
For an accurate popular account of Ireland noting the current Irish back to the bronze age were not the indigenees get a hold of the following DVD
In search of ancient Ireland a co-production of Thirteen/WNET New York New York: PBS Home Video; Burbank, Calif.: Warner Home Video, 2003
or read this serious book
Carmel McCaffrey & Leo Eaton In search of ancient Ireland: the origins of the Irish from neolithic times to the coming of the English Chicago: New Amsterdam Books, 2002
Either choice will serve you better than the sloppy scholarship of cracker Eurocentricism. "What cracker is this same that deafes our eares with this abundance of superfluous breath?" Shakespeare King John, Act II, Scene 1 1594
quote:Originally posted by Anglo_Pyramidologist: (Csesar wrote the Druids had libraries of over 20,000 books) etc.
Care to give a direct contextual quote from Caesar on this along with its complete academic citation.
Posts: 8014 | From: the Tekrur in the Western Sahel | Registered: Feb 2006
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quote:Some other features of the civilization are the appearance and using of writing. Developed sign system, created by Trypillians, was the step to the creation of writing. Some from more than 300 signs (adout 12%), according to Taras Tkachuk, are similar to Sumerian: "star", "plant", "house". Trypillians used clay tokens - the same, as in Mesopotamia.
Romans introduced written scripture.
Stop the fantasies!
There's no fantasies here. The Tartarian tablets of Romania predate Sumerian proto-symbols by 1000 years. The Tartaria symbols are virtually identical to the Sumerian symbols.
The two compared despite 1000 years separating the two:
Posts: 676 | From: the Alpha and the Omega | Registered: Nov 2010
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posted
^Jari already made a request directed especially at you to go to YOUR thread. Stop running, we're waiting.
Posts: 1502 | From: Dies Irae | Registered: Oct 2010
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This thread was not created to be serious but for me to give Sir.Watson and his side kick Tinman a taste of their own medicine. I don't have a problem with Northern European culture.
If Sir.Watson wants more I have more for his Grey Puppon arse.
quote:Originally posted by Djehuti:
quote:Originally posted by Anglophile_Pyramidiot: ''I want you to prove they were not'' ====
I've already done this before on many other forums. lets go to my photobucket again then...
The popular idea that the ancestors of the British were painted savages has no foundation in fact. It was a custom of the Picts and other branches of the Celtic and Gothic nations to make themselves look terrible in war, from whence came the Roman term 'savage'. The 'painting' was in reality tattooing
Far from these ancestral Britons having been mere painted savages, roaming wild in the woods as we are imaginatively told in most of the modern histories, they are now, on the contrary, as disclosed by newly found historical facts given by Professor Waddell, known to have been, from the very first grounding of their galley keels upon these shores, over a millennium and a half before the Christian era, a literate race, pioneers of civilization. The universally held belief that the mixed race has prevailed during many centuries; this belief, however, is now fading out of the scientific mind and giving place to the exact opposite. Britons, Celts, Gaels, Anglo-Saxons, Danes and Normans when warring with each other were kinsmen shedding kindred blood.
- "Celt, Druid and Culdee" (1973) by Isabel Hill Elder
Basically Elder compiled all the sources proving the indigenous pre-Roman British were never savages. When the Romans arrived they found roads, advanced agriculture, universities (Csesar wrote the Druids had libraries of over 20,000 books) etc.
The first and perhaps only time I agree with you Anglophile. You are correct that the Celts did have civilization and advanced culture long before Roman contact. I'm not Jari so I have never bashed northern European cultures, but I do point out the common bias many north Europeans tend to have to look to Rome and Greece for cultural heritage and not their own Celtic or Germanic ancestry.
However your are deeply mistaken if you think you can white-wash the history of the rest of the world.
Posts: 8812 | From: The fear of his majesty had entered their hearts, they were powerless | Registered: Nov 2007
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Standardized designs identified on 60,000-year-old water containers By Bruce Bower March 1, 2010 Web edition : 3:04 pm
Long before human communication evolved into incessant tapping on computer keys, people scratched on eggshells.
Don’t laugh—researchers say a cache of ostrich eggshells engraved with geometric designs demonstrates the existence of a symbolic communication system around 60,000 years ago among African hunter-gatherers.
The unusually large sample of 270 engraved eggshell fragments, mostly excavated over the past several years at Diepkloof Rock Shelter in South Africa, displays two standard design patterns, according to a team led by archaeologist Pierre-Jean Texier of the University of Bordeaux 1 in Talence, France. Each pattern enjoyed its own heyday between approximately 65,000 and 55,000 years ago, the investigators report in a paper to be published this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
Researchers already knew that the Howiesons Poort culture, which engraved the eggshells, engaged in other symbolic practices, such as engraving designs into pieces of pigment, that were considered to have been crucial advances in human behavioral evolution. But the Diepkloof finds represent the first archaeological sample large enough to demonstrate that Stone Age people created design traditions, at least in their engravings, Texier says.
Evidence of intentionally produced holes in several Diepkloof eggshells indicates that ancient people made what amounted to canteens out of them, a practice that researchers have documented among modern hunter-gatherers in southern Africa.
The engraved patterns probably identified the eggshells as the property of certain groups or communities, Texier proposes.
“The Diepkloof engravings were clearly made for visual display and recognized as such by a large audience comprising members of a community, and probably members of related communities,” comments University of Bordeaux 1 archaeologist Francesco d’Errico, who was not involved in the new study.
D’Errico participated in the recent unearthing of 13 pieces of engraved pigment at South Africa’s Blombos Cave dating to between 100,000 and 75,000 years ago. Along with perforated sea shells and other personal ornaments previously excavated in Africa and the Middle East, these discoveries show that items holding symbolic meaning were made more than 60,000 years ago by both modern humans and Neandertals.
Even more exciting, according to archaeologist Curtis Marean of Arizona State University in Tempe, is the presence of drinking spouts in the South African eggshells. Water containers opened a new world of travel across arid regions for ancient people, he notes.
“The ability to carry and store water is a breakthrough technological advance, and here we have excellent evidence for it very early,” Marean says. “Wow!”
Eggshell fragments from the oldest sediment layers at Diepkloof display a hatched-band motif. These engravings consist of two long, parallel lines intersected by varying numbers of short lines. Some specimens contain one hatched band, while others display remnants of two or three. Engravers always fashioned parallel lines first and then inserted regularly spaced intersecting lines, Texier says.
Eggshells from younger soil layers at Diepkloof contain patterns consisting of deeply engraved, parallel lines that sometimes converge or intersect. One eggshell fragment from these layers exhibits a different pattern—slightly curved horizontal lines that cross a central, vertical line.
Of the many Howiesons Poort sites in southern Africa that have yielded ostrich eggshells, only Diepkloof shows evidence of stylistic engraving traditions, Texier says.
The point is simple Africans have been doing that sort of thing for countless millenium
Out of Africa
Well actually, according to a growing number of experts, it did happen sooner. A lot sooner. In fact, there’s evidence that the beginnings of cultural modernity may have occurred at least seventy-five thousand years ago. It’s just that it wasn’t in Europe that these stirrings of modernity first showed up, but in South Africa. In recent years, excavations at two important sites on the coastline of South Africa – Howieson’s Poort and Blombos Cave – have uncovered startling new evidence of symbolic behavior by our human ancestors a full thirty-five thousand years before the Upper Paleolithic revolution in Europe. Some of the findings include engraved ostrich eggshells and perforated shells that were probably used as personal ornaments, but the most striking treasure unearthed to date has been one particular piece of ochre with a series of complex cross-hatched lines engraved into it.[1] [Figure 3.] These lines, in the view of archaeologists Renfrew and Mellars “seem certainly to be deliberate patterning” and represent “the earliest unambiguous forms of abstract ‘art’ so far recorded,” and, along with the other findings, suggest that “the human revolution developed first in Africa … between 150,000 and 70,000 years ago.”[2] In fact, some additional engraved pieces have been found that are even older, leading Mellars to assert that “there is now no question that explicitly symbolic behavior was taking place by 100,000 years ago or earlier. http://jeremylent.wordpress.com/Posts: 6546 | From: japan | Registered: Feb 2009
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posted
''Care to give a direct contextual quote from Caesar on this along with its complete academic citation'' ==========
Caesar. de Bell. Gal. lib. vi.
According to Caesar the Druids had to memorise tens of thousands of verses. They read these and stored them in their memory, but did not learn how to write because of their superior memory power.
Now tens of thousands of verses would required thousands of books and obviously those books were stored in libraries.
Posts: 1575 | From: - | Registered: May 2011
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The British Isles were renowed in classical antiquity for being a major source for tin mining, but also gold.
According to Herodotus, gold sat in large quantaties 'in the far north'
Ancient Greek and Roman literature is filled with descriptions of the northern people of Europe (especially the Celts of Britain) who had large sums of gold.
Early Roman writers believed that the ancient Celts had large quantities of gold. Virgil wrote on the Celts as having wore golden jewellery: “…resplendent in their striped cloaks, and their white necks are circled with gold.” (Aeneid, 8. 658). The Greek historian and philosopher Dio Chrysostom in the 1st century AD wrote the following in his Oratation regarding the Celts:
“It is they (the Druids) who command, and kings on thrones of gold, dwelling in splendid palaces, are but their ministers, and the servants of their thoughts.”
-Oratation, 49
Celtic kings in gold palaces, hardly a description of 'savages'...
Farming
At Knap of Howar on the Orkney Island of Papa Westray, lies the “oldest preserved farmhouse in Northern Europe”, dating concluded it was occupied from atleast 3500BC.
In 2001, in Scotland a “Neolithic” or “New Stone Age” farmhouse was discovered and reported in The Times newspaper:
“The remains of a Stone Age farmhouse, built more than 1,000 years before the pyramidshave been uncovered by archaeologists in a cornfield in Perthshire (Scotland). Dr Barclay said the size and built strength of the farmhouse indicated that the Neolithic people were skilled engineers. “This is no shack that somebody has thrown up. It is an enormous, very sophisticated piece of engineering, built to last. The only other evidence we had was of much smaller, lighter structures. This proves that the Neolithic people were engineers as skilled and intelligent as modern man.”
- The Times, 7/9/01
Posts: 1575 | From: - | Registered: May 2011
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posted
I don't see any contextual quote of Caesar's own words. Is that because like other oral tradition societies they had "talking books," i.e., djeli, pre-mishna Hebrew sages, etc., and that's all he had to tell us about?
"(Csesar wrote the Druids had libraries of over 20,000 books)" is a lie fabricated by cracker Eurocentricism.
This will not be a back and forth debate. You are a pyramidiot not worth the time of anyone interested in serious scholarship of accurate historiography. I would prove myself a fool were I to take further notice of you.
Mining is no superior technological craft. Iron ore was mined in Swaziland minimally 41,000 years ago and let's hope by Roman times farming was going on since it was introduced into Europe a good 6000 years earlier. At the time of your farmhouses Soninke were civilly engineering 400 stone towns with perfect street plans in southeast Mauritania.
Quit clowning. No high civilization involved. This is basic human culture. Your people are no better than any people in Africa either then or now. Over it.
quote:Originally posted by Anglo_Pyramidologist: ''Care to give a direct contextual quote from Caesar on this along with its complete academic citation'' ==========
Caesar. de Bell. Gal. lib. vi.
According to Caesar the Druids had to memorise tens of thousands of verses. They read these and stored them in their memory, but did not learn how to write because of their superior memory power.
Now tens of thousands of verses would required thousands of books and obviously those books were stored in libraries.
Posts: 8014 | From: the Tekrur in the Western Sahel | Registered: Feb 2006
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quote:Some other features of the civilization are the appearance and using of writing. Developed sign system, created by Trypillians, was the step to the creation of writing. Some from more than 300 signs (adout 12%), according to Taras Tkachuk, are similar to Sumerian: "star", "plant", "house". Trypillians used clay tokens - the same, as in Mesopotamia.
Romans introduced written scripture.
Stop the fantasies!
There's no fantasies here. The Tartarian tablets of Romania predate Sumerian proto-symbols by 1000 years. The Tartaria symbols are virtually identical to the Sumerian symbols.
The two compared despite 1000 years separating the two:
You need to read the previous post. To see the different light of the composition.
Has this "script" been decoded?
Thanks for your time.
Posts: 22247 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010
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quote:Originally posted by Djehuti: ^ The Tripillya culture is Neolithic and precedes Rome by millennia. However the script that the Romans introduced to the rest of Europe is derived from Greek and Etruscan which originates from the Near East. Even the Neolithic culture of Tripillia is Near Eastern in origin so.
I know about this Djehuti, but I have posted additional information prior to this.
Posts: 22247 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010
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quote:Originally posted by Anglo_Pyramidologist: ''Is this the best you can do'' ====
Gold and Tin Mining
The British Isles were renowed in classical antiquity for being a major source for tin mining, but also gold.
According to Herodotus, gold sat in large quantaties 'in the far north'
Ancient Greek and Roman literature is filled with descriptions of the northern people of Europe (especially the Celts of Britain) who had large sums of gold.
Early Roman writers believed that the ancient Celts had large quantities of gold. Virgil wrote on the Celts as having wore golden jewellery: “…resplendent in their striped cloaks, and their white necks are circled with gold.” (Aeneid, 8. 658). The Greek historian and philosopher Dio Chrysostom in the 1st century AD wrote the following in his Oratation regarding the Celts:
“It is they (the Druids) who command, and kings on thrones of gold, dwelling in splendid palaces, are but their ministers, and the servants of their thoughts.”
-Oratation, 49
Celtic kings in gold palaces, hardly a description of 'savages'...
Farming
At Knap of Howar on the Orkney Island of Papa Westray, lies the “oldest preserved farmhouse in Northern Europe”, dating concluded it was occupied from atleast 3500BC.
In 2001, in Scotland a “Neolithic” or “New Stone Age” farmhouse was discovered and reported in The Times newspaper:
“The remains of a Stone Age farmhouse, built more than 1,000 years before the pyramidshave been uncovered by archaeologists in a cornfield in Perthshire (Scotland). Dr Barclay said the size and built strength of the farmhouse indicated that the Neolithic people were skilled engineers. “This is no shack that somebody has thrown up. It is an enormous, very sophisticated piece of engineering, built to last. The only other evidence we had was of much smaller, lighter structures. This proves that the Neolithic people were engineers as skilled and intelligent as modern man.”
- The Times, 7/9/01
What I have learned during my schooldays is that Romans entered Europe and saw other Europeans (from the North) as barbarians.
I also wonder, how did they live before this structures were designed?
It as also known that Cicero a Roman advisor, statesman and lawyer; badly adviced to buy British slave. Because the were too stupid to actually learn quickly.
From the writhing of some authors, they have a tendency to "romancize" the whole thing.
The Dolaucothi Gold Mine
It’s guaranteed you’ll have a problem—keeping your eyes on the A482 road up the Cothi Valley—the scenery is just too distracting. The road winds between unpopulated high green hills and glides between wooded valleys.
The Dolaucothi Gold Mines, a scheduled ancient monument, are located in this scenic setting just outside the village of Pumsaint.
Archaeologists "believe" that mining took place here as early as the Bronze Age.
The gold was close to the surface and often found in crevasses.
They know the Romans took out over ½ million ton of rock, leaving behind chasms and pits when they mined gold veins.
Rolling ground and humps in the landscape are a result of land that was dumped when the mines were excavated.
At first the mine was under the Roman military government, then went into private ownership. Gold was sent to the Roman mints after the emperor took his 50% cut.
The Romans used slaves rather than explosives to work the mine. The slaves spent their days hammering, chiseling and wedging through hard rock to get at the rim-like veins in the hills.
The Romans left in the 4th century, leaving barracks, bathhouses and other town remains—they’d built a fort above the river Cothi where it meets its western tributary.
Things were quiet until the 1930’s when a shaft was sunk to 480 ft. Mining didn’t last long and things were shut down for good until the National Trust took over the site. Many of the tunnels and sublevels are now cut off, due to water flooding them.
A visitor can take two tours of the mines: the Roman Tour and an Underground Tour. Each lasts one hour and is physically demanding. There are 75 steps to climb up the hillside to one of the mined caverns, but the view makes the climb worthwhile. Although there’s not a lot to see in the cavern, it does give you a picture of what it would be like to spend your days in this dark, dank place. The underground tour is not for those with claustrophobia. A note for parents bringing their children along—those under five are not allowed on the tours.
1930’s mining machinery from another site is on display. If you’re not physically able to go on the tours, you can still learn all the details and mining history from the informative exhibition and the AV presentation.
The Dolaucothi Estate has lots of waymarked walks. The Visitor Centre and shop have all the details. There’s a local history centre in the village of Pumsaint.
The village of Pumsaint belongs to the National Trust. The Red Kite Visitor Centre is located in the Old Coach House. There are displays on the oak woodlands, the traditional nesting place of the red kite. The red kite almost became extinct last century when they were considered vermin and eradicated in Scotland and England. Fortunately, they survived in Wales in small numbers and are now on the way back from extinction.
Source: National Trust.
Posts: 22247 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010
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quote:Originally posted by alTakruri: a lie fabricated by cracker Eurocentricism.
these honkeys need to be more scholarli
Evidence for an apartheid-like social structure in early Anglo-Saxon England
Genetic Britain: How Roman, Viking and Anglo-Saxon Genes Make up the UK's DNA
These original Britons were subjugated by the Romans then displaced by an influx of Anglo Saxons from Germany and Holland in the sixth and seventh centuries AD.
Later invasions by the Vikings and the Normans further altered the local population.
The Roman occupation of Britain had a profound impact on trade, culture and technology, but saw little in the way of actual immigration.
After the Roman withdrawal in around 400AD, Britain entered the Dark Ages – and found itself increasingly vulnerable to attack by outside forces.
Wave after wave of Europeans came to displace the native Britons.
The three main tribes were the Angles from Angeln in northern Germany, the Saxons from Lower Saxony, and the Jutes from the Jutland Peninsular.
The study found remarkable genetic similarities between the two populations and concluded that a ‘mass migration event’ must have occurred in the Dark Ages. In other words, a flood of Anglo Saxons came to dominate the English gene pool, stopping short at the Welsh border
The Romans founded London, built roads, baths and aqueducts, overhauled trade and introduced coinage.
The Vikings brought with them words from Old Norse that remain in our language today – some of them tellingly aggressive (knife, ransack, die), some rather more elemental (husband, sky, bairn, get, call).
The Normans had arguably the greatest impact, establishing one of the oldest monarchical lines in the word, overhauling the political and legal systems, and fusing French and English words together, as well as kick-starting a thousand-year rivalry with the Old Enemy.
Mark G Thomas,1* Michael P.H Stumpf,2 and Heinrich Härke3
1Department of Biology, University College London, Wolfson House, 4 Stephenson Way
2Centre for Bioinformatics, Imperial College London, Wolfson Building,
3Department of Archaeology, School of Human and Environmental Sciences,
Fifteen generations marks the upper limit for the duration of an Anglo-Saxon/British apartheid-like social structure since, by assuming an intergenerational time of between 25 and 30 years, this is the approximate time span between the initial immigration in the middle of the fifth century and the laws of Alfred the Great (issued around AD 890), which do not contain any indications of legal status differences between Britons and Anglo-Saxons (Whitelock 1979).
Such a distinction is unlikely to have arisen in the seventh century, two centuries after the initial contact. It is much more likely to have originated in the immigration situation of the fifth and early sixth centuries. On the other hand, this ethnic distinction of two intermingling populations and its formalization in law cannot have survived for such a long period without some mechanism that perpetuated the distinction.
posted
Jari, dear... For your information I've never eaten Grey Puppon, or even *Poupon*, in my life. Your calumnies and gratuitous insults are pathetic. The most savage of my remote ancestors were surely more civil than you know how to be.
If you cannot appreciate and admit the superior artistry of the objects shown, especially from the Celtic Iron Age, then that speaks more of your cultural bias and philistinism than anything else. As I say, I don't particularly care about ignorant opinion, however. You're just a sore loser.
Ancient Britain achieved greater things than most sub-Saharan African cutures ever did. It did so long before it even got into its stride as a civilization in medieval times, and none of this owed anything to the Greeks or Romans. Show me the sub-saharan Salisbury Cathedral or Wilton Diptych, or name the black Chaucer, William Ockham or Duns Scotus of equivalent age. That will impress me.
You alleged that Britons were nomads here, you forgetful fool> 'Admit it without Roman and Greek Subjugation your people were Barbaric nomads without a pot to piss in...' Nomads we were not, and as I have shown, we had some very posh pots! We were never subjects to the Greeks, and sizeable portions of the British Isles were never taken by the Romans either (namely Scotland and Ireland).
You also suggested, previously that Britons owed something to Indians, which is another laugh. How many miles of railway did India lay down in England? How many English widows were saved from being burned alive at the husband's funerals by well-meaning Hindus? Please...
I'm perfectly proud of my UK heritage, but I also happen to be interested in ancient Egypt, and it's none of your business if I choose to use an Egyptian name. Ra, if he existed, might be moderately satisfied by the endeavour of defending modern Egyptians from the slanders of afrocentrists who want to cast them as impostors, and pretend that the ancien Egyptians were negroes.
I don't pretend to descend from Egyptians, despite the fact that the Scots have an ancient legend to that effect (that of Scota, who was a mythical wandering Egyptian princess), so I could so-pretend if I was of a romantic bent. There are no time-honoured legends linking royal Egyptians to black west Africans, as far as I'm aware. Not that west Africans had chroniclers to set down their stories, unlike the medieval Scots, who had Walter Bower, among others.
Britons progressed, Africans did not. Black Africa seldom even came up to the level of Islamic Egypt, which is where the oldest universities were established, and where great architecture continued to be raised. Nothing in black Africa compares to the Mameluk mosques of Cairo, for instance.
Modern African politicians shamelessly embezzling western aid money while their people suffer- this quite adequately reveals the inherent honour of the African! There are 100,000-200,000 child-sildiers in modern Africa. Is it whites who are conscripting them?
The Zulus were brave warriors, true, but they fought with spears, wrote nothing, and lived in round huts with dirt floors, such as Britons had abandoned two thousand years previously. Left alone would the Zulus ever have invented steam engines or bolt-action rifles? I doubt it! They were less advanced, in the nineteenth century AD, than were the Celts of several century BC. Who can vouch for how fragrant they were after spending the day with cattle or running to battle? Were there public baths in Zululand? Was there a Zulu William Lever? Did a philanthropic Zulu soap factory owner ever build a beautiful little town for his workers? I think not.
Posts: 870 | From: uk | Registered: Apr 2011
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posted
^^^^ Ive watched some of your video, I like how you are trying to play the victim. Why don't you post some of the replies that made me insult your ancestors. From day one you have insulted my ancestors and other Africans time and time again despite countless posters here provinding evidence of sophisticated culture in Africa.
If Ausar had not deleted that thread I Could have posted what you wrote in the Civilization thread, but I will be making a counted video with your racist replies and a explanation.
Huh, what a drag now I have to make a video, Im supposed to be on my break.
I don't feel like doing this sh@t..
Oh well.. Posts: 8812 | From: The fear of his majesty had entered their hearts, they were powerless | Registered: Nov 2007
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quote:Originally posted by alTakruri: I don't see any contextual quote of Caesar's own words. Is that because like other oral tradition societies they had "talking books," i.e., djeli, pre-mishna Hebrew sages, etc., and that's all he had to tell us about?
"(Csesar wrote the Druids had libraries of over 20,000 books)" is a lie fabricated by cracker Eurocentricism.
This will not be a back and forth debate. You are a pyramidiot not worth the time of anyone interested in serious scholarship of accurate historiography. I would prove myself a fool were I to take further notice of you.
Mining is no superior technological craft. Iron ore was mined in Swaziland minimally 41,000 years ago and let's hope by Roman times farming was going on since it was introduced into Europe a good 6000 years earlier. At the time of your farmhouses Soninke were civilly engineering 400 stone towns with perfect street plans in southeast Mauritania.
Quit clowning. No high civilization involved. This is basic human culture. Your people are no better than any people in Africa either then or now. Over it.
quote:Originally posted by Anglo_Pyramidologist: ''Care to give a direct contextual quote from Caesar on this along with its complete academic citation'' ==========
Caesar. de Bell. Gal. lib. vi.
According to Caesar the Druids had to memorise tens of thousands of verses. They read these and stored them in their memory, but did not learn how to write because of their superior memory power.
Now tens of thousands of verses would required thousands of books and obviously those books were stored in libraries.
Posts: 8812 | From: The fear of his majesty had entered their hearts, they were powerless | Registered: Nov 2007
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posted
Excuse the non impartial biased cheer-leading but Kick his Jeri kick his Azz kick his AZZ!!!
Posts: 6546 | From: japan | Registered: Feb 2009
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quote:Originally posted by Just call me Jari: ^^^^ Ive watched some of your video, I like how you are trying to play the victim. Why don't you post some of the replies that made me insult your ancestors. From day one you have insulted my ancestors and other Africans time and time again despite countless posters here provinding evidence of sophisticated culture in Africa.
If Ausar had not deleted that thread I Could have posted what you wrote in the Civilization thread, but I will be making a counted video with your racist replies and a explanation.
Huh, what a drag now I have to make a video, Im supposed to be on my break.
I don't feel like doing this sh@t..
Oh well..
No one made you insult my ancestors, you took it upon yourself to do that. It pissed you off because you could not name an African equivalent to some of the illustrious early Europeans who have been listed. You thought you could take it out on the ancient Britons, calling them 'savages of savages'. In fact they turn out to have been quite a cultured and spiritual lot, great farmers, warriors, engineers, and artists and no strangers to soap. I really think we ought to draw a line under this as all this acrimony profits no-one.
Posts: 870 | From: uk | Registered: Apr 2011
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posted
^^^^ No Rahotep what pisses me off is people always trying to imply that anything great in Africa was the result of Eurasian invaders, Arabs, Europeans, anyone except Africans.
Despite countless posters provinding evidence you keep on insisting that "Nubia is a colony" "Ethiopia was a result of Arab or Semites" You insulted the Lip Plate Ethiopians, Claimed Kilwa and Mogudishu was created by Persians and Arabs, so on and so on.
I actually do believe the Romans were white and I do believe that Ancient Britons had an advanced culture, but I wanted to give you a taste of your own medicine by continuing to claim your people were savages no matter how much evidence you provided I kept on dismissing it, and claiming Greece and Rome were not white or Europeans despite the obvious.
If I knew you would have gotten this upset I prob. would have left well enough alone after Ausar deleted the other thread, but you know what Im glad, Now you know how it feels to have your people degraded and insulted and all their contributions dismissed.
Im going to make a video response and we can draw the line from here.
Im not an Afrocentric at all. Ask Asante how I feel about slave trading African Empires.
Posts: 8812 | From: The fear of his majesty had entered their hearts, they were powerless | Registered: Nov 2007
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It is true jari is not afro centric he actually hates african yet he still makes threads showing how great african culture is lmao You are one confused oreo jari
Posts: 1064 | Registered: Jan 2011
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posted
I speak as I find. I can't think of any great architectural monuments in Nubia that predate the period of Egyptian influence. If you show me them, I will acknowledge the fact. It seems to be a matter of historical record that Kilwa and Mogadishu were founded by Persians. I have not denied the sophistication of Yoruba and certain Nok artifacts, and there does seem to have been more going on in that corner of Africa than I imagined.
It's an accident of birth what colour one is, and who one's ancestors were, so no basis for any kind of chauvinism. It doesn't mean one can't judge historical cultures against each other. Cultural relativism is a way of making excuses for backwardness. Ayaan Hirsi Ali is an admirable African in part because she doesn't feel obliged to accept the detrimental baggage from her own heritage, and is able to embrace the positive aspects of western civilization and modernity.
I'm disgusted by the ideas of head-hunting, human sacrifice and slave-taking whoever did it, so clearly I would not defend every aspect of ancient European culture. (That said, I doubt the Celtic religions were as bloodthirsty as the Romans made out. Many times more people were killed in the Roman arenas than ever were on Druidic altars). Slavery has been a shameful feature of otherwise-great civilizations all over the world. Peoples as advanced as the Carthaginians were said to resort to human sacrifice.
Posts: 870 | From: uk | Registered: Apr 2011
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quote:Originally posted by rahotep101: Jari, dear... For your information I've never eaten Grey Puppon, or even *Poupon*, in my life. Your calumnies and gratuitous insults are pathetic. The most savage of my remote ancestors were surely more civil than you know how to be.
If you cannot appreciate and admit the superior artistry of the objects shown, especially from the Celtic Iron Age, then that speaks more of your cultural bias and philistinism than anything else. As I say, I don't particularly care about ignorant opinion, however. You're just a sore loser.
Ancient Britain achieved greater things than most sub-Saharan African cutures ever did. It did so long before it even got into its stride as a civilization in medieval times, and none of this owed anything to the Greeks or Romans. Show me the sub-saharan Salisbury Cathedral or Wilton Diptych, or name the black Chaucer, William Ockham or Duns Scotus of equivalent age. That will impress me.
You alleged that Britons were nomads here, you forgetful fool> 'Admit it without Roman and Greek Subjugation your people were Barbaric nomads without a pot to piss in...' Nomads we were not, and as I have shown, we had some very posh pots! We were never subjects to the Greeks, and sizeable portions of the British Isles were never taken by the Romans either (namely Scotland and Ireland).
You also suggested, previously that Britons owed something to Indians, which is another laugh. How many miles of railway did India lay down in England? How many English widows were saved from being burned alive at the husband's funerals by well-meaning Hindus? Please...
I'm perfectly proud of my UK heritage, but I also happen to be interested in ancient Egypt, and it's none of your business if I choose to use an Egyptian name. Ra, if he existed, might be moderately satisfied by the endeavour of defending modern Egyptians from the slanders of afrocentrists who want to cast them as impostors, and pretend that the ancien Egyptians were negroes.
I don't pretend to descend from Egyptians, despite the fact that the Scots have an ancient legend to that effect (that of Scota, who was a mythical wandering Egyptian princess), so I could so-pretend if I was of a romantic bent. There are no time-honoured legends linking royal Egyptians to black west Africans, as far as I'm aware. Not that west Africans had chroniclers to set down their stories, unlike the medieval Scots, who had Walter Bower, among others.
Britons progressed, Africans did not. Black Africa seldom even came up to the level of Islamic Egypt, which is where the oldest universities were established, and where great architecture continued to be raised. Nothing in black Africa compares to the Mameluk mosques of Cairo, for instance.
Modern African politicians shamelessly embezzling western aid money while their people suffer- this quite adequately reveals the inherent honour of the African! There are 100,000-200,000 child-sildiers in modern Africa. Is it whites who are conscripting them?
The Zulus were brave warriors, true, but they fought with spears, wrote nothing, and lived in round huts with dirt floors, such as Britons had abandoned two thousand years previously. Left alone would the Zulus ever have invented steam engines or bolt-action rifles? I doubt it! They were less advanced, in the nineteenth century AD, than were the Celts of several century BC. Who can vouch for how fragrant they were after spending the day with cattle or running to battle? Were there public baths in Zululand? Was there a Zulu William Lever? Did a philanthropic Zulu soap factory owner ever build a beautiful little town for his workers? I think not.
quote:Originally posted by rahotep101: Jari, dear... For your information I've never eaten Grey Puppon, or even *Poupon*, in my life. Your calumnies and gratuitous insults are pathetic. The most savage of my remote ancestors were surely more civil than you know how to be.
If you cannot appreciate and admit the superior artistry of the objects shown, especially from the Celtic Iron Age, then that speaks more of your cultural bias and philistinism than anything else. As I say, I don't particularly care about ignorant opinion, however. You're just a sore loser.
Ancient Britain achieved greater things than most sub-Saharan African cutures ever did. It did so long before it even got into its stride as a civilization in medieval times, and none of this owed anything to the Greeks or Romans. Show me the sub-saharan Salisbury Cathedral or Wilton Diptych, or name the black Chaucer, William Ockham or Duns Scotus of equivalent age. That will impress me.
You alleged that Britons were nomads here, you forgetful fool> 'Admit it without Roman and Greek Subjugation your people were Barbaric nomads without a pot to piss in...' Nomads we were not, and as I have shown, we had some very posh pots! We were never subjects to the Greeks, and sizeable portions of the British Isles were never taken by the Romans either (namely Scotland and Ireland).
You also suggested, previously that Britons owed something to Indians, which is another laugh. How many miles of railway did India lay down in England? How many English widows were saved from being burned alive at the husband's funerals by well-meaning Hindus? Please...
I'm perfectly proud of my UK heritage, but I also happen to be interested in ancient Egypt, and it's none of your business if I choose to use an Egyptian name. Ra, if he existed, might be moderately satisfied by the endeavour of defending modern Egyptians from the slanders of afrocentrists who want to cast them as impostors, and pretend that the ancien Egyptians were negroes.
I don't pretend to descend from Egyptians, despite the fact that the Scots have an ancient legend to that effect (that of Scota, who was a mythical wandering Egyptian princess), so I could so-pretend if I was of a romantic bent. There are no time-honoured legends linking royal Egyptians to black west Africans, as far as I'm aware. Not that west Africans had chroniclers to set down their stories, unlike the medieval Scots, who had Walter Bower, among others.
Britons progressed, Africans did not. Black Africa seldom even came up to the level of Islamic Egypt, which is where the oldest universities were established, and where great architecture continued to be raised. Nothing in black Africa compares to the Mameluk mosques of Cairo, for instance.
Modern African politicians shamelessly embezzling western aid money while their people suffer- this quite adequately reveals the inherent honour of the African! There are 100,000-200,000 child-sildiers in modern Africa. Is it whites who are conscripting them?
The Zulus were brave warriors, true, but they fought with spears, wrote nothing, and lived in round huts with dirt floors, such as Britons had abandoned two thousand years previously. Left alone would the Zulus ever have invented steam engines or bolt-action rifles? I doubt it! They were less advanced, in the nineteenth century AD, than were the Celts of several century BC. Who can vouch for how fragrant they were after spending the day with cattle or running to battle? Were there public baths in Zululand? Was there a Zulu William Lever? Did a philanthropic Zulu soap factory owner ever build a beautiful little town for his workers? I think not.
**R1b-M412 appears to be the most common Y-chromosome haplogroup in Western Europe (470%), while being virtually absent in the Near East, the Caucasus and West Asia
I don't know why you keep repeating the Zulu rant? There are no Zulu descendants here to defend or eleborate on it. Nor do I think most of us know well enough their history. I understand that they were a people organized, with social construction. For them to have spears does not make uncivilized. As most nations had spears, swords, bowe and arrow.
Second, archeology and anthropology is still very young in Africa, except for Egypt.
From what we know now, most of West Africas cultural development is much older than that of West Europe (Briton). However the scholars at Timbuktu were indigenous people and had the best scholars for its time, even though it's a dispersal of the Islamic expansion. You should know that West Africans already had indigenous written scripture.
The celts entered Britain about 800-450 BC. Correct?
The people of Iron Age Britain were physically very similar to many modern Europeans and there is no reason to suppose that all Iron Age Britons had the same hair colour, eye colour or skin complexion. Iron Age Britons spoke one or more Celtic language, which probably spread to Britain through trade and contacts between people rather than by the invasion of large numbers of Celtic peoples into Britain. Currently, there is no evidence for such an invasion at any time in the Iron Age.
The Romans called the people of Iron Age Britain 'Britons' and the island of Britain 'Britannia', that is, 'land of the Britons'. The Britons had many ways of life in common with other peoples living in western Europe, who the Romans called Celts or Gauls. There was trade between peoples in Britain and western Europe, and also probably marriages. Nevertheless, the peoples who spoke Celtic languages in different parts of Europe at this time were diverse.
From studies of the skeletons of Iron Age Britons we know that the average woman was 1.5 metres (5 foot 2 inches) in height, the smallest known was 1.4 metres (4 foot 9 inches) tall, and the tallest 1.7 metres (5 foot 7 inches). The average man was 1.69 metres (5 foot 6 inches) in height, the smallest known was 1.6 metres (5 foot 2 inches) tall and the tallest was 1.8 metres (5 foot 11 inches). There are few human skeletons from Iron Age Britain, but there is evidence for differences in height and health between people living in different parts of the country. People in East Yorkshire living about 400-100 BC were taller than people from Hampshire.
Lastly, you have a tendency of ignoring certain parts of history, when they are showen to you. As if it does not exist. The onside view is how "your" authors write history. On default.
In AD 43, Britain became a province of the Roman Empire when it was invaded by an army under the emperor Claudius. Its links with the Empire, however, had already been long established through trade, population movement and political alliances.
Nevertheless, there was understandably native resistance, notably by Boudicca. But by the 70s AD, much of the island was under Roman control.
Britannia, as it became known, covered the areas of modern England and Wales. Modern Scotland was never fully conquered. By the end of the second century AD, Hadrian’s Wall was the northernmost frontier of the Roman Empire, whilst Ireland always remained outside. Roman rule finally came to an end in the early fifth century AD.
The British Museum collection includes thousands of objects that reflect these four centuries of Roman rule, and show how Roman and native culture became mixed. The Romans built towns and villas of stone, brick, tile, plaster and mosaics, and roads to link them. Latin became the official language, and the law, administrative system and currency of Rome were all introduced.
The range of imports increased, and settlers arrived from other Roman provinces in Europe, the Middle East and North Africa. Native religions and classical beliefs became interlinked. Other cults from the east were introduced, and Christianity became increasingly popular in the fourth century AD.
All this created a complex and diverse society, which is reflected by objects in the British Museum.
posted
I don't hate Africans, I hate what certain Africans did, like the Ashanti, Benin and others who sold my ancestors into slavery.
The Congo Empire actually tried to curtail and stop the enslavement of their people.
I could care less about West African Slave Trading empires. No matter how much you try to apologize for them To me they are the epitomy of pathetic. My interest is in Pre Islamic West Africa and Christian African Empires. Mali and Songhai are fine in my book as they did'nt resort to Slavery as their main export like the Ashanti empire did.
quote:Originally posted by asante: ^^^^^^
It is true jari is not afro centric he actually hates african yet he still makes threads showing how great african culture is lmao You are one confused oreo jari
Posts: 8812 | From: The fear of his majesty had entered their hearts, they were powerless | Registered: Nov 2007
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quote:Originally posted by Just call me Jari: ^^^^ Ive watched some of your video, I like how you are trying to play the victim. Why don't you post some of the replies that made me insult your ancestors. From day one you have insulted my ancestors and other Africans time and time again despite countless posters here provinding evidence of sophisticated culture in Africa.
If Ausar had not deleted that thread I Could have posted what you wrote in the Civilization thread, but I will be making a counted video with your racist replies and a explanation.
Huh, what a drag now I have to make a video, Im supposed to be on my break.
I don't feel like doing this sh@t..
Oh well..
No one made you insult my ancestors, you took it upon yourself to do that. It pissed you off because you could not name an African equivalent to some of the illustrious early Europeans who have been listed. You thought you could take it out on the ancient Britons, calling them 'savages of savages'. In fact they turn out to have been quite a cultured and spiritual lot, great farmers, warriors, engineers, and artists and no strangers to soap. I really think we ought to draw a line under this as all this acrimony profits no-one.
Built Heritage
Architectural monuments in Africa have long been neglected, not only in the discussions about preservation but also physically. The last few decades however, starting from the sixties and seventies, the architectural treasures of this continent have more and more attracted western architects and researchers. At the Faculty of Architecture at the Delft University of Technology it was especially the Forum movement, with architects such as Aldo van Eyck and Herman Haan, which inspired many students and gave the debate about African Architecture an extra whim.
Nowadays, most of the monumental built environment in Africa has been recognized as such. The importance of the recognition, validation and preservation of cultural heritage knows however many difficulties. Especially in a country like Mali, known for its rich cultural past and present, the diversity of attentions fields (archaeology, anthropology, architecture, music) creates a huge problem in how to make choices, how to create sustainable structures etc. The methods of labelling cultural heritage generate their own dynamics and problems.
The most prestigious label is of course the World Heritage List of UNESCO. The preservation of a World Monument however is not so easy as it seems and one can often wander if this labelling actually provides a sustainable framework for conservation. The impact of this label on the local cultural perspective of the monument often exceeds the original, traditional perception of the building structures as a living part of everyday society.
International conservation rules (for instance Charter of Venice) provide a fairly workable set of operational tools in regard to a conservation project. However, the local building traditions, the traditional way of modifying and using houses and the impact of modern western society often are in conflict with these international standards.
Therefore, restoration and conservation of a modern historic city has to be seen in the framework of the development of the historical structures, the impact of western society and possible future growth. New city developments, electricity, sewerage systems, motorized transports, car parking, plastic pollution; these are just e few of the ingredients of the conflict between modern life and historical city structures. A new approach has to be defined, to reconsider the system of monumental labelling and its instruments to conserve and preserve.
Djenné, a well known UNESCO World Monument, is a city which faces all of these problems. The case of its restoration can be used in the research for new restoration concepts and tools. Satellite cases such as Asmara and Zanzibar can be helpful to redefining international standards.
posted
If you are truly interested in early Kerma culture and Ta Seti that preceded Kemet then simply study, the info is there always was.. you may want to start with the Qustol incense burner for example for there was clear influence flowing north ward and then flowed back think A group culture but it behooves to shed your racism. No that is no hill that is all man made before Kemites colonized the area.
What’s clear is that Kerma’s civilisation emerged out of an ancient pastoral culture that had flourished in that part of Sudan since at least 7000 B.C. when the first settlements were established. Nearby Kerma archaeologists have discovered one of the two oldest cemeteries ever found in Africa – dating back to 7500 B.C. – and the oldest evidence of cattle domestication ever found in Sudan or, indeed, in the Egyptian Nile Valley. Around 3000 BC a town grew up not far from the Neolithic dwellings place. http://wysinger.homestead.com/kerma.html
Until then lets see if you really know how to act.
Posts: 6546 | From: japan | Registered: Feb 2009
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quote:Originally posted by Just call me Jari: ^^^^ Ive watched some of your video, I like how you are trying to play the victim. Why don't you post some of the replies that made me insult your ancestors. From day one you have insulted my ancestors and other Africans time and time again despite countless posters here provinding evidence of sophisticated culture in Africa.
If Ausar had not deleted that thread I Could have posted what you wrote in the Civilization thread, but I will be making a counted video with your racist replies and a explanation.
Huh, what a drag now I have to make a video, Im supposed to be on my break.
I don't feel like doing this sh@t..
Oh well..
No one made you insult my ancestors, you took it upon yourself to do that. It pissed you off because you could not name an African equivalent to some of the illustrious early Europeans who have been listed. You thought you could take it out on the ancient Britons, calling them 'savages of savages'. In fact they turn out to have been quite a cultured and spiritual lot, great farmers, warriors, engineers, and artists and no strangers to soap. I really think we ought to draw a line under this as all this acrimony profits no-one.
IN SHORT
This period is characterised by migration: Steppe-tribes moved from Asia into Europe while Germans moved from the Baltic to the South, in turn prompting the migration of Celts all over Europe. Cultures developed essentially in isolation during this period, forcefully defending their territory .
INVASIONS IN EUROPE 800 BC - 400 BC
1 Description of the migration movement 2 Causes of migration 3 Consequences of migration 4 Reactions on migration
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PERIOD
Economics did not change much during this period. Iron -a functionally superior metal to copper- was now used to construct tools. Although agriculture was still very important, improved farming methods enabled parts of the population to pursue other means of making a living while relying on the availability of food produced by others. Some people for example specialised solely in the crafting of tools, while others devoted their life to religion. As the population continued to increase Europe became more crowded, so that it was no longer possible to find new fertile farmland simply by migrating.
Shifts took place in cultural and political life. From the large number of cultures that had come to exist during the first appearance of agriculture in Europe, a few had developed further and come to dominate. While the Greek culture for example developed in the south-eastern part of Europe, north-western Europe and central Europe saw the appearance of relatively new cultures. The Celtic culture came to dominate large parts of Europe, while the Germanic culture was firmly established in northern and north-eastern Europe. Eastern Europe on the other hand was dominated by new cultures from Asia. The Germanic and Celtic cultures were each composed of many separate groups that had similar cultures, yet each group had its own territory and political organisation. The first signs of conflicts between "states" became manifest as each group held on to its own culture and territory.
EFFECT OF CHARACTERISTICS ON MIGRATION
Migration, in fact, is particularly characteristic of this period. The new cultures from the east migrated to Europe because of invasions of Steppe tribes from Asia, and changes in climate pompted Germanic culture to leave the Baltic area. The Celts were on the move because they were chased away by Germanic and Steppe tribes.
1. DESCRIPTION OF THE MIGRATION MOVEMENT
1.1 Who were they, and where did they come from: ethnic origin, geographical background, religion, adults, men or women, special qualities
* 800 B.C.: Steppe-tribes reached Europe. At the eastern borders of Europe, the Steppe-tribes were the most significant migrants for a long time.
* 750-700 B.C.: The Sumerians lived in the steppes north of the Black Sea around 1200 B.C. They were chased away from this area by the Scythians.
* 750-700: The Scythians themselves were on the move because of the movements of the Sarmatians, who originally came from the area near the Aral-lake, who were from the 4th century B.C. onwards moving to the west also.
* 600-100 B.C.: Strictly speaking there were two main streams of migrating Germans, namely West-Germans and East-Germans. The West-Germans were the most well known due to their contact with the Romans, and can be subdivided into Germanic tribes near the North Sea (Chaukes, Frisians and Batavians), between the Rhine and Elbe (Ubians, Sugambri, Chamavi, Cherusci and Chatti) and in Central and Southern Germany (Hermunduri, Marcomanni and Quades in the Danu be area). At the end of the first century B.C. the West-German population remained relatively stable, in that they did not mix with any other groups. The East-Germanic tribes on the other hand were constantly renewed by and mixed with people travelling from Northern Germany and Poland through the valleys of the Oder and Vistula.
* 600 B.C.: *600 B.C.: Many Celtic tribes came to Central and Western Europe: the Boyards, the Noricae, the Vindelici and, in the mountains between Hungary and Switzerland, the Helvetians. Two groups of Celts existed in Gaul: those between Garonne and the Pyrenees, and those between Garonne and the Seine: the Arverni, the Haeduers, the Veneti, the Parisii and the Serones. The Allobroges settled in the area around the Rhône and the Maritime Alps. The last to arrive were the Belgae between the Seine and the Rhine, the Bellovaci around Beauvais, and the Remi between Marne and Meuse. Some Belgae settled on the British Islands, near London. The Brigantes lived in the Pennine Chains in England, while the Caledones occupied an area to the north. The Boyards, the Insubrians and the Serones influenced Italy while in western-Spain Celts mingled with Iberians to give rise to Celtiberian tribes.
1.2 How did they travel: transport, circumstances of travelling
1.3 When?
1.4 How many?
1.5 Permanent or temporary?
1.6 Where did they go and where did they stay?
* 1800-800 B.C.: Steppe-tribes moved from 1800 B.C. onwards to the area east of the Don, and from there on to Central Europe. Around 1100 B.C., they reached the valleys of the Dnieper, and afterwards the Dniester. In 800 B.C., they reached Northern Romania and the steps of the Ukraine.
* 750-700 B.C.: The Sumerians fled to the west and to Asia Minor.
* 750-700 B.C.: The Scythians moved towards Europe and also to the north of Russia.
* 600 B.C.: The culture of the Scythians also appeared near the Dnieper and in the Crimea. They conquered pieces of land numerous times. They even reached the Caucasus and Mesopotamia. In the 6th century B.C., they reached Poland and the Danube-area.
* 600 B.C.: Groups of Germans came down from the Baltic. Other groups of Germans, the Cimbri and Teutons who came from the Danube-area, reached Italy and the southern part of Gaul in the 2nd century B.C. There the Romans beat them.
* 600 B.C.: Many sorts of Celts came to Central and Western Europe.
2. CAUSES OF MIGRATION
2.1 Circumstances that favoured migration
2.2 Circumstances that hindered migration
2.3 Direct causes of migration
* 600 B.C.: The Germans moved south from the Baltic because of changes in the climate of the area.
* 600 B.C.: One of the reasons the Celts moved was the advance of Germans from the Baltic area to the south.
* 600 B.C.: Another reason the Celts moved was the advance of Steppe-tribes, Scythians and Sarmaten.
* 600 B.C.: The Celts expanded their power over a large part of Central and Western Europe, partly because of all these movements made by Steppe-tribes, Scythians, Sarmaten and Germans.
3. CONSEQUENCES OF MIGRATION
3.1 Short term consequences
Positive consequences - for the migrants (first generation) - for their new environment/ the native born
* 600 B.C.: Nomadic Scythian shepherds chased away small groups of farmers.
- for the country they left Negative consequences - for the migrants (first generation) - for their new environment/ the native born - for the country they left
3.2 Long term consequences Positive consequences - for the migrants (second and third generation) - for their new environment
* 600-200 B.C.: The Celts played a big part in the trade between Northern Europe and the Mediterranean world. In the third century B.C., the Celts controlled the area in Central Europe surrounding the Danube.
* 600 B.C.: Because the Celts were chased into Europe, they spread all over central and western Europe and their culture became a very important one in the region. - for the country they left Negative consequences - for the migrants (second and third generation) - for their new environment - for the country they left
4. REACTIONS ON MIGRATION
4.1 Reactions of the receiving society on the immigrants - official reaction - from the ‘common people’
4.2 Reactions of the immigrants on their new environment - integration / assimilation
* The mixture of Scythian culture and Greek culture that emerged here resulted in Thracian culture. At the same time near the Volga and between the Don and the Urals a different culture emerged, that of the Sarmatians. About the 2nd century B.C. they reached the Black Sea.
- maintaining their own identity - differences between first, second and third generation
quote:Originally posted by Just call me Jari: I don't hate Africans, I hate what certain Africans did, like the Ashanti, Benin and others who sold my ancestors into slavery.
The Congo Empire actually tried to curtail and stop the enslavement of their people.
I could care less about West African Slave Trading empires. No matter how much you try to apologize for them To me they are the epitomy of pathetic. My interest is in Pre Islamic West Africa and Christian African Empires. Mali and Songhai are fine in my book as they did'nt resort to Slavery as their main export like the Ashanti empire did.
quote:Originally posted by asante: ^^^^^^
It is true jari is not afro centric he actually hates african yet he still makes threads showing how great african culture is lmao You are one confused oreo jari
A Previvious comment from jari
"He that leadeth into captivity shall go into captivity: he that killeth with the sword must be killed with the sword. Here is the patience and the faith of the saints"
So according to your bible jari you guys were being punished for leading others into slavery is that right? Is this what you black hebrew israelites believe?
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