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They despise the Black populations to their South, describing them as ‘hyenas, apes, and asses’ (Dupire, p. 322). Intermarriage with Blacks is deplored, and described as ‘eating the fruit of the bitter black plum tree’ (Stenning, p. 57). (Sorry, that’s not very PC, but don’t blame me, blame the Wodaabe!)
Posts: 55 | Registered: Mar 2011
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A lot of African Americans have Fulani ancestry.
Learn more about African tribalism.
-------------------- Across the sea of time, there can only be one of you. Make you the best one you can be. Posts: 4028 | From: NW USA | Registered: May 2005
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^ Fulanis are found all the way down to Ghana.
-------------------- Across the sea of time, there can only be one of you. Make you the best one you can be. Posts: 4028 | From: NW USA | Registered: May 2005
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quote:Originally posted by Watu: Stop your wishful thinking. Those only made up a tiny fraction of the total slave stock.
Fulani made up a considerable portion of slaves brought to the new world and in fact, were among the primary ethnic groups brought during the American colonial period (early years), so much so that we even know several of them by their African names.
"Africans transported during the colonial period were from the Guinea coast, primarily Wolof, Fulani, Mandingo, and Bambara." --- Joseph E. Holloway
Names of some notable Fulani "slaves":
* Ayub Job Djallo (1730) --Senegal
* Yarrow Mamood (1796) --Guinea
* Ibrahim Abdulrahman ibn Sori a.k.a. the Prince (1788) ---Fouta Djallon, Guinea
* Ummar ibn Sayyid (1807) --Fuuta Toro, Senegal
* Sali Bilali (1790) --Mali
* Benn Ali Bilali (1803) --Fouta Djallon, Guinea
^Source: JamtanPosts: 4021 | From: Bay Area, CA | Registered: Mar 2007
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quote:Originally posted by Sundjata: Fulani made up a considerable portion of slaves brought to the new world and in fact, were among the primary ethnic groups brought during the American colonial period (early years), so much so that we even know several of them by their African names.
"Africans transported during the colonial period were from the Guinea coast, primarily Wolof, Fulani, Mandingo, and Bambara." --- Joseph E. Holloway
The amount of Fulani slaves was only like a drop in the ocean.
Most of them were also lower-class Fulanis and not the noble pure Fulanis.
Posts: 55 | Registered: Mar 2011
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quote:Originally posted by Sundjata: Fulani made up a considerable portion of slaves brought to the new world and in fact, were among the primary ethnic groups brought during the American colonial period (early years), so much so that we even know several of them by their African names.
"Africans transported during the colonial period were from the Guinea coast, primarily Wolof, Fulani, Mandingo, and Bambara." --- Joseph E. Holloway
The amount of Fulani slaves was only like a drop in the ocean.
Most of them were also lower-class Fulanis and not the noble pure Fulanis.
Joseph E. Holloway and others, noting the Fulani influence on things like american cowboy culture, disagree with you. Plus, all of the Fulani I posted were of aristocratic background (upper classes) and they are known to have had many descendants. Besides, your statement was about "racist" Fulani, the claim was made that many African-Americans have Fulani ancestry, this claim was not refuted.
Posts: 4021 | From: Bay Area, CA | Registered: Mar 2007
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quote:Originally posted by Watu: You filthy Gorilla looking Negroid from the deepest jungles of West Africa, you should be banned.
^Just because you're an idiot, does not make the proud Fula people of Africa (and part and partial ancestors of African-Americans), idiots. Misery loves company, among real Africans you find yourself lonely.
Posts: 4021 | From: Bay Area, CA | Registered: Mar 2007
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Watu, You are laughable.The West African country of Guinea is majority Fulani and I know the Fulani 100%. What you say is just stupid. In most cases the Fulani are indistinguishable from the Malinkes who are Guinea's second largest group. They live side by side and they frequently intermarry. In fact, the average Guinean Fulani is African through and through. As I said I know this 100%.
Why not google the images of 2 Fulanis known internationally and see what you see. Baaba Mal and the murdered Guinean from some years ago, Amadou Diallo.
Posts: 5492 | Registered: Nov 2004
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quote:Originally posted by Sundjata: Joseph E. Holloway and others, noting the Fulani influence on things like american cowboy culture, disagree with you. Plus, all of the Fulani I posted were of aristocratic background (upper classes) and they are known to have had many descendants. Besides, your statement was about "racist" Fulani, the claim was made that many African-Americans have Fulani ancestry, this claim was not refuted.
Genetic studies found little to no Fulani ancestry in Black Americans.
For those who may not know, Black Americans are like Mexicans - Fulanis are like the Spaniards.
A Black American finds it to be a complement to be associated with a Fulani, while a Fulani person would find it insulting to be associated with a Black American. Posts: 55 | Registered: Mar 2011
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^ LOL that's bullshit because I know many Fulani people and they're not like that.
Posts: 1819 | From: odesco baba | Registered: Feb 2005
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quote:Originally posted by Sundjata: [qb]Joseph E. Holloway and others, noting the Fulani influence on things like american cowboy culture, disagree with you. Plus, all of the Fulani I posted were of aristocratic background (upper classes) and they are known to have had many descendants. Besides, your statement was about "racist" Fulani, the claim was made that many African-Americans have Fulani ancestry, this claim was not refuted.
Genetic studies found little to no Fulani ancestry in Black Americans.
Stop making sh1t up.
Posts: 4021 | From: Bay Area, CA | Registered: Mar 2007
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quote:Originally posted by Sundjata: Stop making sh1t up.
Per the Tishkoff study. Less than 2%, which still could be statistical errors.
You are lying, I have the full PDF of the Tishkoff study. They claim to not be able to trace African-American ancestry to specific ethnic groups due to the complex structure of African Americans.
quote:African Americans have high proportions of both Bantu (~0.45mean) and non-Bantu (~0.22mean) Niger-Kordofanian ancestry, concordant with diasporas originating as far west as Senegambia and as far south as Angola and South Africa (62). Thus, most African Americans are likely to have mixed ancestry from different regions of western Africa. This observation, together with the subtle substructure observed among Niger-Kordofanian speakers, will make it a challenge to trace the ancestry of African Americans to specific ethnic groups in Africa, unless considerably more markers are used.
---Tishkoff et al,.
^They were even criticized for this claim by Dr. Rick Kittles in a response from AfricanAncestry.com.
posted
The Fulanis had a very distinct cluster in her study and the AAs had zilch! Just deal with it. Rick Kittles is a fraudster who tries to sell as many useless y-&mt-DNA kits as possible.
Posts: 55 | Registered: Mar 2011
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quote:Originally posted by Watu: The Fulanis had a very specific cluster
AAs had a very complex structure with influences from all over and Fulani structure was by no means non-African (in her chart, they had an orange sub-structure, and clustered with central African Nilotic speakers a.k.a. your so-called "Congoids"), they had even less non-African ancestry than African Americans.
If you are talking about this:
quote:Genetic ancestry of African Americans and CMA populations. In contrast to prior studies of African Americans (57–61), we inferred African American ancestry with the use of genomewide nuclear markers from a large and diverse set of African populations. African American populations from Chicago, Baltimore, Pittsburgh, and North Carolina showed substantial ancestry fromthe African Niger-Kordofanian AAC, most common in western Africa (means 0.69 to 0.74), and from the European–Middle Eastern AAC (means 0.11 to 0.15) (Fig. 6 and tables S6 and S8), consistent with prior genetic studies and the history of the slave trade (4, 57–62). European and African ancestry levels varied considerably among individuals (Fig. 6). We also detected low levels of ancestry fromthe Fulani AAC(means 0.0 to 0.03, individual range 0.00 to 0.14), Cushitic AAC (means 0.02, individual range 0.00 to 0.10), Sandawe AAC (means 0.01 to 0.03, individual range 0.0 to 0.12), East Asian AAC (means 0.01 to 0.02, individual range 0.0 to 0.08), and Indian AAC (means 0.04 to 0.06, individual range 0.01 to 0.17) (table S6) (4). We observed very low levels of Native American ancestry, although other U.S. regions may reveal Native American ancestry (57).
^Then explain these results to me and how Dr. Kittles' criticism is irrelevant (your personal attacks are to be disregarded).
Posts: 4021 | From: Bay Area, CA | Registered: Mar 2007
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quote:For those who may not know, Black Americans are like Mexicans - Fulanis are like the Spaniards.
A Black American finds it to be a complement to be associated with a Fulani,
I'm completely baffled by this. I've lived amongst Black Americans almost my entire life and must confess that I've never once heard mention of Fulanis in either a negative or a positive light. Please show us the data indicating a desire by Black Americans to be associated with Fulanis.
quote:while a Fulani person would find it insulting to be associated with a Black American
Please shed light on this too. Perhaps you might explain the circumstances that would normally draw Black Americans and Fulanis together (thus putting the poor Fulani in the awkward position of having to snub the hapless yankee!).
Posts: 1038 | From: Franklin Park, NJ | Registered: Aug 2005
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quote:Originally posted by Watu: Stop your wishful thinking. Those only made up a tiny fraction of the total slave stock.
Fulani made up a considerable portion of slaves brought to the new world and in fact, were among the primary ethnic groups brought during the American colonial period (early years), so much so that we even know several of them by their African names.
"Africans transported during the colonial period were from the Guinea coast, primarily Wolof, Fulani, Mandingo, and Bambara." --- Joseph E. Holloway
Names of some notable Fulani "slaves":
* Ayub Job Djallo (1730) --Senegal
* Yarrow Mamood (1796) --Guinea
* Ibrahim Abdulrahman ibn Sori a.k.a. the Prince (1788) ---Fouta Djallon, Guinea
* Ummar ibn Sayyid (1807) --Fuuta Toro, Senegal
* Sali Bilali (1790) --Mali
* Benn Ali Bilali (1803) --Fouta Djallon, Guinea
^Source: Jamtan
LMAO Looks like the only one having wishful thinking is the author of this thread!
So I take it Fulani are not black either?! LOL
Who's next? The Tutsi of Rwanda?? LOLPosts: 26239 | From: Atlanta, Georgia, USA | Registered: Feb 2005
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quote:Originally posted by Watu: The Fulanis had a very specific cluster
AAs had a very complex structure with influences from all over and Fulani structure was by no means non-African (in her chart, they had an orange sub-structure, and clustered with central African Nilotic speakers a.k.a. your so-called "Congoids"), they had even less non-African ancestry than African Americans.
If you are talking about this:
quote:Genetic ancestry of African Americans and CMA populations. In contrast to prior studies of African Americans (57–61), we inferred African American ancestry with the use of genomewide nuclear markers from a large and diverse set of African populations. African American populations from Chicago, Baltimore, Pittsburgh, and North Carolina showed substantial ancestry fromthe African Niger-Kordofanian AAC, most common in western Africa (means 0.69 to 0.74), and from the European–Middle Eastern AAC (means 0.11 to 0.15) (Fig. 6 and tables S6 and S8), consistent with prior genetic studies and the history of the slave trade (4, 57–62). European and African ancestry levels varied considerably among individuals (Fig. 6). We also detected low levels of ancestry fromthe Fulani AAC(means 0.0 to 0.03, individual range 0.00 to 0.14), Cushitic AAC (means 0.02, individual range 0.00 to 0.10), Sandawe AAC (means 0.01 to 0.03, individual range 0.0 to 0.12), East Asian AAC (means 0.01 to 0.02, individual range 0.0 to 0.08), and Indian AAC (means 0.04 to 0.06, individual range 0.01 to 0.17) (table S6) (4). We observed very low levels of Native American ancestry, although other U.S. regions may reveal Native American ancestry (57).
^Then explain these results to me and how Dr. Kittles' criticism is irrelevant (your personal attacks are to be disregarded).
Hey Sundjata, I don't think Watu is even African. If he is, he is obviously a brainwashed buffoon lackey of the Euronuts. I personally believe he is non other than our old troll 'Aethiopid' a.k.a. e1b1b1c and partner of youtuber Sammy. Posts: 26239 | From: Atlanta, Georgia, USA | Registered: Feb 2005
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Djehuti i dont think it matters if he is african or not.
I dont understand most of you with your double standards. YOu all want to bash Awlaad when he says Fulani are Arab or have arab lineage no matter how little it is in your eyes.
African slaves could be taken from fulani maybe a handful but it doesnt make All African-Americans Related to Fulani.
If dont agree with Fulani having arab lineage then why can anyone believe u have fulani lineage even if it is at 5%.
Posts: 410 | From: Al-Ard | Registered: Jun 2009
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quote:Originally posted by AswaniAswad: Djehuti i dont think it matters if he is african or not.
I dont understand most of you with your double standards. YOu all want to bash Awlaad when he says Fulani are Arab or have arab lineage no matter how little it is in your eyes.
African slaves could be taken from fulani maybe a handful but it doesnt make All African-Americans Related to Fulani.
If dont agree with Fulani having arab lineage then why can anyone believe u have fulani lineage even if it is at 5%.
I don't think that was the point, we don't know what percentage of AAs trace directly back to Fulani, it is only confirmed that they made up a substantial portion of America's Black population in America's formative years and the original claim made (that many African-Americans have Fulani ancestry) has yet to be refuted. We can show that Fulani made up a substantial part of America's Black population, you cannot show that Arabs made up a substantial part of the Fulani population. Why don't you just address the thread topic [racist Fulanis] instead of being so preoccupied with African-Americans?
Posts: 4021 | From: Bay Area, CA | Registered: Mar 2007
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Djehuti doesn't even claim to be a Black American, but Filipino American, so that's moot.
And i can't speak for the Future as more things he believes come to light, partially cuz dude seems like a closed minded ideologue, but initially i did not try to bash AwBerry, i did the opposite -- tried to expose the hidden common ground between both camps.
Watu's statement of Fulani distinct cluster is lack luster as they are a group spread far and wide and so departing from that cluster may not mean not being related to the Fulani.
Posts: 5555 | From: Tha 5th Dimension. | Registered: Apr 2006
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quote:Originally posted by Whatbox: Watu's statement of Fulani distinct cluster is lack luster as they are a group spread far and wide and so departing from that cluster may not mean not being related to the Fulani.
If one does not carry any of that particular cluster he or she has no Fulani origins but is part of the ‘hyenas, apes, and asses’.
Posts: 55 | Registered: Mar 2011
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^^^Well you got your hyenas, apes, and asses. What ya gonna do? Such is life. But then you've also got another category, such as you Watu, found on the internet: the vermin, scum of the earth, cockroaches, swine, pussyholes!
Posts: 1038 | From: Franklin Park, NJ | Registered: Aug 2005
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quote:Originally posted by Truthcentric: Sooner or later the likes of Watu will declare so many African groups to be non-black that they'll end up whitewashing the whole continent.
Such seems to be the tactic of the the looniest euronuts and their pets like Mau-ze-Dumb for instance. He not only tries to white-wash the whole continent but goes so far as to deny that Africa is an actual continent! LMAOPosts: 26239 | From: Atlanta, Georgia, USA | Registered: Feb 2005
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quote:Originally posted by Truthcentric: Sooner or later the likes of Watu will declare so many African groups to be non-black that they'll end up whitewashing the whole continent.
Nobody is going to 'whitewash' pure Negrid populations.
Imbecile. These are just crude haplogroups. It's sad how these fraudsters trick these silly people into believing this is their complete ancestry.
Posts: 55 | Registered: Mar 2011
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For those who may not know, Black Americans are like Mexicans - Fulanis are like the Spaniards.
A Black American finds it to be a complement to be associated with a Fulani, while a Fulani person would find it insulting to be associated with a Black American. Posts: 55 | Registered: Mar 2011
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Actually, colonial and even racialist European scholars have tried to white wash supposedly pure negriod people like the Zulu,Yoruba and Baganda people throughout Africa. You can even read accounts by Seligman that claim the Shuilluk people of southern Sudanese are semi-Hamitic people.
This whole concept of eastern Africans and Fulani people being distinct stems and is a modern day incarnation of the hamitic hypothesis.
Posts: 8675 | From: Tukuler al~Takruri as Ardo since OCT2014 | Registered: Feb 2003
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quote:Originally posted by ausar: Actually, colonial and even racialist European scholars have tried to white wash supposedly pure negriod people like the Zulu,Yoruba and Baganda people throughout Africa. You can even read accounts by Seligman that claim the Shuilluk people of southern Sudanese are semi-Hamitic people.
This whole concept of eastern Africans and Fulani people being distinct stems and is a modern day incarnation of the hamitic hypothesis.
We have come a long way. It has been proven by genomic research that Fulanis have Caucasoid ancestry, heck they even share particular lactose persistence variants with prehistoric Europeans who migrated from Iberia. Hence why they look strikingly different from pure Negrids.
Posts: 55 | Registered: Mar 2011
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The following should give a good indication of the complex geographical source of African Americans:
From these original foci of the HbS mutation, the gene spread along trading routes to North Africa and the Mediterranean, was transported in large populations to North and South America and the Caribbean during the slave trade, and latterly has spread to Northern Europe by immigration from the Caribbean, directly from Africa to the United Kingdom, France, Belgium, and Holland, and from Turkey to Germany. The relative prevalence of these haplotypes in the Americas reflects the different origins of their African peoples, approximately 70% of HbS associated chromosomes having the Benin haplotype, 10% Senegal and 10% Bantu. Haplotype frequencies in Jamaica are similar to the USA but the Bantu haplotype accounts for the majority of HbS associated chromosomes in Brazil.9 — Graham R. Serjeant, MD, FRCP, MRC Laboratories (Jamaica), University of the West Indies, Kingstom.
-------------------- The Complete Picture of the Past tells Us what Not to Repeat Posts: 7516 | From: Somewhere on Earth | Registered: Jan 2008
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It seems every other day we get a Ignorant African who tries to whitewash Africans because of some things he heard from white supremist.
I wonder if you even KNOW that Fulani from Nigeria have E3a at 100%?
You also fail to understand that the Fulanis with this Hap Group is the ones with fine Features....The Fulanis with avg West African Features are the ones who the studies claim have "Extra" African genes. Please read this:
Despite the large size of the contemporary nomadic Fulani population (roughly 13 million people), the genetic diversity and degree of differentiation of Fulanis compared to other sub-Saharan populations remain unknown. We sampled four Fulani nomad populations (n = 186) in three countries of sub-Saharan Africa (Chad, Cameroon, and Burkina Faso) and analyzed sequences of the first hypervariable segment of the mitochondrial DNA. Most of the haplotypes belong to haplogroups of West African origin, such as L1b, L3b, L3d, L2b, L2c, and L2d (79.6% in total), which are all well represented in each of the four geographically separated samples The haplogroups of Western Eurasian origin, such as J1b, U5, H, and V, were also detected but in rather low frequencies (8.1% in total). As in African hunter-gatherers (Pygmies and Khoisan) and some populations from central Tunisia (Kesra and Zriba), three of the Fulani nomad samples do not reveal significant negative values of Fu's selective neutrality test. The multidimensional scaling of FST genetic distances of related sub-Saharan populations and the analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) show clear and close relationships between all pairs of the four Fulani nomad samples, irrespective of their geographic origin. The only group of nomadic Fulani that manifests some similarities with geographically related agricultural populations (from Guinea-Bissau and Nigeria) comes from Tcheboua in northern Cameroon. http://www.mamiwata.com/fulani.html
Also read this long article that speaks about the Fula:
Letter to the Editor: Commentary on the Fulani—History, Genetics, and Linguistics, an Adjunct to Hassan et al., 2008
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY(2010)
Keita et al.
" In their recent work, Hassan et al. (2008) describe and analyze patterns of biallelic Y chromosome variation in diverse groups currently resident in the Republic of Sudan. They successfully historicize many of the populations in their study and do not interpret data in static racio-typological terms, something to be rejected (Keita and Kittles, 1997), and largely avoid the problems noted by MacEachern (2000, 2001) and Pluciennik (2001). Hassan et al. show the human biogeography of Sudan to have been impacted by Arabic speakers and other non- Africans who arrived primarily in the Islamic period from Asia via Egypt and interacted in various ways with local peoples (Cunnison, 1966; Haaland, 1969; Bayoumi et al., 1985; Bayoumi and Saha, 1987; Saha and El Seikh (sic), 1987; Holl, 2003). Their analysis documents the introgression of M89 lineages into certain populations of northeast Africa, where the indigenous haplogroups are A, B, and E, thus illustrating biological ‘‘levels of history’’— to borrow a concept from Braudel (1982)—which may be useful in thinking about diachronic changes that can occur in populations/regions (Keita, 2005b).
Genetic data have long been used in approaches to explore population history, and their value has generally been recognized at some level, but ‘‘at the same time there are potential problems with these techniques’’ (MacEachern, 2001, p 357). Some of these problems include the over extrapolation of often-limited genetic data, treating gene history as ethnic/population history, assuming deep and near essentialist historical continuity to groups/populations bearing particular names (whether emic or etic), and the incomplete incorporation of data, theory, and arguments from other disciplines such as history, ethnography, historical linguistics, history of ideas, and archaeology into the research design, analyses, and interpretations. Crude empiricism and reductionism have to be avoided in explaining and exploring the biocultural origins of ethnic groups/populations (MacEachern, 2001).
We are interested in exploring the suggestion, made by Hassan et al. (2008, p 321), that the Fulani, as a people— an ethnos, may have had a non-African origin. One of us (FJ) has worked extensively among the Fulani of Liberia, Cameroon, and Nigeria and has some field experience of their ideas of identity, religion, marital beliefs, and practices, which could have a bearing on genetics.
The Fulani number some 30 million live in 17 countries between the Atlantic to Red Sea coasts (Cerny et al., 2006) and are known by a variety of names: e.g., Peul, Fulbe, Fula, Fellata, and Pulaar [also noted in Murdock (1959), MacEachern (2000), and Cerny et al. (2006)]. They call themselves Fulbe, the plural of Pullo in Fulfulde, their language (Greenberg, 1949). Some are urbanites and others cattle pastoralists Stenning, 1957). McIntosh (1998) suggests that the Fulani identity ‘‘crystallized’’ (differentiated) in Futa Toro in the Senegambia region, among populations who migrated from the increasingly arid later Holocene Sahara, analogous to earlier migrations into the Nile Valley (Kuper and Kropelin, 2006). Archaeological evidence from other west African regions is interpreted as indicating either migration or influence from the later Holocene Sahara (e.g. Davies, 1967; Casey, 2005). Researchers in West African history and ethnography note the migration of Fulani from the Senegambia across the Sahel belt from west to east (e.g. Stenning, 1957; Willis, 1978; Hasan and Ogot, 1992; Vansina, 1992). The Fulani are mentioned in older historical works from West Africa [e.g., Sadi’s Tarikh as Sudan, see Hunwick (2003)] and are notable as 18th and 19th century Islamic religious reformers, scholars, and state builders (Vansina, 1992; Boyd, 1994; Hiskett, 1994). There are no documented ancient Fulani communities in Asia.
Hassan et al.’s (2008, p 321) suggestion of a non-African origin for the Fulani is a direct extrapolation based on the predominance (53.8%) of the R1*M173 lineage (an M89 lineage) in a single sample (n 5 26) from Sudan. However, analyses of other samples of Fulani give different results. Here, Y chromosome lineages are discussed in terms of their major markers, which will be understood to include downstream derivatives. For example, M35 will be used to mean both M35* and its derivatives M35/M81, M35/78, etc. In one sample from Guinea Bissau (n 5 59), the markers and frequencies are as follows: M2 275.6%, M35 213.6%, M33 26.8%, and 1.7% each of M75, M91, and M89-derived lineages (Rosa et al., 2007). In another study, based primarily on TaqI 49a, f variants, which can be ‘‘translated’’ into biallelic counterparts, a Fulani (called Peul) sample (n 5 54) from Burkina Faso has these frequencies: M2%–50%, M35 222.1% lineages (Lucotte et al., 2007). A small sample (n 5 20) of Fulbe from one area of the Cameroons has the M33 (E1*) lineage at a frequency of 52% (Scozzari et al., 1997, 1999). Hassan et al.’s sample also has a high percentage of M35 (34.6%). The mix of M2 and M35 lineages, both derivatives of P2 (or PN2) (see dendrogram in Hassan et al.), may reflect the sahara/sahel having served as an interaction zone of populations— a metapopulation which shuffled lineages—in the wetter periods of the early Holocene (Keita, 2005a; Kuper and Kropelin, 2006). The M2 lineage is sometimes almost characterized as being found only associated with the Niger Congo language phylum (Hassan et al., 321), of which Bantu is a subgroup. M2 lineages are found in populations languages from non-Bantu Niger Congo, Nilo-Saharan, and Afro-Asiatic phyla [see discussion in Keita (2005a)], and in high frequencies in West Africa including the Senegambia region Scozzari, 1997, 1999; Lucotte et al., 2007; Rosa et al., 2007). "
"Other genetic data are of interest. Recent mtDNA studies of the Fulani suggest their having broad representation of African haplotypes (specifically, the L megahaplogroup and U6), not found so far in large frequencies outside Africa other than in the various diasporic descendant groups (forced or voluntary) (e.g., Cerny, 2006; Ely et al., 2006, 2007; Rosa et al., 2004; Jackson nd1). Reviews of classical genetic markers also indicate that the Fulani of West Africa are not an anomalous group in that region (see e.g., Hiernaux, 1975) from a narrow biogeographical perspective.
Language affiliation has been frequently documented to parallel genetic patterns in West Africa (Jackson, 1986), although there is no obligatory causation or correlation of language and biology. Throughout their geographical range, the Fulani have retained their language Fulfulde, a member of the West Atlantic or Atlantic-Congo subgroup of the Niger-Congo phylum or quasi-stock (Greenberg, 1963; Nichols, 1997; Williamson and Blench, 2000). The closest relatives of Fulfulde are Serer and Wolof, which are restricted to the Senegambia region of West Africa (Greenberg, 1949; Williamson and Blench, 2000). The linguistic evidence is consistent with the known movements of Fulani from the Senegambia-Guinea region.
The diversity of Y chromosome haplotypes found in Fulani samples is highly variable and is likely explained by ancient and recent events. The more recent political activities of Fulani in the 18th and 19th centuries led to the Fulbeization of various peoples, a process which had not ended by the mid-20th century (Hendrixson, 1980; David and Voas, 1981; Schultz, 1984). The frequencies in Hassan et al.’s sample are consistent with a secondary migration from the Cameroons where the Fulani are known to have bioculturally assimilated various groups (Schultz, 1984), and where there is a notable frequency of R1*M173 in published samples of various ethnolinguistic groups, including some Fulbe (Scozzari, 1997; Cruciani et al., 2002). Genetic drift could also have had a role. Space does not permit further discussion of R1*M173, which has a higher frequency in central Africa than in the Near East (Flores et al., 2005), and which may have come to Africa in a back migration (Cruciani, 2002) during the Late Stone Age, before the emergence of current or ancient African ethnic/linguistic groups/ peoples. R1*M173 became part of an African biocultural evolutionary history, perhaps shaped in part in a later Saharan metapopulation, and apparently later dispersed (along with other lineages) into the ancestral populations of various regions. The evidence supports the Fulbe having emerged in Africa.
It would be of interest in the case of Hassan et al.’s sample to know its members recent family histories, to what degree it was a distinct breeding population or random sample, oral and written histories, paths of migration, clan affiliation, intermarriage patterns, number of loan words in its dialect of Fulfulde (if a community), mitochondrial DNA profile, its subsistence practices (and any changes), and profiles of other Fulani samples from Sudan. Together, these would help in the construction of a narrative of the biocultural history of Fulbe populations in the Sudan. In general, efforts at ethno-population history may benefit from considering when (1) genetic data should be subsumed to, and interpreted in terms of, chronologies or narratives or social structures established by ethnology, climatology, archaeology, history, and linguistics, (2) genetic evidence should be the primary data used to create the framework or narrative, or (3) both nongenetic and genetic information should be used equally in a process of ‘‘reciprocal illumination.’’ A temporal framework is crucial in such work. Ethnogenesis (the emergence of cultural identity) and biogenesis (the emergence of biological traits) are not causal nor necessarily co-terminous or correlated. Populations can change biology and/or culture over time."
Also read this study that states that Fula have E3b at 100%:
No matter where Fulani end up, They almost always link with West Africans....and they are linked with Mande, Yoruba, Wolof etc. Your racist views hold no weight.
Peace
Posts: 9651 | From: Reace and Love City. | Registered: Oct 2005
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posted
Watu is an ignorant jackass, he takes his accounts from a European source that I've debunked already, there are sedentary Fulani and pastoral, the later don't mix very much with anyone else but other Woodabe and the former are a mix themselves, Watu's BS debunked
Posts: 2595 | From: Vicksburg | Registered: Feb 2006
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Glad to see the Bass still putting a Hurting on the racists.
as long as Fulbe have features that people think should not be in West Africa unless mixed, we will always have to defend against racists like the brainwashed Horn Africans who try and whitwash themselves and Tutsis, Fulani, Tuareg etc. Some people even refuse to believe that Tuareg are linked in the east with the Dark skinned Beja of Egypt and Sudan.
All we can do is run defence against these people and show people that read these forums the Truth.
Peace
Posts: 9651 | From: Reace and Love City. | Registered: Oct 2005
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posted
Likewise, some people refuse to believe the Kel Tamasheq ("Tuareg") are as genuine western Africans as say Wolof, Yoruba, Fulani, Mandinka et al.
Posts: 7516 | From: Somewhere on Earth | Registered: Jan 2008
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Nothing but TRUTH coming out of your spoken words.
As we see in the Study I posted, Tuareg have E3a at over 60%, which puts them into the West African Branch even though there origins are in East Africa.
We also must know that the Tuareg like the Fula they use to compare, are the ones with Light skin and fine features. Just imagine what % Tuaregs would be if they took results from the Darker Tuareg.
West Africans are linked together and it's better that people come to accept this instead of denying reality.
Peace
Posts: 9651 | From: Reace and Love City. | Registered: Oct 2005
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quote:Originally posted by Watu: [QUOTE]Hence why they look strikingly different from pure Negrids.
They look ''different'' because of that? Supported by what research??
Posts: 8785 | From: Discovery Channel's Mythbusters | Registered: Dec 2009
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