While smaller shell hoes were used to clear gardens and prepare areas for planting, heavier, hafted stone axes and adzes (emoa) were used for felling timber or for cutting and scraping wood. Landtman (1927: 33) was emphatic that the origin of all stone used by all coastal Papuan peoples was the Torres Strait, as the only naturally occurring stone along the southwest coast is the granitic outcrop of Mabudawan, and he wrote: According to what I was told at Mawata, the Torres Strait Islanders obtained the stones out of which axes (or adzes) and club-heads were made principally from the bottom of the sea, by diving. The diver had a long rope attached underneath one shoulder, by which his companions in the canoe helped him up to the surface when loaded with a heavy stone. The shaping of the stone was effected by a hammer stone and the grinding by means of a somewhat softer stone (Landtman 1933: 45).
However, Haddon, on a later visit to Yam Island in 1914, was shown an isolated place in the bush called Konakan where large stone slabs with deep depressions, used as grinding stones for the manufacture of stone implements, were seen and photographed (Haddon 1935, I: Plate I, figures 1 and 2, and Plate II, figure 1). The stone slabs at Konakan may still be seen today and, according to the present day Yam Islanders, were places where the heads of stone axes (gabagaba) were ground.
Emoa@Torres Straits Isl.: hafted stone axe/adze Gabagaba@Yam Isl.: ground stone axe/adze head
Andrew W. Brooks, Sambhawa Priya, Ran Blekhman, Seth R. Bordenstein. Gut microbiota diversity across ethnicities in the United States. PLOS Biology, 2018; 16 (12): e2006842 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2006842 Cite
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Recent article shows KhoiSan developed lightened skin recently ~ 2- 3,000 years ago from East Africans/West EurAsians.
[My guess is that light skin began around the lowlands of the Dead Sea, and it spread outward, perhaps in part due to woven clothing & the cosmic impact/asteroid that hit the Dead Sea region (Sodom & Gomorrah?) about 3 - 2ka.]
Populations of indigenous people in southern Africa carry a gene that causes lighter skin, and scientists have now identified the rapid evolution of this gene in recent human history.
The gene that causes lighter skin pigmentation, SLC24A5, was introduced from eastern African to southern African populations just 2,000 years ago. Strong positive selection caused this gene to rise in frequency among some KhoeSan populations.
UC Davis anthropologist Brenna Henn and colleagues have shown that a gene for lighter skin spread rapidly among people in southern Africa in the last 2,000 years.
This is a "rare example of intense, ongoing adaptation in recent human history and is the first known example of adaptive gene flow at a pigmentation locus in humans," according to the paper published online in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences on Dec. 10.
The findings are based on research by multiple scientists. The primary author, Meng Lin, conducted the research as a graduate student at Stony Brook University, working with anthropologist Brenna Henn, now of the University of California, Davis, Genome Center and Department of Anthropology. Lin is now a post-doctoral researcher in genetics at the University of Southern California.
In previous work, the researchers looked at pigmentation variation in two KhoeSan populations from South Africa by performing a genome-wide association analysis in about 450 individuals. They followed up on the top associated gene, SLC24A5, by simulating population histories with and without positive selection. The DNA and pigmentation sampling took place in the Northern Cape of South Africa in the southern Kalahari Desert and Richtersveld regions.
To control for the possibility that genes in this category show an inflated allele frequency differentiation in general, we computed the same statistic for the Mbuti central African rainforest hunter-gatherer group but found no evidence for selection affecting the response to radiation category.
…
We speculate that the signal for selection in the response to radiation category in the San could be due to exposure to sunlight associated with the life of the Khomani and Juj’hoan North people in the Kalahari Basin, which has become a refuge for hunter-gatherer populations in the last millenia due to encroachment by pastoralist and agriculturalist groups.
I’m a bit puzzled here, because the implication seems to be that the San populations are darker than they were in the past. And yet earlier this summer I saw a talk which strongly suggested that there was a selection in modern Bushman populations for the derived variant of SLC24A5, presumably introduced through admixture from East African populations with Eurasian admixture.
In comparison to their neighbors the San are quite light-skinned, so it’s a reasonable supposition that they have been subject to natural selection recently. The Hadza, in contrast, seem to have the same complexion as their Bantu neighbors.
quote:It has long been said that Christopher Columbus was not the first foreigner to step foot in the Americas by the time he reached there in 1492. Among the theories put forward is that the Vikings, Chinese, Greeks, and Italians may have all reached the New World before Columbus. Now new evidence suggests that the ancient Egyptians had been to the Americas as early as 1,000 BC, and for a surprising reason. German scientist Dr Svetla Balabanova was studying the mummified remains of Lady Henut Taui, a member of the ruling class, when she made a surprising discovery – the mummy contained traces of nicotine and cocaine. Disbelief in the findings led to alternative hypotheses, for example, that the tests were contaminated or the mummies were fakes, but these ideas were disproved and the mummy and the test results were found to be authentic. The results were particularly surprising considering that tobacco and coca plants, which were only found in the Americas at the time, were not exported overseas until the Victorian era in the 19 th century. Could it be that the ancient Egyptians had made it all the way to America 3,000 years ago?
Many Afrocentrics have speculated already that Egyptians visited American continents in ancient times and that some of the native Americans (who were black and not the white like modern history teaching claims) are actually descendants of Egyptians like the original black Hebrews.
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Rosenmops on January 8, 2019 at 5:24 pm According to the BBC children’s series “The Story of Britain” there have always been black people in Britain. And girls wanted to be warriors.
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Is Hemochromatosis(blood iron hoarding) ever found in (un-ad-mixed Africans?
I wrote to G Cochran this note:
Daud Deden says: January 19, 2019 at 9:27 pm OT. Help? I humbly request you to skim a post I wrote/pasted at sci.anthropology.paleo about a blood iron disorder. Would you please write a blog post with your thoughts on the condition? Consider Hemochromatosis vs anemia in light of evolutionary benefit, soil iron vs iodine, seasonally nomadic H&G (+seafood) vs settled grain agriculturalists with stored/processed grain/dairy/meat high-calorie diet, effects on society, aging etc. (This time it’s personal as well as theoretical). DD
By Michael E. Ruane January 20 As a slave, he was called “Morro” or “Uncle Moreau.”
A dignified man in his 60s, he was small in stature, unfit for hard work and had been enslaved for almost a quarter-century. He spoke limited English.
But his real name was Omar ibn Said. He had been a Muslim scholar in West Africa, where he was abducted in 1807. And in 1831, when few enslaved people in the United States could read or write, he wrote what is thought to be the only surviving slave narrative of its kind, in Arabic.
God reveals his name to Moses as “I am,” from the Hebrew root, “being.” The name YHWH, however, originates in Midian, and derives from the Arabic term for “love, desire, or passion.” Prof. Israel Knohl
quote:It’s been nearly 50 years since geologist and author Dorothy Vitaliano coined the term “geomythology”. This refers to the study of oral traditions from around the world that explain geological and other natural phenomena through metaphor and myth. Geomythology also involves investigating how pre-scientific cultures interpreted the geological and fossil phenomena they encountered in the world around them.
There are many benefits to this work. One is that it confirms how much knowledge and insight existed in pre-scientific cultures. Another is that a knowledge of local geomythology can help palaeontologists to identify and study important fossil sites.
There’s a lot of information about geomythology from places like North America, Europe and China. But very little is known about this field on the African continent, and particularly in southern Africa. We found this surprising: the region is home to the “Cradle of Humankind”, a world heritage site. It’s of critical importance in the origin of modern humans and has a tremendous fossil record, which includes numerous vertebrate trackways – the footprints that ancient species left as they moved around the landscape.
This evidence, coupled with the remarkable tracking ability of groups like the San, suggests that early southern African cultures might have been aware of this evidence in stone and what it represented: remarkable creatures that no longer existed.
We set out to better understand southern Africa’s geomythology. This was done using our combined knowledge, as well as literature searches. Our study features 21 sites across southern Africa – and also lists sites elsewhere in Africa, like Uganda, Tanzania, Cameroon and Algeria – that show evidence of geomythology among pre-scientific societies.
Our hope is that this work will form a foundation for further studies, and that in time a diverse non-western, indigenous palaeontological and geomythological heritage will become evident in southern Africa. The resulting knowledge may shed new light on how our ancestors thought and behaved.
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- UBBFriend: Email this page to someone! Author Topic: Upper Paleolithic Femur from Borneo shows "Negrito" Affinities Tyrannohotep Avatar Image Member Member # 3735
Rate Member Icon 1 posted 05 February, 2019 07:20 AM Profile for Tyrannohotep Author's Homepage Send New Private Message Edit/Delete Post Reply With Quote Femur associated with the Deep Skull from the West Mouth of the Niah Caves (Sarawak, Malaysia)
From the abstract: quote: The skeletal remains of Pleistocene anatomically modern humans are rare in island Southeast Asia. Moreover, continuing doubts over the dating of most of these finds has left the arrival time for the region's earliest inhabitants an open question. The unique biogeography of island Southeast Asia also raises questions about the physical and cultural adaptations of early anatomically modern humans, especially within the setting of rainforest inhabitation. Within this context the Deep Skull from the West Mouth of the Niah Caves continues to figure prominently owing to its relative completeness and the greater certainty surrounding its geological age. Recovered along with this partial cranium in 1958 were several postcranial bones including a partial femur which until now has received little attention. Here we provide a description and undertake a comparison of the Deep Skull femur finding it to be very small in all of its cross-sectional dimensions. We note a number of size and shape similarities to the femora of Indigenous Southeast Asians, especially Aeta people from the Philippines. We estimate its stature to have been roughly 145–146 cm and body mass around 35 kg, confirming similarities to Aeta females. Its extreme gracility indicated by low values for a range of biomechanical parameters taken midshaft meets expectations for a very small (female) Paleolithic East Asian. Interestingly, the second moment of area about the mediolateral axis is enlarged relative to the second moment of area about the anteroposterior axis, which could potentially signal a difference in activity levels or lifestyle compared with other Paleolithic femora. However, it might also be the result of sexual dimorphism in these parameters as well as possibly reflecting changes associated with aging. And from the text of the paper itself: quote: For the Deep Skull femur, we used two sets of equations to estimate its stature: 1) the population-specific formula for modern Thai people of Mahakkanukrauh et al. (2011; Eqs. 5e7 in Table 2); and 2) the ‘pygmies’ equations of Hens et al. (2000; Eqs. 8e11 in Table 2). The second set of prediction formulae was selected because of the possibility that the Deep Skull individual possessed aspects of a tropical phenotype as seen today in some Indigenous groups such as the Aeta, Andaman Islanders and Efe, which includes short stature and short distal limb segments (Stock, 2013; Curnoe et al., 2016). In the absence of formulae for tropical Indigenous iSEA, the African ‘pygmy’ equations provide an alternative model for stature that takes account of this distinctive phenotype. Although, we acknowledge that there is phenotypic variation among ‘pygmy’ populations (Stock, 2013), which may not be adequately captured through the application of models developed from African people to samples drawn from Southeast Asian populations. quote: Because the femoral head is missing from the Deep Skull, maximum femur length was estimated from biomechanical length. In the absence of regression models based on Indigenous Southeast Asians, we estimated stature using two sets of published equations but argue there are compelling reasons for favoring the results based on an African ‘pygmy’ rather than a modern Thai sample. As noted already, the Deep Skull femur shows many phenotypic resemblances to Aeta femora, consistent with anearlier finding by us about its cranium (Curnoe et al., 2016), and islikely on the basis of current population genetics to have been more closely related to them than recent Thai populations... quote: The narrow subtrochanteric ML diameter indicates that the Deep Skull individual would have possessed a narrow bi-iliac breadth (or body width) and therefore a small body mass (Ruff, 1994; Weaver, 2003). This further supports the hypothesis of a tropically adapted body form in the Niah Caves individual. With an estimated body mass of 35 kg (±2 kg) the Deep Skull femur is only slightly larger than the mean for Casiguran Agta females (34 kg) but 6 kg smaller than males (41 kg; Wastl, 1957). Thus, estimated body mass confirms that its strongest affinities are likely with female Aeta (Curnoe et al., 2016). It is noteworthy in this regard that the Bayesian modeled date of 30e39 ka for the Deep coincides with molecular dates for the origins of the Aeta population of ca. 38 ka (Jinam et al., 2017) and that some contemporary Indigenous populations in Borneo such as the Bidayuh possess a ‘Negrito’ genomic component, their ancestry (Lipson et al., 2014). TL;DR: The Upper Paleolithic inhabitants of Borneo would have been short-statured, dark-skinned "Negrito" people like these. Posts: 4839 | From: Fallbrook, CA | Registered: Mar 2004 | IP: Logged | Report this post to a Moderator
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Archaeologists uncover South Africa’s lost city of Kweneng
Professor Sadr believes that Kweneng was once home to the Setswana-speaking people. In many respects, it was a thriving city with hundreds of homesteads and trade networks.
The professor holds a strong view that the city functioned similarly to how ours do in contemporary times. It had different levels of government, a civilised burial tradition and civic duties.
“There were four or five levels of local government, probably with regiments organised by age that could be called up for civic work or war. They buried their important dead under the walls of the central cattle enclosures but there was a very strong egalitarian tradition and the king went out of his way to not stand out,”
Monkey hunters of Sri Lanka 45ka From Papua? Stacked walls?
Bow & arrow or blowgun or baited snares to kill arboreal primates, birds, fruit bats? -
Arid zone Hunters Gatherers were Pygmy expansion: MbaTwa/Papua/Manwa/Mbabaram/Namakwa/ etc.
Using the genetic information they obtained to map out the populations' likely relationships to one another, the researchers unexpectedly found that four hunter-gatherer populations--the Hadza, Sandawe, Dahalo, and Sabue, each of whom dwell in distinct areas of eastern Africa--clustered together.
"Typically what we see is that populations cluster by geography, but here we're seeing an exception to that," Tishkoff says. "Here you have three groups that either speak a click language, have remnant clicks, or have an unclassified language, and they're showing a common ancestry even though they're spread across different countries."
Although the researchers could not identify a uniquely shared ancestry between these four groups of eastern African Khoisan hunter-gatherers and the southern African San people, who also speak a language with clicks, they did observe shared ancestry between the San and rainforest hunter-gatherers from Central Africa, despite being geographically far apart.
In contrast, other hunter-gatherer groups, such as the Wata, El Molo, and Yaaku, appeared more genetically similar to neighboring agriculturalist and pastorlist groups.
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Lake Baringo ~ Lake Barinean, Queensland, Bali/Yali
Baringo lake Part of the East African Rift Valley, Lake Baringo is one of only two freshwater Rift Valley lakes, together with LakeNaivasha, in Kenya. ... Lake Baringo is fed by a number of rivers, but has no visible outlet.
The name Baringo is derived from the word mparingo which means 'lake' in the language of Njemps who live in the areas' south and south-east of the lake. The Ilchamus (sometimes spelled Ilchamus or Iltiamus, also known as Njemps), are a Maa people living south and southeast of Lake Baringo, Kenya. They number about 35,000 and are closely related to the Samburu living more to the north-east in the Rift Valley Province. ... The Chamus (Njemps) lives in Baringo.
This is "Horn of Wismar". It was discovered more than 100 years ago near Wismar, Pomerania, Germany. It was made in the first half or the second millennium BC.
The decorations on the Horn of Wismar consist of geometric motifs such as circles and spirals as well as with depictions of boats and soldiers carrying spears and shields
The warriors depicted on the Horn of Wismar could be the same warriors who fought around Tollense river bridge. Wismar is located in in a deep bay, protected from the Baltic storms. It is a perfect harbour.
It's location at the entrance into the Baltic Sea makes it a perfect place to locate a fleet which could control the access to the amber coast further east.
The boats depicted on the Wismar horn are the same boats depicted on Late Bronze Age rock carvings across the Baltic Sea. Like these ones from Bohuslän, western Sweden.
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Spears, shields, horns: Paleo to Neo Homo sapiens society defenses, from Australia to Congo to Japan to Europe etc.
Wednesday, March 6, 2019 Use of Bamboo by the Awa Richard Loving The Journal of the Polynesian Society Vol. 85, No. 4 (December 1976), pp. 521-542 (22 pages) (Link)
page 522:
"Varieties of Bamboo"
"The Awa of Mobuta Village categorise kabahra, their generic term for bamboo, under six different varieties. The six do not include wild bamboo kuahraq which grows in the climax forest and from which most of their bow strings are made. Neither do they include the thick oriental type bamboo kotawe which the Awa plant primarily for shade. The six varieties of bamboo recognized by the Awa are anaura, mahrampa, pahra, mebe, antau, and niya ana. All six, with the possible exception of mebe, are varieties of Nastus elatus. the common bamboo of the Papua New Guinea Highlands."
page 532:
"Sogiq (knife)"
"Most Awa have scars which testify to the fact that bamboo cuts. However, bamboo does not cut simply by applying pressure to it. For bamboo to cut, it must be moved across the object being cut, or vice versa, because bamboo has small serrations which do the cutting. To obtain the best cutting edge a short section of a hard type of bamboo (anaura or pahra) is put near the fire to make it more brittle. As the sogiq is used it is "sharpened" as necessary simply by pulling off a sixteenth of an inch section along the cutting edge. This is done in such as way as to expose only the harder outside edge of the bamboo, the cutting portion. When used with the proper pulling slicing action, the effectiveness of the sogiq for cutting boneless meat is demonstrated by the fact that most Awa prefer the sogiq to steel knives when both are available. Before steel knives were available to them, the Awa also used the sogiq for peeling vegetables and for most other cutting functions now down with steel knives."
page 537:
"Tayeba (bamboo arrowhead)"
"Only the very hard bamboo, anaura and pahra, is used for making tayeba which is used almost exclusively for hunting pigs."
page 540:
"Pempiah (flutes)"
"All flutes except the secret flutes used in the men's cult are known as pempiah and are made from anaura."
DD: Awa men's secret flute may descend from Mbuti molimo bamboo trumpet? Tayeba@Awa: bamboo Arrowhead, likely source of Malay tat (blowgun dart and tattoo: needle art) and English tatting (stitching with needle) and Aztec atlatl (dart launcher). Sogiq@Awa: serrated bamboo knife likely original source of Malay pisau: knife, and English saw, compare Sahara/Sierra/serrated with Awa kabahra: bamboo, and pahra, a hard bamboo that is fire-hardened for blades. Compare the serrated knife to the ancient super-shark Megalodon's 7" serrated teeth, called the "ultimate curtting tool": https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/03/190304134221.htm A photo of the jaws reminds me of the Pygmy preference for pointy teeth (at puberty, teeth are chipped to make them pointed though not serrated).
Awa fits perfectly as a tribal name, being between Namakwa(San), Kwakwa(Khoekhoe), Efe & Aka/Akka & Baka & Batwa/Tsua/Twa (Afr. Pygmies), Agta & Mamanwa(Philippines),https://goo.gl/images/pgF9CL Mbabaram(Austl Queensland), and part of Papua/Papawa, which is from mBambahtua or so, and perfectly fits the Awa's village name Mobuta as a link to the Ba-Mbuti.
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Farming-cooking caused new speech sounds due to neotenous overbite in adults, F, V are agro-induced
Iberia genes: first H&G, then Anatolian farmers, then Indo-European steppe males whiped out local males and mated local females.
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Lone African 4.5ka in middle of Iberia surrounded by a horde of steppe horsemen with bronze weapons?
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Another mystery: How did the ancient Egyptian government get water to the miners? The nearest possible well is 1.9 miles (3 kilometers) away from Wadi el-Hudi, and it's possible that it wasn't in use long ago. "Best-case scenario, they were carrying water for 1,000 to 1,500 people a minimum of 3 km, but possibly in from the Nile [River]," which is about 18.6 miles (30 km) away, Liszka said.
During the excavation, the team found a mysterious, 3,400-year-old stela written in the name of a senior official named Usersatet, who was viceroy of Kush, a region to the south of Egypt. It dates to a time when there was no mining activity at Wadi el-Hudi and the site had been abandoned. This leaves archaeologists with the question of why someone bothered to drag the stela 18. 6 miles into the eastern desert and leave it at Wadi el-Hudi.
Archaeologists gather at Northwestern to share latest discoveries about medieval Saharan Africa Block Museum will host archaeologists working in Mali, Morocco and Nigeria, including panel and symposium
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY
The Block Museum of Art at Northwestern University will host a week-long gathering of six archaeologists from Mali, Morocco, the U.K. and the U.S., working at the cutting-edge of research on medieval Africa.
The unprecedented gathering April 22 to 26 will bring this group of international scholars together for the first time to share their new findings about Africa's understudied medieval period with public audiences. The research points to Africa's participation in extensive trade and global interconnections in the eighth to 16th centuries.
The assembly of archeologists coincides with The Block's exhibition "Caravans of Gold, Fragments in Time: Art, Culture and Exchange across Medieval Sharan Africa", the first major exhibition addressing the scope of Saharan trade and the shared history of West Africa, the Middle East, North Africa and Europe in the medieval period. The participants have been advisors to the exhibition and are featured in videos throughout the exhibition. Several also wrote essays for the exhibition companion publication.
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We are a world-renowned hacker. We engage in different sorts of hacking. - icloud, discord, Viber,facebook,instragram,whatsapp Bank transfers, Western Union, Money Gram
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The pronounced curve of this toe bone — the proximal phalanx — from a specimen of Homo luzonensis, an early human found in a Philippine cave, looks more like it came from tree-climbing Australopithecus than from a modern human, scientists say. Callao Cave Archaeology Project
NPR.com, JohnHawks.net, Gcochran9 at westhunterblog, Andrew at dispatches from turtle island report on H luzonensis discovery.
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Lead author Cynthia Larbey of the Department of Archaeology at the University of Cambridge says, “Our findings provide the archaeological evidence that has previously been lacking to support the hypothesis that the duplication of the starch digestion genes is an adaptive response to an increased starch diet.”
“The results show these small ashy hearths were used for cooking food and starchy roots and tubers were clearly part of their diet, both from the earliest levels at around 120,000 years ago through to 65,000 years ago. So, despite changes in hunting strategies and stone tool technologies, they are still cooking roots and tubers.”
Earliest evidence of the cooking and eating of starch found in South Africa Map showing location of Klasies Cave, South Africa [Credit: C. Larbey & D. Redhouse]
The wider implications of this new research include a glimpse into early human migration. The ability to use cooked roots and tubers as a staple provided greater adaptability for humans to colonise new regions of the world.
Larbey adds, “Starch diet isn’t something that happens when we start farming, but rather, is as old as humans themselves.”
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Just trying to see if there was an ancient link between Punt, Phoenicia & Phu Quoc island (VN, where IMO dogs were domesticated for pulling coracles through deep water before wood paddles or sails).
Phu Quoc Phoe (ni) Cia
In this scenario, Punt (Eritrea) was named AFTER arrival by Phoenicians(Kanaka) who then continued north to Mediterranean.
They are the original residents of Mentawai islands and also one of the oldest tribes in Indonesia. Researchers believe that their ancestors lived in the islands since 500 BC.
Fun fact: Mentawai people call their homeland Bumi Sikerei.
2. They have their own belief named Sabulungan.
Although many of them have converted to Christianity and Islam, they have their own belief called Sabulungan. It is an animism belief where they believe all things have spirit and soul. When the spirits are not taken care of well, they might haunt and bring bad luck, including illnesses. The people also have strong belief towards objects they consider holy.
3. Their traditional house is similar to those of other tribes in Sumatra.
They have their own traditional house that looks similar to West Sumatran and Lampung's. Mentawai tribe has three types of houses: Uma, a large house containing 3 to 4 families; Lalep, a smaller house containing only one family; and Rusuk, a home for bachelors and widows.
4. Rice is not their staple food.
Unlike most Indonesian, Mentawai people consume sago as their staple food. The sago is usually grilled. For meat, they usually opt for warthog, chicken, and deer they get from hunting.
5. Their tattoos are more than just decorative images.
Mentawai tattoos are considered as the oldest in the world and for them, tattoos symbolize the balance between foresters and nature. The tattoos are made from natural ingredients such as charcoal. A shaman will pray for the charcoal before using it to make a tattoo.
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Carriers of mitochondrial DNA macrohaplogroup L3 basal lineages migrated back to Africa from Asia around 70,000 years ago Vicente M. Cabrera, Patricia Marrero, Khaled K. Abu-Amero, and Jose M. Larruga BMC Evolutionary Biology July 19, 2018 (Link)
Background
The main unequivocal conclusion after three decades of phylogeographic mtDNA studies is the African origin of all extant modern humans. In addition, a southern coastal route has been argued for to explain the Eurasian colonization of these African pioneers. Based on the age of macrohaplogroup L3, from which all maternal Eurasian and the majority of African lineages originated, the out-of-Africa event has been dated around 60-70 kya. On the opposite side, we have proposed a northern route through Central Asia across the Levant for that expansion and, consistent with the fossil record, we have dated it around 125 kya. To help bridge differences between the molecular and fossil record ages, in this article we assess the possibility that mtDNA macrohaplogroup L3 matured in Eurasia and returned to Africa as basal L3 lineages around 70 kya.
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How a member of a family of light-sensitive proteins adjusts skin color Date: May 17, 2019 Source: Brown University Summary: Researchers have found that opsin 3 -- a protein closely related to rhodopsin, the protein that enables low-light vision -- has a role in adjusting the amount of pigment produced in human skin, a determinant of skin color.
“Indeed, testing of several modern vessels that were filled with filtered and unfiltered beer and buried for three weeks underground, as well as further tests of a clay wine vessel that had not been used for more than two years, revealed that yeast cells can be found in the clay matrix, after an extended period of time.”
Dr. Hazan and co-authors then looked for ancient yeast cells in beer- and mead-related (honey wine) vessels from several archaeological sites.
“We tested ancient ceramic vessels from three different historical periods, found in four different archaeological sites located in Israel,” they explained.
“Each of these sites contained vessels that were assumed to have been associated with fermented beverages.”
The oldest vessels came from two Early Bronze Age (3100 BCE) sites.
“The first site is En-Besor in the northwestern Negev desert, a site relating to the Egyptian activities in southern Canaan during the late 4th millennium BCE. The second site was recently excavated at Ha-Masger Street in Tel Aviv and contained basin fragments, typical of Egyptian-style breweries, perhaps evidence of an Egyptian enclave within a local Canaanite settlement,” the researchers said.
The third site sampled was Philistine Tell es-Safi/Gath in central Israel.
“The Philistines, one of the so-called Sea Peoples, were an important culture in the Levant during the Iron Age (1200 to 600 BCE) and are often mentioned in the Bible as enemies of the Israelites. At the time, Philistine Gath was the largest and most important Philistine site in the region,” the authors said.
“We tested 12 samples from two well-preserved Philistine jugs of a type usually associated with beer or other fermented alcoholic drinks, based on their spout and a strainer spout on their side.”
“The fourth site was Ramat Rachel, located between Jerusalem and Bethlehem. During the Iron Age and Persian periods (ca. 8th to 4th century BCE), it served as the residence of the local representative of the Assyrian, Babylonian, and Persian empires, as a center for tax collection, and for diacritical feasting events. From this site, we examined four storage jars, typical of the Judean region during the early Persian period.”
The beer-producing yeast strain EBEgT12 isolated from a vessel from the site of En-Besor, Israel. Image credit: Aouizerat et al, doi: 10.1128/mBio.00388-19. The beer-producing yeast strain EBEgT12 isolated from a vessel from the site of En-Besor, Israel. Image credit: Aouizerat et al, doi: 10.1128/mBio.00388-19.
The scientists succeeded in isolating six yeast strains from 21 beer- and mead-related ancient vessels.
They then sequenced the full genome of each strain and found that the yeasts are very similar to those used in traditional African brews, such as the Ethiopian honey wine tej, and to modern beer yeast.
Finally, they tested the ability of the isolated yeast strains to produce drinkable alcoholic beverages.
Three of them — from En-Besor, Tell es-Safi/Gath and Ramat Rachel — produced aromatic and flavorful beer.
“The greatest wonder here is that the yeast colonies survived within the vessel for thousands of years — just waiting to be excavated and grown,” Dr. Hazan said.
“This ancient yeast allowed us to create beer that lets us know what ancient Philistine and Egyptian beer tasted like.”
“By the way, the beer isn’t bad. Aside from the gimmick of drinking beer from the time of King Pharaoh, this research is extremely important to the field of experimental archaeology — a field that seeks to reconstruct the past.”
“Our research offers new tools to examine ancient methods, and enables us to taste the flavors of the past.”
“We are talking about a real breakthrough here,” said co-author Dr. Yitzchak Paz, from the Israel Antiquities Authority.
“This is the first time we succeeded in producing ancient alcohol from ancient yeast. In other words, from the original substances from which alcohol was produced. This has never been done before.”
The findings appear in the journal mBio.
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Tzemach Aouizerat et al. 2019. Isolation and Characterization of Live Yeast Cells from Ancient Vessels as a Tool in Bio-Archaeology. mBio 10: e00388-19; doi: 10.1128/mBio.00388-19
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Posts: 2021 | From: Miami | Registered: Aug 2014
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Anyone have an opinion on this genetics paper?
The Out of East Asia model versus the African Eve model of modern human origins in light of ancient mtDNA findings Ye Zhang & Shi Huang 2019 https://doi.org/10.1101/546234
The 1st molecular model of Hs origins published in 1983 had the mtDNA phylogenetic tree rooted in Asia. This model was subsequently overlooked, and superseded by the African Eve model in 1987, that was premised on the unrealistic infinite site assumption & the now failed molecular clock hypothesis.
We have recently developed a new framework of molecular evolution: the maximum genetic diversity hypothesis (MGD), this has led us to discover a new model of Hs origins, with the roots of uni-parental DNAs placed in E.Asia: - the African mtDNA Eve model has haplotype N as ancestral to R, - our Asia model places R as the ancestor of all.
We here examined ancient mtDNAs from the literature, focusing on the relationship between N & R: all 3 oldest mtDNAs were R: -the 45-ka Ust-Ishim a basal type, -the two ~40-ka samples sub-branch of R.
Among the numerous mtDNAs of 39.5-30-ka, -most were R-subtype U, -only 2 were N samples (Oase1 39.5-ka, Salkhit 34.425-ka).
These N-types are basal, and hence likely close to the root of N.
These ancient DNA findings suggest: basal R is ~5 ky older than basal N, -confirming the E.Asia model & -invalidating the African Eve model.
Tukuler
multidisciplinary Black Scholar
Member # 19944
posted
They've been pushing this ever since Java Man & Peking Man (Homo erectus) fossils were found a hundred years ago.
Whether from Asian or European minds, the analyzing tools were designed by scientists who un/sub consciously 'rig' algorithms biased towards their own broad racial group's viewpoints.
How could it be otherwise? They weren't born & raised in vacuums.
Results will reflect expectations based on the culture & norms that go back to their earliest literature.
Face it, Eve is only relevant as a "mother of all living" because of the Hebrew book B*reshiyth that affects Israelite, Christian, and Muslim regardless of nationality, race, or colour.
From a figure of a tribe's spirituality to a term in Western based science, Eve.
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