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Posted by the lioness, (Member # 17353) on :
 
(excerpt,
a lot left out,
see link)

http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1004393

Early Back-to-Africa Migration into the Horn of Africa
Jason A. Hodgson, 2014
Connie J. Mulligan,Ali Al-Meeri,
Ryan L. Raaum mail


Abstract

Genetic studies have identified substantial non-African admixture in the Horn of Africa (HOA). In the most recent genomic studies, this non-African ancestry has been attributed to admixture with Middle Eastern populations during the last few thousand years. However, mitochondrial and Y chromosome data are suggestive of earlier episodes of admixture. To investigate this further, we generated new genome-wide SNP data for a Yemeni population sample and merged these new data with published genome-wide genetic data from the HOA and a broad selection of surrounding populations. We used multidimensional scaling and ADMIXTURE methods in an exploratory data analysis to develop hypotheses on admixture and population structure in HOA populations. These analyses suggested that there might be distinct, differentiated African and non-African ancestries in the HOA. After partitioning the SNP data into African and non-African origin chromosome segments, we found support for a distinct African (Ethiopic) ancestry and a distinct non-African (Ethio-Somali) ancestry in HOA populations. The African Ethiopic ancestry is tightly restricted to HOA populations and likely represents an autochthonous HOA population. The non-African ancestry in the HOA, which is primarily attributed to a novel Ethio-Somali inferred ancestry component, is significantly differentiated from all neighboring non-African ancestries in North Africa, the Levant, and Arabia. The Ethio-Somali ancestry is found in all admixed HOA ethnic groups, shows little inter-individual variance within these ethnic groups, is estimated to have diverged from all other non-African ancestries by at least 23 ka, and does not carry the unique Arabian lactase persistence allele that arose about 4 ka. Taking into account published mitochondrial, Y chromosome, paleoclimate, and archaeological data, we find that the time of the Ethio-Somali back-to-Africa migration is most likely pre-agricultural.

Author Summary

The Horn of Africa (HOA) occupies a central place in our understanding of modern human origins. This region is the location of the earliest known modern human fossils, a possible source for the out-of-Africa migration, and one of the most genetically and linguistically diverse regions of the world. Numerous genetic studies over the last decades have identified substantial non-African ancestry in populations in this region. Because there is archaeological, historical, and linguistic evidence for contact with non-African populations beginning about 3,000 years ago, it has often been assumed that the non-African ancestry in HOA populations dates to this time. In this work, we find that the genetic composition of non-African ancestry in the HOA is distinct from the genetic composition of current populations in North Africa and the Middle East. With these data, we demonstrate that most non-African ancestry in the HOA cannot be the result of admixture within the last few thousand years, and that the majority of admixture probably occurred prior to the advent of agriculture. These results contribute to a growing body of work showing that prehistoric hunter-gatherer populations were much more dynamic than usually assumed.

Introduction

The timing and extent of migration and admixture are questions that are central to the entire scope of human evolutionary history from the origin of our species to the present day. The most important event underlying human population structure is the origin of anatomically modern humans in Africa and their subsequent migration around the globe [1]–[3]. Following the initial out-of-Africa migration, the rate of migration between sub-Saharan Africa and the rest of the Old World was low throughout prehistory, but not absent; there is statistically significant evidence for a deep history of intercontinental migration [4]–[7]. Beginning around 11 ka (thousand years ago), the switch to reliance on domesticated plants and animals is associated with major population and language expansions from multiple centers of domestication around the world [8]–[10]. Finally, migration and admixture accelerated during the last few thousand years with increasing international trade, including the trade in slaves and the transplantation and shuffling of populations in the colonial era, culminating in the modern era of high international migration.

Populations in the Horn of Africa (HOA: Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti, and Somalia) have substantial non-African ancestry [11]–[15]. The most recent genomic studies estimate 30–50% non-African ancestry in the Cushitic and Semitic speaking populations of the HOA resulting primarily from admixture around 3 ka [16], [17]. This timeframe corresponds to the estimated time of origin of the Ethiosemitic languages [18] and there are some carved inscriptions in South Arabian scripts associated with temple ruins and ritual items in South Arabian styles dated to the early first millennium BCE in the north Ethiopian highlands [19]–[23]. These linguistic and archaeological connections have been cited in the recent population genomic studies to support a hypothesis of high levels of non-African migration into the HOA around 3 ka.

However, more recent archaeological research shows that non-African influences in the HOA were limited and transient. Of the early first millennium BCE inscriptions in non-African scripts complete enough to identify a language, only a small proportion are written in a non-African (South Arabian) language - the majority are written in indigenous proto-Ge'ez [24]. In the HOA, architecture with non-African (primarily South Arabian) elements is entirely monumental or ritual [25] and ritual items with exclusively non-African elements are rare [26]. There are few to no indications of non-African material culture in everyday objects: the ceramics and lithics found outside of the ritual context are almost entirely indigenous with clear local precedents [24], [25], [27]. While earlier scholarship conceived of a South Arabian origin D'MT polity with sovereignty over much of the northern HOA, it is now clear that this polity, if it ever existed at all as an integrated state [24], was geographically restricted to the regions around Yeha and Aksum in what is now the Tigray region of Ethiopia [25]. Artifacts with non-African features are effectively absent in the material culture (ritual or otherwise) of contemporaneous populations in the Eritrean highlands on the Asmara plateau (the “Ancient Ona”) [25], [28], [29]. Prior to the first millennium BC, the archaeology of the HOA is less well studied, but what is available shows no substantial non-African material culture beyond trade relations [25]. Taken all together, the archaeological data could be consistent with limited non-African (primarily South Arabian) migration into the north Ethiopian highlands at the outset of the first millennium BCE, but cannot support large-scale population movements from any foreign population.

Archaeological data indicate trade between the HOA and Arabia by at least 8 ka [30], [31] and genetic analyses of mitochondrial and Y chromosome data suggest much earlier migrations into the HOA. Mitochondrial data are suggestive of as many as three waves of prehistoric non-African migration into the HOA. First, HOA populations carry several unique M1 lineages of the otherwise South and East Asian mitochondrial haplogroup M [13], [32]–[34]. Many of these HOA M1 lineages have deep roots, diverging from M1 representatives elsewhere 20–30 ka [34]–[36]. Second, representatives of N1a and N2a in the HOA diverged from their most closely related haplotypes in the Middle East and the Caucasus 15–20 ka [37]. Third, in the Eurasian mitochondrial HV1 and R0a lineages there are several sub-haplogroups (HV1a3, HV1b1, R0a2b, R0a2g) that are found in both the HOA and the Arabian Peninsula. Within these shared sub-haplogroup lineages, the HOA and Arabian haplotypes are distinct, suggesting that the migration that brought these lineages into the HOA happened soon after the sub-haplogroups began to diversify at 6–10 ka [38], [39].

Y chromosome data are also suggestive of at least two episodes of non-African migration into the HOA prior to 3 ka. First, HOA populations carry E-M78 Y chromosomes at high frequencies [40], [41]. E-M78 originated in northeastern Africa around 19 ka with a descendant lineage (E-V32) unique to the HOA that arrived by at least 6 ka [41]. Because northern African populations in this timeframe are inferred to have substantial non-African ancestry [42], [43], the expansion south of E-M78 could have introduced non-African ancestry into the HOA prior to 6 ka. Second, some HOA populations carry moderate to high frequencies of T-M70 (previously K2-M70) Y chromosomes [44]–[46]. The T haplogroup originated in the area of the Levant approximately 21 ka and the T-M70 sub-haplogroup was present in northeast Africa by at least 14 ka, possibly arriving in the HOA as early as 5 ka [44], [45], [47].

In order to investigate the discrepancy among the archaeological, historical, mitochondrial, Y chromosome, and genome-wide data for recent vs. more ancient evidence of admixture in the HOA, we generated new genome-wide SNP data for a Yemeni sample and analyzed these new data with publicly available data [16], [43], [48]–[51]. Our objectives were to verify the presence of admixture in the HOA, determine the affinities of any HOA non-African ancestry, and evaluate the number of distinct admixture episodes and their timing.

Results and Discussion

For these analyses, we generated new genome-wide SNP data using the Illumina 370K array from 61 Yemenis, chosen to represent all geographic regions of the country. These new data were merged with published data from the HOA [16], the Middle East [48], North Africa [43], Qatar [50], southern Africa [51], west Africa [49], the HapMap3 project [52], and the Human Genome Diversity Project [53]. After reduction to SNPs shared across all source datasets and quality control, the main merged dataset included 2,194 individuals from 81 populations for 16,766 SNPs (Table S1).

Horn of Africa populations in the regional genetic landscape

We first investigated the position and dispersion of HOA populations in the genetic landscape in a multi-dimensional scaling (MDS) analysis of pairwise identity by state (IBS). Consistent with prior analyses of global genome-wide genetic variation [3], [53], [54], the first dimension of the IBS MDS analysis separates sub-Saharan Africans from non-Africans (Figure 1A). The HOA samples are broadly dispersed between the main sub-Saharan Africa cluster and the non-African populations and several sub-clusters of HOA samples are apparent. To see the specific distribution of all of the included HOA samples, we plotted the HOA samples in isolation (Figure 1B). While we include many more African and non-African population samples than prior analysis of these HOA data, our results in the MDS analysis for the HOA samples are not qualitatively different than those of Pagani et al. [16], who showed that the different HOA clusters correspond to linguistic groups: the Gumuz are Nilotic-speaking, the Ari and Wolayta are Omotic-speaking, and the rest speak Cushitic or Semitic languages. The dispersion of HOA samples between the sub-Saharan and non-African clusters is suggestive of admixture between African and non-African ancestors [55], [56].


Non-African ancestry in the HOA

The ADMIXTURE-derived hypothesis that non-African ancestry in the HOA derives from admixture with a population or populations with high levels of the Arabian and Maghrebi IACs and some of the Eurasian IAC (hypothesis 2A above) suggests that HOA populations should have higher levels of shared gene identity with populations with higher proportions of those ancestries. To evaluate this prediction, we examined the relationship between shared gene identity and the ADMIXTURE-estimated proportion of the Arabian, Eurasian, and Maghrebi IACs in MENA population samples for each of the non-African ancestry partitions of the admixed HOA populations using varying intercepts linear models. Only the Maghrebi IAC analysis shows the expected relationship: shared gene identity between HOA and MENA populations increases as the proportion of Maghrebi ancestry increases (Figure 4A). Contrary to expectations, shared gene identity decreases between HOA populations and MENA populations as the proportion of the Arabian IAC (Figure 4B) and the Eurasian IAC (Figure 4C) increases.


Timing of non-African admixture in the HOA

We used two methods that model the pattern of linkage disequilibrium (LD) expected to result from admixture to estimate the date of admixture for all study populations in which we found statistically significant signals of admixture: ROLLOFF [62], [70] and ALDER [63]. Our estimates are broadly compatible with the dates previously calculated for these same population samples [16], [17]. Using the HapMap YRI (Yoruba) and CEU (Utah residents with Northern and Western European ancestry) as reference populations, Pagani et al. [16] calculated ROLLOFF admixture dates ranging between 2,000 and 3,000 years ago. Pickrell et al. [17] calculated ALDER admixture date estimates for these populations between about 2,500 and 3,500 years ago, with some experiencing secondary admixture between 100 and 300 years ago. Across the entire set of reference populations that we used, our ROLLOFF estimates range from 2,200 to 4,700 years ago, and our single-admixture ALDER estimates are somewhat younger, ranging from 1,000 to 4,300 years ago (Table 1). Following Pickrell et al. [17], we compared the fit of single and dual admixture histories from ALDER in HOA populations and found, in agreement with their results, strong evidence for two admixture events in the Amhara and Oromo (Table 1).

Relationship to the North African back-to-Africa migration

Like the Ethio-Somali, the Maghrebi IAC in North African populations derives from a early back-to-Africa migration [34], [43], [61], [99]–[102]. Studies of North African populations reveal a complex layered history of admixture in North Africa, with an inferred pre-Last Glacial Maximum settlement of North Africa by a non-African population followed by gene flow from European, Middle Eastern, and sub-Saharan African populations dating from the end of the LGM to the recent past [43], [103]–[105].

A single prehistoric migration of both the Maghrebi and the Ethio-Somali back into Africa is the most parsimonious hypothesis. That is, a common ancestral population migrated into northeast Africa through the Sinai and then split into two, with one branch continuing west across North Africa and the other heading south into the HOA. For the Ethio-Somali, the lowest FST value from the ADMIXTURE estimated ancestral allele frequencies is with the Maghrebi (Text S1), which is consistent with a common origin hypothesis. In contrast, the Maghrebi component has lower FST values with Arabian, European, and Eurasian ancestral populations than with the Ethio-Somali, which suggests that the Maghrebi diverged most recently from those populations, and might indicate separate back-to-Africa migrations for the Ethio-Somali and the Maghrebi. Unfortunately, the FST estimates alone are not robust enough to distinguish between single or separate back-to-Africa migrations. While the FST estimates for the ancestral populations are, in theory, free of confounding admixture, they derive from a simplified model of population history that is known to be inaccurate (simultaneous divergence) and are all assumed to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium [57], [106]. As a result, fine-scale differences in pairwise FST among ancestral populations should be interpreted with care.

Mitochondrial M1 and U6 lineages – sub-clades of mitochondrial haplogroups that are otherwise found only in Eurasian populations – are found both in North Africa and the HOA [34]. U6 has its highest frequencies and diversity in Northwest Africa and M1 has its highest frequencies and diversity in the HOA. The differing representation of deeply diverging M1 and U6 mitochondrial lineages in North Africa and the HOA shows that these regions have exchanged few female migrants since approximately 20 ka [36]. While these mitochondrial data further support our hypothesis that most of the non-African ancestry in the HOA has an ancient origin, we still cannot distinguish between single or separate migrations of the Maghrebi and Ethio-Somali back-to-Africa. If we could identify the geographical origins of both M1 and U6 and if these lineages originated in the same area, then a common migration hypothesis would seem more likely. The geographical origin of a mitochondrial clade is usually inferred from the presence of diverse early branching lineages within a region. To date, no region has been identified with a diversity of early branching lineages of either M1 or U6. Given the exclusively Eurasian distribution of the larger M and U haplogroups, it is generally inferred that M1 and U6 originated outside of Africa [34], [35], [100] but since all other early branches of M1 and U6 appear to have gone extinct, it is not possible to specify their location of origin. Most recently, Pennarun and colleagues [36] found that sub-lineages within U6 began diversifying in North Africa about 10,000 years before M1 sub-lineages began diversifying in the HOA (~30 ka vs. ~20 ka). This difference in coalescence times might be taken as evidence for separate migrations, but could also be explained by smaller population sizes in the HOA ancestors between 30 and 20 ka following a common migration.

Summary and implications

We find that most of the non-African ancestry in the HOA can be assigned to a distinct non-African origin Ethio-Somali ancestry component, which is found at its highest frequencies in Cushitic and Semitic speaking HOA populations (Table 2, Figure 2). In addition to verifying that most HOA populations have substantial non-African ancestry, which is not controversial [11]–[14], [16], we argue that the non-African origin Ethio-Somali ancestry in the HOA is most likely pre-agricultural. In combination with the genomic evidence for a pre-agricultural back-to-Africa migration into North Africa [43], [61] and inference of pre-agricultural migrations in and out-of-Africa from mitochondrial and Y chromosome data [13], [32]–[37], [47], [99]–[102], these results contribute to a growing body of evidence for migrations of human populations in and out of Africa throughout prehistory [5]–[7] and suggests that human hunter-gatherer populations were much more dynamic than commonly assumed.

We close with a provisional linguistic hypothesis. The proto-Afro-Asiatic speakers are thought to have lived either in the area of the Levant or in east/northeast Africa [8], [107], [108]. Proponents of the Levantine origin of Afro-Asiatic tie the dispersal and differentiation of this language group to the development of agriculture in the Levant beginning around 12 ka [8], [109], [110]. In the African-origins model, the original diversification of the Afro-Asiatic languages is pre-agricultural, with the source population living in the central Nile valley, the African Red Sea hills, or the HOA [108], [111]. In this model, later diversification and expansion within particular Afro-Asiatic language groups may be associated with agricultural expansions and transmissions, but the deep diversification of the group is pre-agricultural. We hypothesize that a population with substantial Ethio-Somali ancestry could be the proto-Afro-Asiatic speakers. A later migration of a subset of this population back to the Levant before 6 ka would account for a Levantine origin of the Semitic languages [18] and the relatively even distribution of around 7% Ethio-Somali ancestry in all sampled Levantine populations (Table S6). Later migration from Arabia into the HOA beginning around 3 ka would explain the origin of the Ethiosemitic languages at this time [18], the presence of greater Arabian and Eurasian ancestry in the Semitic speaking populations of the HOA (Table 2, S6), and ROLLOFF/ALDER estimates of admixture in HOA populations between 1–5 ka (Table 1).






 

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Posted by Clyde Winters (Member # 10129) on :
 
This paper is pure conjecture. The authors data make it clear that the admixture was only 2000 years old, but the authors attempt to claim the admixture dates back 10-20kya.

The South Arabians and HOA populations were basically the same so the whole foundation of the paper can be falsified on archaeological and historical data, which show the supremacy of the HOA on both sides of the Red Sea, only after the Nubians had first established civilization in the area.

.
 

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Posted by xyyman (Member # 13597) on :
 
Paper is a waste of time. Same ole same ole. All the paper shows is there are similar DNA material on both sides of the Red Sea which is a well known fact. Only Treemix analysis(or similar) for SNPs can determine direction or Haplotype diversity for HGs can determine origin. Niether were done.

This is not worth discussing.
 

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Posted by Amun-Ra The Ultimate (Member # 20039) on :
 
This is a very bad way to use the Admixture software (I wont enumerate all the reasons here in this post, they are multiple) and does make a lot of baseless hypothesis and unproven conjecture. I won't discuss every conjecture but consider this part of the text:

quote:

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This Ethio-Somali IAC is found at its highest frequencies in Cushitic speaking Somali populations and at high frequencies in neighboring Cushitic and Semitic speaking Afar, Amhara, Oromo, and Tygray populations. This IAC was not identified in the source study for the HOA SNP data [16], but Tishkoff and colleagues [59], in an analysis of an independent autosomal microsatellite dataset, did recover an equivalent IAC (calling it ‘‘Cushitic’’). While this Ethio-Somali IAC is found primarily in Africa, it has clear non-African affinities (Text S1).

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Basically, he admits his non-African Ethio-Somali IAC was not discovered in the source study he used for the HOA SNP data, but then he lie to us !

He says "but Tishkoff and colleagues" "did revover an equivalent IAC (calling it "Cushitic"). Then proceed to tell us that this IAC has clear non-African affinities. This is a lie because in the Tishkoff study the Cushitic IAC had clear African affinities:

From the Tiskhoff study in question supp.Mat (The genetic structure and history of Africans and African Americans.):

Clearly the Cushitic AAC/IAC identified in the Tishkoff study had a clear African affinity.

In another line of analysis, "the source study for the HOA SNP data [16]" is the Pagani study called "Ethiopian Genetic Diversity Reveals Linguistic Stratification and Complex Influences on the Ethiopian Gene Pool" beside not showing this non African IAC as he admits, it suffers from a high level of SNP Ascertainment Bias in favor of non-African affiliations. As admitted in the Pagani study:

quote:

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The Semitic-Cushitic and North African populations showed the highest values of heterozygosity worldwide, which may reflect a combination of SNP ascertainment bias and the mixture of African and non-African components in these populations.

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Originally posted by beyoku:
Reread the passage and tells us where he lies.

"This Ethio-Somali IAC is found at its highest frequencies in Cushitic speaking Somali populations and at high frequencies in neighboring Cushitic and Semitic speaking Afar, Amhara, Oromo, and Tygray populations. This IAC was not identified in the source study for the HOA SNP data [16], but Tishkoff and colleagues [59], in an analysis of an independent autosomal microsatellite dataset, did recover an equivalent IAC (calling it ‘‘Cushitic’’). While this Ethio-Somali IAC is found primarily in Africa, it has clear non-African affinities (Text S1)."

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This obsessions with back migration into Africa is hilarious.


Nor did I see the author mention the Abyssinian empire even one time.


This part I find amusing, since these are directly related to L3, yet is was a back migration, as usually. I'm now starting to wonder what went out?


They now even try to claim that E-M78 was "Eurasian" and was introduced to the horn by back my migration, as we'll.

quote:

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Archaeological data indicate trade between the HOA and Arabia by at least 8 ka [30], [31] and genetic analyses of mitochondrial and Y chromosome data suggest much earlier migrations into the HOA. Mitochondrial data are suggestive of as many as three waves of prehistoric non-African migration into the HOA. First, HOA populations carry several unique M1 lineages of the otherwise South and East Asian mitochondrial haplogroup M [13], [32]–[34]. Many of these HOA M1 lineages have deep roots, diverging from M1 representatives elsewhere 20–30 ka [34]–[36]. Second, representatives of N1a and N2a in the HOA diverged from their most closely related haplotypes in the Middle East and the Caucasus 15–20 ka [37]. Third, in the Eurasian mitochondrial HV1 and R0a lineages there are several sub-haplogroups (HV1a3, HV1b1, R0a2b, R0a2g) that are found in both the HOA and the Arabian Peninsula. Within these shared sub-haplogroup lineages, the HOA and Arabian haplotypes are distinct, suggesting that the migration that brought these lineages into the HOA happened soon after the sub-haplogroups began to diversify at 6–10 ka [38], [39].

Y chromosome data are also suggestive of at least two episodes of non-African migration into the HOA prior to 3 ka. First, HOA populations carry E-M78 Y chromosomes at high frequencies [40], [41]. E-M78 originated in northeastern Africa around 19 ka with a descendant lineage (E-V32) unique to the HOA that arrived by at least 6 ka [41]. Because northern African populations in this timeframe are inferred to have substantial non-African ancestry [42], [43], the expansion south of E-M78 could have introduced non-African ancestry into the HOA prior to 6 ka. Second, some HOA populations carry moderate to high frequencies of T-M70 (previously K2-M70) Y chromosomes [44]–[46]. The T haplogroup originated in the area of the Levant approximately 21 ka and the T-M70 sub-haplogroup was present in northeast Africa by at least 14 ka, possibly arriving in the HOA as early as 5 ka [44], [45], [47].

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quote:

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"These indicate that the root of L3 gives rise to a multifurcation from a
single haplotype producing a number of distinct subclades... The
simplest explanation for this geographical distribution [haplogroups M
and N], however, is an expansion of the root type within East Africa,
where several independent L3 branches thrive, including a sister group
to L3, christened L4 (Kivisild et al. 2004; Chap. 7), followed by
divergence into haplogroups M and N somewhere between the Horn of
Africa and the Indian subcontinent. Since neither the L3 root type nor
any other descendants survive outside Africa, the root type itself must
have become extinct during a period of genetic drift in the founder
population as it diversified into haplogroups M and N, if the
diversification was outside Africa. If on the other hand the
diversification was indeed within East Africa, then Haplogroups M and
N must have either been carried out of Africa in their entirety or
subsequently have become extinct within Africa, with the singular
exception of the derived M1."

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quote:

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Although Haplogroup M differentiated
soon after the out of Africa exit and it is
widely distributed in Asia (east Asia and
India) and Oceania, there is an
interesting exception for one of its more
than 40 sub-clades: M1...Indeed this
lineage is mainly limited to the African
continent with peaks in the Horn of
Africa."

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quote:

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Macrohaplogroup M (489-10400-14783-15043), excluding M1 which is east African, is distributed among most south, east and north Asians, Amerindians (containing a minority of north and central Amerindians and a majority of south Amerindians), and many central Asians and Melanesians.

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quote:

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Originally posted by Clyde Winters:
This paper is pure conjecture. The authors data make it clear that the admixture was only 2000 years old, but the authors attempt to claim the admixture dates back 10-20kya.
.

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quote:

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"The Ethio-Somali ancestry is found in all admixed HOA ethnic groups, shows little inter-individual variance within these ethnic groups, is estimated to have diverged from all other non-African ancestries by at least 23 ka, and does not carry the unique Arabian lactase persistence allele that arose about 4 ka. Taking into account published mitochondrial, Y chromosome, paleoclimate, and archaeological data, we find that the time of the Ethio-Somali back-to-Africa migration is most likely pre-agricultural."

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quote:

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Mitochondrial M1 and U6 lineages – sub-clades of mitochondrial haplogroups that are otherwise found only in Eurasian populations – are found both in North Africa and the HOA [34]. U6 has its highest frequencies and diversity in Northwest Africa and M1 has its highest frequencies and diversity in the HOA. The differing representation of deeply diverging M1 and U6 mitochondrial lineages in North Africa and the HOA shows that these regions have exchanged few female migrants since approximately 20 ka [36].

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quote:

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No southwest Asian specific clades for M1 or U6 were discovered. U6 and M1 frequencies in North Africa, the Middle East and Europe do not follow similar patterns, and their sub- clade divisions do not appear to be compatible with their shared history reaching back to the Early Upper Palaeolithic."

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quote:

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Originally posted by Clyde Winters:


The South Arabians and HOA populations were basically the same so the whole foundation of the paper can be falsified on archaeological and historical data, which show the supremacy of the HOA on both sides of the Red Sea, only after the Nubians had first established civilization in the area.

.

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quote:

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In the African-origins model, the original diversification of the Afro-Asiatic languages is pre-agricultural, with the source population living in the central Nile valley, the African Red Sea hills, or the HOA [108], [111].

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quote:

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Bedouins, Jordanians, Palestinians and Saudi Arabians are located in close proximity to each other, which is consistent with a common origin in the Arabian Peninsula25, whereas the Egyptian, Moroccan, Mozabite Berber, and Yemenite samples are located closer to sub- Saharan populations (Fig. 1a and Supplementary Fig. 2a).

[...]

Equally interesting are the inferences that can be gleaned from more distant Diaspora communities, such as the Ethiopian and Indian Jewish communities. Strong similarities to their neighbouring host populations may have resulted from one or more of the following: large-scale introgression, asymmetrical sex-biased gene flow, or religious and cultural diffusion during the process of becoming one of the many and varied Jewish communities.

[...]

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quote:

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Originally posted by xyyman:
Paper is a waste of time. Same ole same ole. All the paper shows is there are similar DNA material on both sides of the Red Sea which is a well known fact. Only Treemix analysis(or similar) for SNPs can determine direction or Haplotype diversity for HGs can determine origin. Niether were done.

This is not worth discussing.

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quote:

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To investigate this further, we generated new genome-wide SNP data for a Yemeni population sample and merged these new data with published genome-wide genetic data from the HOA and a broad selection of surrounding populations. We used multidimensional scaling and ADMIXTURE methods in an exploratory data analysis to develop hypotheses on admixture and population structure in HOA populations. These analyses suggested that there might be distinct, differentiated African and non-African ancestries in the HOA. After partitioning the SNP data into African and non-African origin chromosome segments, we found support for a distinct African (Ethiopic) ancestry and a distinct non-African (Ethio-Somali) ancestry in HOA populations. The African Ethiopic ancestry is tightly restricted to HOA populations and likely represents an autochthonous HOA population. The non-African ancestry in the HOA, which is primarily attributed to a novel Ethio-Somali inferred ancestry component, is significantly differentiated from all neighboring non-African ancestries in North Africa, the Levant, and Arabia

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quote:

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We use high-resolution genetic data to investigate the genetic and linguistic support for hypotheses concerning the population history in the Chad Basin. The mitochondrial L3f3 haplogroup is found almost exclusively in Chadic speaking populations and its TMRCA corresponds well with archaeological and linguistic dates of the proposed migration of Chadic speaking pastoralists from East or North East Africa to the Chad Basin.


Haplogroup L3f is defined by the coding variants


3396-4218-15514-15944del and the control region motif 16209–16519 with a TMRCA of 57,100 ± 9,400 YBP. This haplogroup diversifies into sub-haplogroups L3f1, L3f2 and L3f3. The most geographically widespread sub-haplogroup is L3f1, which is distributed across the African continent [3] and also Arabia [32,33] and has a TMRCA of 48,600 ± 11,500 YBP.

[...]

"The youngest clade, L3f1b2, seems to be more frequent in the Middle East. L3f1a seems to be older (37,700 ± 10,000 YBP) than its sister sub-haplogroup L3f1b and is also less diversified. A few samples from Chad belong to these sub-haplogroups: two to L3f1a and one to L3f1b3."

"We then estimated pairwise FST genetic distances between populations (Additional file 4) and displayed these on a MDS plot (Figure 3). Interesting results are immediately evident – while Chadic populations form a relatively homogeneous group, the Cushitic populations split into two completely different clusters. The first group is composed of Horn of African populations, such as Ethiopian and Somali Cushitic populations, which are close to neighbouring Ethiopian Semitic speaking groups and relatively close also to Chadic people from the Chad Basin. The second Cushitic group is composed by more southern groups from Tanzania, i.e. Burunge and Iraqw, who occupy outlier positions even within the Afro-Asiatic MDS plot. In the MDS plot, geography is more strongly associated with genetic distance than is linguistic affiliation.


Overall, we observe that Chadic speaking populations are intermixed with other populations from Chad Basin, including Niger-Congo, Semitic, and Berber speaking people. In this context, it seems that the linguistic categories play a secondary role in structuring the genetic diversity." [/QB]

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quote:

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"Particularly, Yemen has the largest contribution of L lineages (30). So, most probably, this area was the entrance gate of a portion of these lineages in prehistoric times, which participated in the building of the primitive Arabian population."

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quote:

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The T haplogroup originated in the area of the Levant approximately 21 ka and the T-M70 sub-haplogroup was present in northeast Africa by at least 14 ka, possibly arriving in the HOA as early as 5 ka [44], [45], [47].

---

quote:

---

Abstract

Cylindrical objects made usually of fired clay but sometimes of stone were found at the Yarmukian Pottery Neolithic sites of Sha‘ar HaGolan and Munhata (first half of the 8th millennium BP) in the Jordan Valley. Similar objects have been reported from other Near Eastern Pottery Neolithic sites. Most scholars have interpreted them as cultic objects in the shape of phalli, while others have referred to them in more general terms as “clay pestles,” “clay rods,” and “cylindrical clay objects.” Re-examination of these artifacts leads us to present a new interpretation of their function and to suggest a reconstruction of their technology and mode of use. We suggest that these objects were components of fire drills and consider them the earliest evidence of a complex technology of fire ignition, which incorporates the cylindrical objects in the role of matches.

[...]


Drilling has been documented as early as the Natufian culture (15,000–11,700 years calBP) through increased numbers of cap stones and drilled stones including beads [26]–[27].

---

quote:

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This large pre-Islamic inscription is depicted on a rock near a well in southern Arabia and consists of ten lines. It is popularly known as "the inscription of Abraha." The inscription is still in its original location; a replica is on display in the museum


نقش سبئي







(i)
Transliteration
b kh ya l / r h m n n / w m s ya h ha /
m l k n / a b r ha / z ya b m n / m l k / s b a / w z r ya d n / w h dh r m d t

Transcription
B'khail / ar-rahman / wmaseeha /
malikan / Abraha / Zaybm / malik /
sab'a / w zarydan / w hadarmaut

Translation
With the power (help) of god, and the Jesus (=Christian) King Abraha Zeebman (King's title), the King of Saba'a, Zuridan and Hadrmaut.

(ii)
w ya m n t / w r a a'in r b ha m r / ta w d m /
w t ha m t / s ta r w / z n / s ta r n / k gh z ya w

w yement / wa r'a rab hamw / Twadam / w thamat / satro / zn / satran / K'ghazow

and Yemen and the tribes (on)
the mountains and the coast wrote these lines on his battle

(iii)
m a'in d m / gh z w t n / r b a'in t n /
b w r kh n / z th b t n / k f s d w / k l / b n ya a'in m r m

Ma'ndam / Ghazwatn / rab'atan / b'warkhan / Zthbatan /Kafa saadu / kl/ bani amrm

against the tribe of Ma'ad ( in ) the battle of al-Rabiya in the
month of "Dhu al Thabithan" (April) and fight (against) all the (tribes) of Bani A'amir.

(iv)
w z k ya / m l k n / a b j b r / b a'in m /
k d t / w a'in l / w b sh r m / b n h sa n m / b a'in / m

Wazaki/ malikn/ abjabar / b ainam/ kadat/ wain/ w basharm / bin hasahanm/ bainm

and appointed the King (the leader) "Abi Jabar" with (tribe)
Kinda and (Qahtani tribe) Al (and the leader) "Bishar bin Hasan" with

(v)
s a'in d m / w m r d m / w h dh r w /
q d m ya / j ya sh n / a'in l ya b n ya a'in m r m /
k d t / w a'in l / b w d / z m r kh / w m r d m / w s d m / b w d.

San dam/ wa mardam / wa hadaru/ qadami / jayshan/
alia bani yamram/ kadat/ wail/ b wad /samrakh / wa mardam/ wa sadam/ b wad..

(Tribe) Sa'ad ( and the tribe) Murad and ( the tribe)
Hadarmaut (stand) in front of the army against Bani Amir of Kinda.
and (the tribe) Al in wadi "zu markh" and Murad and Sa'ad in wadi

(vi)
b m n ha j / t r b n / w z b h w / w a s r w /
w gh n m w / z a'in s m / w m kh dh / m l k n / b h l b n / w d n w.

B manhaj / tarban/ w zabahow / wa sarw /
w ghanamw / zaisam / wa makhdah/ malakin/ b halban/ wa danw

Manha on the way to Turban and killed and captured
and took the booty in large quantities and the
King and fought at Halban and reached

(vii)
k za l / m a'in d m / w r ha n w / w b a'in d n ha w /
w s a'in ha m w / a'in m r m / b n / m z r n..

Ka zalam/ maidam / wrahanw / wa badanahaw /
nwa sa'aham mw / amram / bin/ mazran.

Ma'ad and took booty and prisoners, and after that, conquered
(from the tribe of Ma'ad) Omro bin al-Munzir …

(viii)
w r ha n m w / b n ha w / w s t kh l fa ha w /
a'in l ya / m a'in d m / w q f l w / b n / h l

Wa rahanamw / bin haw / wa sata khalafw / ala/ ma'dam/ wa qafalw/ bin/ hal.

(and according to the agreement between Abrha and the tribe of Ma'ad)
(Abrhas) appointed the son (of Omro) as the ruler and returned (Abraha) from Hal.

(ix)
(b) n / (b) kh ya l / r h m n n / w r kh ha w /
z a'in l n / z l th n ya / w s th ya / w s

( bi)n / (b) akhayal / rahman / wa rakhaw / zalan / salthany / w sathya/ ws

Ban (halban) with the power of the god in the month of Zu A'allan in the year sixty-two

(x)
th / m a t m

Tha / matam

and six hundred

النص
ب خ ى ل / ر ح م ن ن / و م س ى ح هـ / م ل ك ن / أ ب ر هـ / ز ى ب م ن / م ل ك / س ب أ / و ذ ر ي د ن / و ح ض ر م و ت

القراءة
بقوة الرحمن ومسيحة الملك أبرهة زيبمان ملك سبأ وذو ريدان وحضرموت

ـ 2 ـ
و ي م ن ت / و ر أ ع ر ب هـ م و / ط و د م / و ت هـ م ت / س ط ر و / ذ ن / س ط ر ن / ك غ ز ى و

.ويمنات وقبائلهم (في) الجبال والسواحل ، سطر هذا النقش عندما غزا

ـ 3 ـ
م ع د م / غ ز و ت ن / ر ب ع ت ن / ب و ر خ ن / ذ ث ب ت ن / ك ف س د و / ك ل / ب ن ى ع م رم/

(قبيلة) معد (في) غزوة الربيع في شهر "ذو الثابة" (ابريل) عندما ثاروا كل (قبائل) بنى عامر

ـ 4 ـ
و ذ ك ى / م ل ك ن / أ ب ج ب ر / ب ع م / ك د ت / و ع ل / و ب ش ر م / ب ن ح ص ن م / ب ع م

وعين الملك (القائد) "أبي جبر" مع (قبيلة) على (والقائد) "بشر بن حصن" مع

ـ 5 ـ
س ع د م / و م ر د م / و ح ض ر و / ق د م ى / ج ي ش ن / ع ل ي / ب ن ي ع م ر م / ك د ت / و ع ل / ب و د / ذ م ر خ / و م ر د م / و س ع د م / ب و د

قبيلة) سعد (وقبيلة) مراد وحضروا أمام الجيش ـ ضد بنى عامر (وجهت) كندة وعلى في) وادي "ذو مرخ" ومراد وسعد في وادي

ـ 6 ـ
ب م ن هـ ج / ت ر ب ن / و ذ ب ح و / و أ س ر و / و غ ن م و / ذ ع س م / و م خ ض / م ل ك ن / ب ح ل ب ن / و د ن و

على طريق تربن وذبحوا وأسروا وغنموا بوفرة وحارب الملك في حلبن واقترب

ـ 7 ـ
ك ظ ل / م ع د م / و ر هـ ن و / و ب ع د ن هـ و / و س ع هـ م و / ع م ر م / ب ن / م ذ ر ن

كظل معد (وأخذ) اسرى، وبعد ذلك فوضوا (قبيلة معد) عمروا بن المنذر (في

ـ 8 ـ
و ر هـ ن هـ م و / ب ن هـ و / و س ت خ ل ف هـ و / ع ل ى / م ع د م / و ق ف ل و / ب ن / ح ل

الصلح) فضمنهم ابنه (عروا) (عن أبرهة) فعينه حاكماً على) معد ورجع (أبرهة) من حلـ

ـ 9 ـ
(ب) ن / ( ب ) خ ى ل / ر ح م ن ن / و ر خ هـ و / ذ ع ل ن / ذ ل ث ن ى / و س ث ى / و س

بن (حلبان) بقوة الرحمن في شهر ذو علان في السنة الثانية والستين وسـ

ـ 10 ـ
ث / م أ ت م

ستمائة


مسند جنوبي



Transliteration
ha z a'in
n b t a l

Transcription/Translation
Haza'a nabt al

(name of the deceased)



النص

ح ذ ع
ن ب ت أ ل

القراءة
حذع نبت أل


مسند جنوبي






Transliteration
n ya a'in th t / k ya l / w m q m / sh ya m ha m w
gh wa n ha m w / b n / a a'in r b n / w b z t
t a t b / r ya m m / s a'in d / w ha w f ya n
r ya m m / r dh w / w h sd ya / m r a ha m

Transcription
Nai Asath/ Khail/ w maqam/ shai mahamo/
Ghawnham/bin/ A'araban/ w bazat/
Ta'atab/remom/sad/w hawfain
Remom/ Rado/ wa hasiya/ mraham

Translation
With the power of Naiqthat and his high position
Ghawnaham from the Arabian tribe of
Dhat Ta'atab - Raimam Sa'ad
Fulfilled and pleased with the will of their Lord and his presence.

حجر عليه نقش مسند جنوبي مفقود جزء منه والجزء الواضح يتكون من اربعة أسطر كتبت بطريقة النقر وبخط غائر من اليمين إلى اليسار

النص
1- ن ي ع ث ت ، خ ي ل ، و م ق م ، ش ي م هـ م و ،
2- غ و ن هـ م و ، ب ن ، أ ع غ ب ن ، و ب ذ ت
3- ت أ ت ب ، ر ي م م ، س ع د ، و هـ و ف ي ن
4- ر ي م م ، ر ض و ، و ح ص ي ، م ر أ هـ م

القراءة
نيعست خيل ومقام شيمهمو
ونهمو بن (من) أعربن (بمعنى قبيلة) وبذت
(وتأتتب ريمم سعد وهوفين (بمعنى وأوفى
(ريمم بوصية المعبود رضو على مرآ هم (_على سمعهم

---

quote:

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Originally posted by beyoku:
Reread the passage and tells us where he lies.

"This Ethio-Somali IAC is found at its highest frequencies in Cushitic speaking Somali populations and at high frequencies in neighboring Cushitic and Semitic speaking Afar, Amhara, Oromo, and Tygray populations. This IAC was not identified in the source study for the HOA SNP data [16], but Tishkoff and colleagues [59], in an analysis of an independent autosomal microsatellite dataset, did recover an equivalent IAC (calling it ‘‘Cushitic’’). While this Ethio-Somali IAC is found primarily in Africa, it has clear non-African affinities (Text S1)."

---

I read that part about the Agaws

quote:

---

Map of African areas where E3b1 cluster has been observed (the numbers of individuals are given in parentheses).10 (1) Moroccan Arabs (54), (2) Northern Egyptians (21), (3) Ethiopian Jews (22), (4) Ethiopian Amharas (34), (5) Ethiopian Wolaytas (12), (6) Mixed Ethiopians (12), (7) Ethiopian Oromos (25), (8) Somalia (224 including our Somali data), (9) Boranas (Oromos) from Kenya (seven), (10) Bantus from Kenya (28), (11) Tuaregs from Niger (22). The haplogroups or remaining paragroups are represented by different fill patterns. Lineages excluded from a haplogroup are listed within parentheses after the name of the haplogroup. The distribution of the Cushitic language in East Africa is shown in grey.





Phylogenetic distribution of the 43 Y chromosome haplogroups that can be detected by the 45 biallelic markers. The arrow indicates the ancestral root of the maximal parsimonious YCC tree (2003).5 The major divisions of human Y chromosome diversity are labelled with large, capital letters in bold. On the right is shown the distribution of Y chromosome haplogroups in Somalis and in people from sub-Saharan West Africa, Turkey and Iraq. The relative frequencies in percent are shown in parentheses. aBecause none of our subjects studied belong to the haplogroup E3b1b, defined by the presence of M224,4 we used the haplogroup name E3b1 instead of E3b1*(xE3b1b) in the text.




Principal component analysis of the relative frequencies of Y chromosome haplogroups in the populations reported in Table 2. The vectors express the relative weight of each haplogroup in the first and/or second axis. The positive or negative values indicate with which end of the axis the haplogroups are associated. Thus, the first principal component (axis 1) explained 52.8% of the total variance, mainly due to differences in the frequencies in clade E and clade BR*(xE). The second component (axis 2) explained 26.6% of the total variance, mainly due to the differences in the frequencies of the E3a and E3b lineages.

---

quote:

---

Originally posted by Amun-Ra The Ultimate:
This is a very bad way to use the Admixture software (I wont enumerate all the reasons here in this post, they are multiple) and does make a lot of baseless hypothesis and unproven conjecture. I won't discuss every conjecture but consider this part of the text:

quote:

---

This Ethio-Somali IAC is found at its highest frequencies in Cushitic speaking Somali populations and at high frequencies in neighboring Cushitic and Semitic speaking Afar, Amhara, Oromo, and Tygray populations. This IAC was not identified in the source study for the HOA SNP data [16], but Tishkoff and colleagues [59], in an analysis of an independent autosomal microsatellite dataset, did recover an equivalent IAC (calling it ‘‘Cushitic’’). While this Ethio-Somali IAC is found primarily in Africa, it has clear non-African affinities (Text S1).

---

Basically, he admits his non-African Ethio-Somali IAC was not discovered in the source study he used for the HOA SNP data, but then he lie to us !

He says "but Tishkoff and colleagues" "did revover an equivalent IAC (calling it "Cushitic"). Then proceed to tell us that this IAC has clear non-African affinities. This is a lie because in the Tishkoff study the Cushitic IAC had clear African affinities:

From the Tiskhoff study in question supp.Mat (The genetic structure and history of Africans and African Americans.):

Clearly the Cushitic AAC/IAC identified in the Tishkoff study had a clear African affinity.

In another line of analysis, "the source study for the HOA SNP data [16]" is the Pagani study called "Ethiopian Genetic Diversity Reveals Linguistic Stratification and Complex Influences on the Ethiopian Gene Pool" beside not showing this non African IAC as he admits, it suffers from a high level of SNP Ascertainment Bias in favor of non-African affiliations. As admitted in the Pagani study:

quote:

---

The Semitic-Cushitic and North African populations showed the highest values of heterozygosity worldwide, which may reflect a combination of SNP ascertainment bias and the mixture of African and non-African components in these populations.

---

Usually African populations have a much higher level of heterozygosity than European or North African population. The effect of SNP ascertainment bias is a consequence of the SNP discovery process where a sub-set of European population are used. This translate in bias PCA analysis and Admixture software proportion of admixture (in favor of Eurasian SNPs/clusters). This SNP ascertainment bias is common in many SNP microarray. In general, all such analysis based on a pre-selected group of SNPs/microarray must always take this SNP ascertainment bias in consideration when analyzing population admixture and affiliation. Hopefully, in the future full genome analysis could end this bias toward non-African and Eurasian SNPs. Still those "admixture" and PCAs analysis have their use, but everything must be put in perspective and any bias taken into consideration. So when you see such admixture software analysis with all the K colors always consider this.

In my opinion, there always is some ancient and more recent admixture between populations (in both directions) but here the ancient non-African contribution to HOA is greatly over-estimated (you can even see the blue part of the Nilo-Saharan component being engulfed by this so-called non-African component). It simply reflect structuring among African population in Horn Africa on one part and mostly "recent" bi-directional relationship between HOA and Eurasian populations (often confused in admixture software analysis when any K is taken as valid). The Tishkoff Cushitic IAC confusion(lie) by the author points to that direction as does other previous studies.

---

quote:

---

"we found support for a distinct African (Ethiopic) ancestry and a distinct non-African (Ethio-Somali) ancestry in HOA populations. The African Ethiopic ancestry is tightly restricted to HOA populations and likely represents an autochthonous HOA population.".

---

quote:

---

Originally posted by beyoku:
Reread the passage and tells us where he lies.

"This Ethio-Somali IAC is found at its highest frequencies in Cushitic speaking Somali populations and at high frequencies in neighboring Cushitic and Semitic speaking Afar, Amhara, Oromo, and Tygray populations. This IAC was not identified in the source study for the HOA SNP data [16], but Tishkoff and colleagues [59], in an analysis of an independent autosomal microsatellite dataset, did recover an equivalent IAC (calling it ‘‘Cushitic’’) . While this Ethio-Somali IAC is found primarily in Africa, it has clear non-African affinities (Text S1)."

---

The lying part is when he said that Tishkoff found and I quote an "equivalent" IAC than his non-African ethio-somali IAC. It is NOT true that his non-African ethio-somali IAC is equivalent to Tishkoff's Cushitic AAC. Tishkkoff's AAC had clear a clear African affinity contrary to his non-African AAC. They are not equivalent at all.

At first he admits that his non-African "IAC was not identified in the source study for the HOA SNP data", the Pagani study, this part is true of course, but then he tries to lie to us by saying that Tishkofff did find an equivalent non-African IAC. This is a lie because Tishkoff Cushitic AAC is not equivalent to his non-African AAC. As we can see in the Tishkoff study, her Cushitic AAC clearly had African affinity.

From the Tishkoff study in question supp.Mat (The genetic structure and history of Africans and African Americans.):

Both the source study for the HOA SNP data(Pagani), and the Tishkoff, and previous studies contradict him as no such cluster was found in those studies. They place the date for the most part of the early HOA admixture with non-African at a later date corresponding to the spread of ethio-semitic languages in Africa.
 

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Posted by xyyman (Member # 13597) on :
 
Quote by TP.

At some point they cited Kivisild, but I wonder why they didn't cite this here.


quote:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------


"These indicate that the root of L3 gives rise to a multifurcation from a
single haplotype producing a number of distinct subclades... The
SIMPLEST explanation for this geographical distribution [haplogroups M
and N], however, is an expansion of the root type within East Africa,
where several independent L3 branches thrive, including a sister group
to L3, christened L4 (Kivisild et al. 2004; Chap. 7), followed by
divergence into haplogroups M and N somewhere between the Horn of
Africa and the Indian subcontinent. Since neither the L3 root type nor
any other descendants survive outside Africa, the root type itself must
have become extinct during a period of genetic drift in the founder
population as it diversified into haplogroups M and N, if the
diversification was outside Africa. If on the other hand the
diversification was indeed within East Africa, then Haplogroups M and
N must have either been carried out of Africa in their entirety or
subsequently have become extinct within Africa, with the singular
exception of the derived M1."

===


As I pointed out many times. M and N/RO is within Africa. Wile N went West.
, M went East.
 

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Posted by Swenet (Member # 17303) on :
 
Lol. Really? This is it? This is the best this forum
can do? All I see is clueless grasping at straws
(e.g. "SNP ascertainment bias", "Hodgson lied about
Tishkoff") and denialism. Where is the inspired
commentary and analysis on this Ethio-Somali IAC?
 

---

Posted by Amun-Ra The Ultimate (Member # 20039) on :
 
Here's a quote from the Pagani study:

quote:

---

The dates of admixture (assuming 30 years per generation)42 are reported in Table 1. Notably, in most of the Semitic, Cushitic, and Omotic populations, the admixture of African and non-African ancestry components dates to 2.5–3 kya , whereas in North Africa, the admixture dates are ~2 ky more recent, clustering around 1 kya, consistent with previous reports .43 The consistency between the Ethiopian estimates and the appearance in the area of a linguistic family (Ethio-Semitic) with a West Asian origin23 support the hypothesis of a recent gene flow from the Levant.

---

quote:

---

Originally posted by Swenet:
Lol. Really? This is it? This is the best this forum
can do? All I see is clueless grasping at straws
(e.g. "SNP ascertainment bias", "Hodgson lied about
Tishkoff") and denialism. Where is the inspired
commentary and analysis on this Ethio-Somali IAC?

---

quote:

---

Originally posted by xyyman:
Quote by TP.

At some point they cited Kivisild, but I wonder why they didn't cite this here.


quote:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------


"These indicate that the root of L3 gives rise to a multifurcation from a
single haplotype producing a number of distinct subclades... The
SIMPLEST explanation for this geographical distribution [haplogroups M
and N], however, is an expansion of the root type within East Africa,
where several independent L3 branches thrive, including a sister group
to L3, christened L4 (Kivisild et al. 2004; Chap. 7), followed by
divergence into haplogroups M and N somewhere between the Horn of
Africa and the Indian subcontinent. Since neither the L3 root type nor
any other descendants survive outside Africa, the root type itself must
have become extinct during a period of genetic drift in the founder
population as it diversified into haplogroups M and N, if the
diversification was outside Africa. If on the other hand the
diversification was indeed within East Africa, then Haplogroups M and
N must have either been carried out of Africa in their entirety or
subsequently have become extinct within Africa, with the singular
exception of the derived M1."

===


As I pointed out many times. M and N/RO is within Africa. Wile N went West.
, M went East.

---

quote:

---

Fig. 1. From: Ancient mitochondrial M haplogroups identified in the Southwest Pacific.

Frequency distributions of mtDNA haplogroups M27, M28, and M29, taken from our series (Table 1). Numbers within each pie are values of N. “Other” haplogroups are P, Q, B, and E, as reported in Table 1 for this series (and discussed in ref. 12). Our New Hanover, Ontong Java, and Polynesian frequenciesof the three variants (all zero) are not depicted.
D. Andrew Merriwether, et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 September 13; 2005 November 15;102(37):13034-13039.





Fig. 2. From: Ancient mitochondrial M haplogroups identified in the Southwest Pacific.

Phylogenetic relationships of ancient Near Oceanic and Australian Aborigine M lineages. Control region mutations are in bold, and mutations that recur in the phylogeny are underlined. The poly(C) regions in HVS1 and -2 as well as 16519 are excluded. Boxes indicate inferred additional branches defined by control region sequences (see Table 2). Skeleton branches within Q are completely defined in ref. 12. Sample numbers are listed at the top, with island proveniences abbreviated as follows: BGV, Bougainville; NB, New Britain; NI, New Ireland. Australian Aborigine M42 sequences are listed courtesy of T. Kivisild. The 6104 back mutation is nonconfirmed. The OC12 and OC13 branches list coding region variants only.

[...]

Short voyages between islands are inferred (2, 6) because people had successfully made the longer windward crossing to Bougainville from New Ireland by 29,000 YBP, and after 20,000 YBP there was a detectable and repeated trickle of New Britain obsidian to New Ireland and Nissan up to ≈7,000 YBP.
(Page 2)

[...]

The phylogenetic tree was inferred from median-joining networks rooted to L3. The tree was hand-checked to resolve several homoplasies. A few ambiguities remained, and we tended to be conservative in interpreting those cases.
(Page 5)

---

quote:

---

Originally posted by Amun-Ra The Ultimate:
Here's a quote from the Pagani study:

quote:

---

The dates of admixture (assuming 30 years per generation)42 are reported in Table 1. Notably, in most of the Semitic, Cushitic, and Omotic populations, the admixture of African and non-African ancestry components dates to 2.5–3 kya , whereas in North Africa, the admixture dates are ~2 ky more recent, clustering around 1 kya, consistent with previous reports .43 The consistency between the Ethiopian estimates and the appearance in the area of a linguistic family (Ethio-Semitic) with a West Asian origin23 support the hypothesis of a recent gene flow from the Levant.

---

From Ethiopian Genetic Diversity Reveals Linguistic Stratification and Complex Influences on the Ethiopian Gene Pool (Pagani 2012)

- So most of the early non-African admixture in the HOA is between 2.5–3 kya

- This is consistant with previous reports

- It supports the hypothesis of recent gene flow from the Levant corresponding to the spread of ethio-semitic language speakers in that region.

---

It even more so correlates with the Ancient Ethiopian City of Aksum. Which btw, is not being mentioned by the authors.



Ancient Map of Aksum (100-700 AD) -- History of Africa, Kevin Shillington, p. 69 (2005)


Ancient Ethiopian City of Aksum or Axum
Rise & Decline


The Rise of Aksum


The kingdom of Aksum was at the height of its power between 100-700 AD. The Aksumite king Ezana I (320-350 AD) assumed power when Askum, without doubt, was a strong and large empire. The king's main wealth and power came from his control of foreign trade.


Aksum's Partial Kings List:


Zoskales 100 AD
Endubis 270 AD (Coinage begins)
Ezana 320 AD
Eon 400 AD
Kaleb 500 AD
Gersem 600 AD
Armah 614 AD
al-Walid 705-715 AD


What was going on in the rest of the world during this time frame:

460 AD Fall of the Roman Empire (Edward Gibbon placed the blame on a loss of civic virtue among the Roman citizens.)
619 AD Egypt falls to Persia
640 AD Egypt falls to Arabs




http://wysinger.homestead.com/aksum.html
 

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Posted by Amun-Ra The Ultimate (Member # 20039) on :
 
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Posted by Amun-Ra The Ultimate (Member # 20039) on :
 
Let's take a look at the Y-DNA and MtDNA data for the Somali populations:


Here we can count 15.4% of non-African (F-Descendants) Y-DNA haplogroups carriers in Somali populations (at the very least, in their samples of Somali often urban based and more cosmopolitan).

The MtDNA proportion of non-African (non-L) haplogroups is 38.88% in Somali from another study.

Y-DNA:15.4%
MtDNA:38.88%

We can see Somali, as most borderline states in North and Eastern Africa, have a substantial proportion of non-African haplogroups (dating to between 2-3kya according to the Pagani, previous studies and archaeological records).

The earliest substantial non-African gene flow into the HOA is correlated to the spread of ethio-semitic language speakers in that region dated from the same time period (2-3kya).

We can also see that the proportion of non-African DNA in Somali is mostly female mediated.

This shows that most of the early non-African gene flow in Somali was probably done through patrilocal intermarriage between indigenous Somali and ethio-semitic language speakers (or those admixed with them). It would explain why Somali have a much smaller proportion of non-African Y-DNA than mtDNA. It would also explain why they kept their cushitic language instead of switching to an ethio-semitic language. Why they look mostly African too. As patrilocal marriage tend to keep the culture and language of the receiving party, the Y-DNA males in our cases, who are mostly (84.6%) African.
 

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Posted by Trollkillah # Ish Gebor (Member # 18264) on :
 

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Originally posted by Amun-Ra The Ultimate:
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Outstanding Universal Value

Brief Synthesis

Situated in the highlands of northern Ethiopia, Aksum symbolizes the wealth and importance of the civilization of the ancient Aksumite kingdom, which lasted from the 1st to the 8th centuries AD. The kingdom was at the crossroads of the three continents: Africa, Arabia and the Greco-Roman World, and was the most powerful state between the Eastern Roman Empire and Persia. In command of the ivory trade with Sudan, its fleets controlled the Red Sea trade through the port of Adulis and the inland routes of north eastern Africa.

The ruins of the ancient Aksumite Civilization covered a wide area in the Tigray Plateau. The most impressive monuments are the monolithic obelisks, royal tombs and the palace ruins dating to the 6th and 7th centuries AD.

Several stelae survive in the town of Aksum dating between the 3rd and 4th centuries AD. The largest standing obelisk rises to a height of over 23 meters and is exquisitely carved to represent a nine-storey building of the Aksumites. It stands at the entrance of the main stelae area. The largest obelisk of some 33 meters long lies where it fell, perhaps during the process of erection. It is possibly the largest monolithic stele that ancient human beings ever attempted to erect.

A series of inscription on stone tablets have proved to be of immense importance to historians of the ancient world. Some of them include trilingual text in Greek, Sabaean and Ge'ez (Classical Ethiopian), inscribed by King Ezana in the 4th century AD.

The introduction of Christianity in the 4th century AD resulted in the building of churches, such as Saint Mary of Zion, rebuilt in the Gondarian period, in the 17th century AD, which is believed to hold the Ark of the Covenant.

Criterion (i): The exquisitely carved monolithic stelae dating from the 3rd and 4th centuries AD are unique masterpieces of human creative genius.

Criterion (iv): The urban ensemble of obelisks, royal tombs and churches constitute a major development in the cultural domain reflecting the wealth and power of the Aksumite Civilization of the first millennium AD.

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Long Description

The ruins of the ancient city of Aksum are located close to Ethiopia's northern border. They mark the location of the heart of ancient Ethiopia, when the Kingdom of Aksum was the most powerful state between the Eastern Roman Empire and Persia. The massive ruins, dating from between the 1st and 13th centuries, include monolithic obelisks, giant stelae, royal tombs and the ruins of ancient castles. Long after its political decline in the 10th century, Ethiopian emperors continued to be crowned in Aksum.

Beginning around the 2nd millennium BCE and continuing until the 4th century CE there was immigration into the Ethiopian region. The immigrants came mostly from a region of western Yemen associated with the Sabean culture. Conditions in their homelands were most probably so harsh that the only means of escape was by a direct route across the Red Sea into Eritrea. By the 4th century, Aksum was already at its peak in land sovereignty, which included most of southern Yemen.

The city of Aksum emerged several centuries before the birth of Christ, as the capital of a state that traded with ancient Greece, Egypt and Asia. With its fleets sailing as far afield as Ceylon, Aksum later became the most important power between the Roman Empire and Persia, and for a while controlled parts of South Arabia. Aksum, whose name first appears in the 1st century AD in the Periplus of the Eritrean Sea, is considered to be the heart of ancient Ethiopia. Indeed, the kingdom which held sway over this area at this time took its name from the city. The ruins of the site spread over a large area and are composed of tall, obelisk-like stelae of imposing height, an enormous table of stone, vestiges of columns and royal tombs inscribed with Aksumite legends and traditions. In the western sector of the city there are also the ruins of three castles from the 1st century AD.

The earliest records and legends suggest that it was from Aksum that Makeda, the fabled Queen of Sheba, journeyed to visit King Solomon in Jerusalem. A son was born to the queen from her union with Solomon. This son, Menelik I, grew up in Ethiopia but travelled to Jerusalem as a young man, where he spent several years before returning to his own country with the Ark of the Covenant. The Ark, according to Ethiopian belief, has remained in Aksum ever since (in an annex to the Church of St Mary of Zion).

In addition to the old St Mary of Zion church, there are many other remains in Aksum dating back to pre- and early Christian times. Among these, a series of inscriptions on stone tablets have proved to be of immense importance to historians of the ancient world. They include a trilingual text in Greek, Sabaean (the language of South Arabia) and Ge'ez (classical Ethiopian), ordered by King Ezana in the 4th century AD, along with the 3,000-year-old stelae and obelisks. The standing obelisk rises to a height of over 23 m and is exquisitely carved to represent a nine-storey building in the fashion of the 'tower-houses' of southern Arabia.

Aksum inherited a culture highly influenced by southern Arabia. The Aksumites' language, Ge'ez, was a modified version of the southern Arabian rudiments, with admixtures of Greek and perhaps Cushitic tongues already present in the region. Their architectural art was inherited from southern Arabian art; some Aksumite artwork contained combinations of Middle Eastern deities.

From its capital on the Tigray Plateau, Aksum was in command of the ivory trade with Sudan. It also dominated the trade route leading south and the port of Adulis on the Gulf of Zola. Its success depended on resourceful techniques, the production of coins, steady migrations of Graeco-Roman merchants and ships landing at the port of Adulis. In exchange for Aksum's goods, traders offered many kinds of cloth, jewellery and metals, especially steel for weapons.

At its peak, Aksum controlled territories as far as southern Egypt, east to the Gulf of Aden, south to the Omo River, and west to the Cushite Kingdom of Meroë. The South Arabian kingdom of the Himyarites was also under the control of Aksum. Unlike the nobility, the people used salt and iron bars as money and barter remained their main source of commerce.

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Originally posted by Amun-Ra The Ultimate:
Let's take a look at the Y-DNA and MtDNA data for the Somali populations:


Here we can count 15.4% of non-African (F-Descendants) Y-DNA haplogroups carriers in Somali populations (at the very least, in their samples of Somali often urban based and more cosmopolitan).

The MtDNA proportion of non-African (non-L) haplogroups is 38.88% in Somali from another study.

Y-DNA:15.4%
MtDNA:38.88%

We can see Somali, as most borderline states in North and Eastern Africa, have a substantial proportion of non-African haplogroups (dating to between 2-3kya according to the Pagani, previous studies and archaeological records).

The earliest substantial non-African gene flow into the HOA is correlated to the spread of ethio-semitic language speakers in that region dated from the same time period (2-3kya).

We can also see that the proportion of non-African DNA in Somali is mostly female mediated.

This shows that the non-African gene flow in Somali was probably done through patrilocal intermarriage between indigenous Somali and ethio-semitic language speakers (or those admixed with them). It would explain why Somali have a much smaller proportion of non-African Y-DNA than mtDNA. It would also explain why they kept their cushitic language instead of switching to an ethio-semitic language. Why they look mostly African too. As patrilocal marriage is tend to keep the culture and language of the receiving party, the Y-DNA males in our cases, who are mostly, 84.6% African.

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Originally posted by Amun-Ra The Ultimate:
^^^ About the Aksum kingdom. Those admixture analysis are not very good at differentiating bi-directional gene-flows. The Aksumite kingdom can be a later more recent period of bi-directional gene-flow between Africans and non-Africans in that region.

But the dating of the Aksum kingdom is even more recent than the earliest substantial non-African gene-flow in Eastern Africa usually correlated to the spread of ethio-semitic language carriers in Africa.

After the Aksum kingdom period there always was the Arab/Muslim conquests which also brought even more recent non-African gene flow into North and Eastern Africa.

All those more recent non-African gene-flow into Eastern Africa must also be taken into account.

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While earlier scholarship conceived of a South Arabian origin D'MT polity with sovereignty over much of the northern HOA, it is now clear that this polity, if it ever existed at all as an integrated state [24], was geographically restricted to the regions around Yeha and Aksum in what is now the Tigray region of Ethiopia [25].

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What do you think they mean by the Fulani, Maasai component cluster?



 

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Posted by Amun-Ra The Ultimate (Member # 20039) on :
 

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Originally posted by Trollkillah # Ish Gebor:
]What do you think they mean by the Fulani, Maasai component cluster?
[/QB]

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Originally posted by Amun-Ra The Ultimate:

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Originally posted by Trollkillah # Ish Gebor:
]What do you think they mean by the Fulani, Maasai component cluster?

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Isn't it a bit off topic since it's about the Horn of Africa populations? Fulani and Maasai while having some small but substantial non-African admixture, they always cluster much closer to African populations than non-African populations in term of genetic distances as we can see in the graph you posted.

We can see it here too:
http://www.dhushara.com/book/unraveltree/tishkoff09.jpg

http://i1274.photobucket.com/albums/y421/amunratheultimate2/CushiticAACinTishkoffgeneticdistance_zps89d8fca2.png~original [/QB]

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Back-to-Africa Gene Flow in Eastern Africa.

A major open question concerns the initial source of the west Eurasian ancestry in eastern Africa. The estimated mean time of gene flow in eastern Africa is around 3,000 y ago , and the amount of gene flow must have been quite extensive, because the west Eurasian ancestry proportions reach 40–50% in some Ethiopian populations (Table 1 and ref. 10). Archaeological records from this region are sparse, so Pagani et al. (10) speculate that this admixture is related to the Biblical account of the Kingdom of Sheba. However, archaeological evidence is not completely absent. During this time period, architecture in the Ethiopian culture of D’mt has an “unmistakable South Arabian appearance in many details” (19), although there is some debate as to whether these patterns can be attributed to large movements of people versus elite-driven cultural practices (19, 20). Additionally, linguistic evidence suggests that this time period was when Ethiosemitic languages were introduced to Africa, presumably from southern Arabia (21). It is perhaps not a coincidence that the highest levels of west Eurasian ancestry in eastern Africa are found in the Amhara and Tygray, who speak Ethiosemitic languages and live in what was previously the territory of D’mt and the later kingdom of Aksum.

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Originally posted by Amun-Ra The Ultimate:
It's funny because when you read the study, you realize the author goes out of his way to try to prove his ancient non-African ethio-somali IAC hypothesis and overestimating the dating of the earliest substantial admixture events with non-African populations in Eastern Africa. The ethio-somali IAC is a most probably a mix of structuring among African populations in East Africa and recent bi-directional gene-flow with non-African populations. Other previous studies based on the same HOA SNP dataset, didn't find any such ancient non-African cluster and all came up with the earliest dating for non-African gene flow into East Africa at around 2-3kya. Consistent with archaeological and historic records (Dʿmt, Christianity, Muslim conquests, etc) and the spread of ethio-semitic speakers in the East African region.

Earlier this year (January 2014), Pickrell et.al released an analysis of the same HOA SNP dataset than Pagani and came up with similar results as the Pagani study. :

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Back-to-Africa Gene Flow in Eastern Africa.

A major open question concerns the initial source of the west Eurasian ancestry in eastern Africa. The estimated mean time of gene flow in eastern Africa is around 3,000 y ago , and the amount of gene flow must have been quite extensive, because the west Eurasian ancestry proportions reach 40–50% in some Ethiopian populations (Table 1 and ref. 10). Archaeologicral records from this region are sparse, so Pagani et al. (10) speculate that this admixture is related to the Biblical account of the Kingdom of Sheba. However, archaeological evidence is not completely absent. During this time period, architecture in the Ethiopian culture of D’mt has an “unmistakable South Arabian appearance in many details” (19), although there is some debate as to whether these patterns can be attributed to large movements of people versus elite-driven cultural practices (19, 20). Additionally, linguistic evidence suggests that this time period was when Ethiosemitic languages were introduced to Africa, presumably from southern Arabia (21). It is perhaps not a coincidence that the highest levels of west Eurasian ancestry in eastern Africa are found in the Amhara and Tygray, who speak Ethiosemitic languages and live in what was previously the territory of D’mt and the later kingdom of Aksum.

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From Ancient west Eurasian ancestry in southern and eastern Africa by Joseph K. Pickrell (2014)

LINK (DOWNLOAD OR READ ONLINE)

So the Pickrell study also determine the time of the earliest substantial non-African gene-flow into East Africa to be around 3.000 years ago. Again this is consistent with archaeological and historic records and the spread of ethio-semitic language carriers in Eastern Africa in the last 3000 years. As shown above even the fact that Somali population still carry 84.6% of African Y-DNA haplogroups is another indication of the nature of the relationship between East African populations and his also consistent with a dating of around between 2.000-3.000 years ago for the earliest substantial non-African gene into Eastern Africa.

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because the west Eurasian ancestry proportions reach 40–50% in some Ethiopian populations (Table 1 and ref. 10).

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Originally posted by Trollkillah # Ish Gebor:

Anyway, I noticed this part:

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because the west Eurasian ancestry proportions reach 40–50% in some Ethiopian populations (Table 1 and ref. 10).

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I wonder who these "some populations" are, are these the Arab immigrants?

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Originally posted by Amun-Ra The Ultimate:

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Originally posted by Trollkillah # Ish Gebor:

Anyway, I noticed this part:

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because the west Eurasian ancestry proportions reach 40–50% in some Ethiopian populations (Table 1 and ref. 10).

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I wonder who these "some populations" are, are these the Arab immigrants?

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This West Eurasian ancestry proportion would come mainly from the immigration and spreading of Ethio-semitic and Arabic speakers (and populations admixed with them) in the Horn of Africa in the last 3000 years. Somalian have a low proportion of such west asian and non-African Y-DNA haplogroups.

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Originally posted by the lioness,:
what about Somali mtDNA ?

xyyman wonders generally about what could explain a given population having paternal DNA from one geographic location yet that same popualtion having maternal DNA from another geographic location, what might explain such a thing

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Wasn't this addressed already, several times?
 

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Posted by the lioness, (Member # 17353) on :
 



http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn24988-humanitys-forgotten-return-to-africa-revealed-in-dna.html#.U6JWIUZ4S9s

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Professor Chris Tyler-Smith of the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute in Cambridge, UK, a researcher on the study, told BBC News: "Genetics can tell us about historical events.
"By analysing the genetics of Ethiopia and several other regions we can see that there was gene flow into Ethiopia, probably from the Levant, around 3,000 years ago, and this fits perfectly with the story of the Queen of Sheba."

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The genetic prehistory of southern Africa

2012

Joseph K. Pickrell,

http://www.nature.com/ncomms/journal/v3/n10/full/ncomms2
140.html

Abstract
Abstract• Introduction• Results• Discussion• Methods• Additional information• References• Acknowledgements• Author information• Supplementary information
Southern and eastern African populations that speak non-Bantu languages with click consonants are known to harbour some of the most ancient genetic lineages in humans, but their relationships are poorly understood. Here, we report data from 23 populations analysed at over half a million single-nucleotide polymorphisms, using a genome-wide array designed for studying human history. The southern African Khoisan fall into two genetic groups, loosely corresponding to the northwestern and southeastern Kalahari, which we show separated within the last 30,000 years. We find that all individuals derive at least a few percent of their genomes from admixture with non-Khoisan populations that began ~1,200 years ago. In addition, the East African Hadza and Sandawe derive a fraction of their ancestry from admixture with a population related to the Khoisan, supporting the hypothesis of an ancient link between southern and eastern Africa.



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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3397267/


Ethiopian Genetic Diversity Reveals Linguistic Stratification and Complex Influences on the Ethiopian Gene Pool

Luca Pagani, 2012

Humans and their ancestors have traversed the Ethiopian landscape for millions of years, and present-day Ethiopians show great cultural, linguistic, and historical diversity, which makes them essential for understanding African variability and human origins. We genotyped 235 individuals from ten Ethiopian and two neighboring (South Sudanese and Somali) populations on an Illumina Omni 1M chip. Genotypes were compared with published data from several African and non-African populations. Principal-component and STRUCTURE-like analyses confirmed substantial genetic diversity both within and between populations, and revealed a match between genetic data and linguistic affiliation. Using comparisons with African and non-African reference samples in 40-SNP genomic windows, we identified “African” and “non-African” haplotypic components for each Ethiopian individual. The non-African component, which includes the SLC24A5 allele associated with light skin pigmentation in Europeans, may represent gene flow into Africa, which we estimate to have occurred ∼3 thousand years ago (kya). The non-African component was found to be more similar to populations inhabiting the Levant rather than the Arabian Peninsula, but the principal route for the expansion out of Africa ∼60 kya remains unresolved. Linkage-disequilibrium decay with genomic distance was less rapid in both the whole genome and the African component than in southern African samples, suggesting a less ancient history for Ethiopian populations.


Source of the Major Out-of-Africa Migration

Consistent with previous studies' reports of a steady decline in genetic similarity among non-African populations as a function of geographical traveling distance from East Africa, we found that the FST values estimated between either Ethiopian or North African populations and non-African populations followed the same pattern (Figure 2, Table S2). This steady decline has been argued27 to be compatible with a single exit followed by isolation-by-distance, rather than with two distinct African sources contributing to the non-African diversity. Neither including nor excluding the Ethiopian data altered the pattern. To follow the thread left by this dispersal in more detail, we used the genome partitioning performed earlier to calculate the minimum pairwise difference between the African component of the Egyptian and Ethiopian populations and the equivalent genomic segment in non-Africans. The partitioning would remove noise, caused by recent backflows into Africa, which might otherwise mask the original out-of-Africa signal. If the mouth of the Red Sea had been a major migration route out of Africa, we might observe a closer affinity of Ethiopians, rather than Egyptians, with non-Africans.

As a proof of principle, we first applied the approach to a genetic system with a well-understood phylogeographic structure: mtDNA. Virtually all indigenous sub-Saharan African mtDNA lineages belong to L haplogroups, whereas the presence of haplogroups M and N in North and East Africa has been interpreted as a signal of gene flow back to Africa.48,49 With the full set of 18 mtDNA SNPs used in our genome-wide data set, Egyptians and Moroccans proved to be the closest African population to any non-African population examined (Table 2A). However, when we first partitioned the mtDNA lineages into African and non-African (i.e., L and non-L) and considered only the L component, a different pattern emerged: Ethiopians were the closest population to the non-Africans (Table 2B), consistent with inferences drawn from more detailed mtDNA analyses.5

Applying the same principle, we then calculated the shortest distance between the African and non-African populations on the basis of either full genome data or the African component of this data set. In contrast to the mtDNA results, the Egyptians proved to be the closest to the non-Africans in both cases (Tables 2A and 2B).

Discussion
We present an extensive genome-wide data set representing Ethiopian geographical, linguistic, and ethnic diversity. Its study has allowed us to cast light on a number of questions, some long-standing, about both ancient and recent demographic events in human evolution. In the Discussion, we again follow a roughly chronological path from the more recent to the older events.

The Ethiopian populations show high genetic diversity, with stratification matching the linguistic families (Figure 1B), except for the overlap in both PCA and FST analyses of populations belonging to two mutually unintelligible linguistic groups (Semitic and Cushitic). This overlap reflects both the similar amount of non-African genome present in these individuals and the similar African component (Figures 1C and 1E). It may also reflect factors such as the recent expansion of some Cushitic and Semitic groups and landscape such as highland and lowland environments. Of particular interest is the distinctiveness of the Omotic groups, whose position in Figures 1A and S3 is intriguingly compatible with being a putative ancestral Ethiopian population. One insight provided by the ADMIXTURE plot (Figure 1C) concerns the origin of the Ari Blacksmiths. This population is one of the occupational caste-like groups present in many Ethiopian societies that have traditionally been explained as either remnants of hunter-gatherer groups assimilated by the expansion of farmers in the Neolithic period or as groups marginalized in agriculturalist communities due to their craft skills.51 The prevalence of an Ethiopian-specific cluster (yellow in Figure 1C) in the Ari Blacksmith sample could favor the former scenario; the ancestors of this occupational group could have been part of a population that inhabited the area before the spread of agriculturalists. Further study of multiple groups comparing agriculturists and caste-like groups would reveal whether there is a pattern of a greater Ethiopia-specific genomic profile associated with caste-like occupations, an observation which would support the absorption rather than the exclusion hypothesis.

ADMIXTURE analyses revealed a major (40%–50%) contribution to the Ethiopian Semitic-Cushitic genomes that is similar to that of non-African populations. Our estimates of genetic similarity between this component and extant non-African populations suggest that the source was more likely the Levant than the Arabian Peninsula. We estimate that this admixture event took place approximately 3 kya. The more recent admixture dates for the Oromo and Afar can be explained by the effect of a subsequent Islamic expansion that particularly impacted these groups, as well as the North Africans.52 Levant people may have arrived in Ethiopia via land or sea subsequently, leaving a similar signature also in modern Egyptians, or the similarity between Ethiopians and Egyptians may be a consequence of independent genetic relationships. This putative migration from the Levant to Ethiopia, which is also supported by linguistic evidence, may have carried the derived western Eurasian allele of SLC24A5, which is associated with light skin pigmentation. Although potentially disadvantageous due to the high intensity of UV radiation in the area, the SLC24A5 allele has maintained a substantial frequency in the Semitic-Cushitic populations, perhaps driven by social factors including sexual selection. The “African” component of the Ethiopian genomes may also result in part from recent migrations into Ethiopia from other parts of Africa, a possibility that we have not examined here.

The estimated time (3 kya) and the geographic origin (the Levant) of the gene flow into Ethiopia are consistent with both the model of Early Bronze Age origins of Semitic languages and the reported age estimate (2.8 kya) of the Ethio-Semitic language group.23 They are also consistent with the legend of Makeda, the Queen of Sheba. According to the version recorded in the Ethiopian Kebra Nagast (a traditional Ethiopian book on the origins of the kings), this influential Ethiopian queen (who, according to Hansberry,53 reigned between 1005 and 955 BCE) visited King Solomon—ruler, in biblical tradition, of the United Kingdom of Israel and Judah—bringing back, in addition to important trading links, a son. The ancient kingdom of Axum adopted Christianity as early as the fourth century. Historical contacts established between Ethiopia and the Middle East were maintained across the centuries, with the Ethiopian church in regular contact with Alexandria, Egypt. These long-lasting links between the two regions are reflected in influences still apparent in the modern Ethiopian cultural and, as we show here, genetic landscapes.

An abundance of evidence suggests that all modern non-Africans descend predominantly from a single African source via a dispersal event some 50 to 70 kya.6,7,27,49 However, debate continues about whether the principal migratory route out of Africa was north of the Red Sea to the Levant, or across its mouth to the Arabian Peninsula. The actual source of the migrations within Africa is a different question, but we assume that the migrators would have left genetic signatures in Egypt if they took the northern route or in Ethiopia if they took the southern route. We chose reference non-African populations along the two putative routes. However, both the northern and eastern Africans have genetic distances (FST) that gradually increase with geographic distance along both routes. This also holds true when Ethiopian populations that show little evidence of recent non-African gene flow (Omotic and Nilotic) are used as a source. A minimum-pairwise-distance measure based on the African component of the genome found that the Ethiopian mtDNA component was closer to non-African populations than was the Egyptian mtDNA component, as previously reported,50 but that the autosomal genome of non-Africans was closer to the African component of the Egyptian rather than Ethiopian populations. This could be interpreted as supporting a northern exit route. However, the 80% non-African proportion of the Egyptian genome (Figure 1C) reduces the power of our comparisons and, taken together with the requirement for the African state in at least ten chromosomes, means that this conclusion is based on just ~1,800 SNPs (compared to 18,960 for the Ethiopians, 30,798 for the Mozabite, and 5,920 for the Moroccans). Therefore, the question requires further investigation beyond the scope of the present study.

On a broader time scale, the LD analyses pointed to click speakers, Pygmies, and a Nigerian-Congolese group as all having a deeper population history than both the whole genome and the African component of the East Africans sampled. Although this result might seem inconsistent with the outstanding fossil record available from Ethiopia, it may illustrate that genetic diversity assessed from modern populations does not necessarily represent their long-term demographic histories at the site. Alternatively, the rich record of human fossil ancestors in Ethiopia, and indeed along the Rift Valley, may reflect biases of preservation and discovery, with more fossils being exposed in regions of geological activity. Fluctuations in effective population size in the past and dispersals within Africa may have further confounded our analyses and their correlation with the fossil record. The fact that the observed genetic diversity in Ethiopia is lower than in some other African populations does not negate the possibility that Ethiopia was the cradle of anatomically modern humans. However, interpretations of the LD-based analyses may be challenged by future work in two key respects. First, whole-genome sequences can provide an independent measure of the demographic history of the groups studied,54 but they have not yet been applied to Ethiopian samples. Second, there is a need for a better understanding of the implication for the genomic recombination landscape of the observed allelic differences in PRDM9 (MIM 609760).55 The higher frequencies of the active allele reported for the West African Yoruba compared with the Eastern African Maasai might therefore imply the need for rethinking the direct correlation between LD patterns and population age.

In conclusion, Ethiopian SNP genotypes give insights into evolutionary questions on several timescales. Whether or not modern Ethiopians can be identified as the best living representatives of an ancestral human population, or even of the out-of-Africa movement, the data presented here reveal imprints of historical events that accompanied the formation of the rich cultural and genetic diversity observed in the area. Furthermore, we observe strong genetic structuring in East Africa, including a strong match between the linguistic and genetic structures. This is exemplified by the three distinct PC clusters (Omotic, Nilotic, and Semitic-Cushitic), confirming Ethiopia as one of the most diverse African regions.



 

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Posted by Trollkillah # Ish Gebor (Member # 18264) on :
 

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The L374F polymorphism of the SLC45A2 gene, encoding the membrane-associated transporter protein that plays an important role in melanin synthesis, has been suggested to be associated with skin color in human populations. In this study, the detailed distribution of the 374f and 374l alleles has been investigated in 2,581 unrelated subjects from 36 North, East, West, and Central African populations. We found once more the highly significant (p 0.001) correlation coefficient (r = 0.957) cline of 374f frequencies with degrees of latitude in European and North African populations. Almost all the African populations located below 16° of latitude are fixed for the 374l allele. Peul, Toucouleur, and Soninké populations have 374l allele frequencies of 0.06, 0.03, and 0.03, respectively.

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The two genes SLC24A5 and SLC45A2 were recently identified as major determinants of pigmentation in humans and in other vertebrates. The allele p.A111T in the former gene and the allele p.L374F in the latter gene are both nearly fixed in light-skinned Europeans, and can therefore be considered ancestry informative marker (AIMs). AIMs are becoming useful for forensic identification of the phenotype from a DNA profile sampled, for example, from a crime scene. Here, we generate new allelic data for these two genes from samples of Chinese, Uygurs, Ghanaians, South African Xhosa, South African Europeans, and Sri Lankans (Tamils and Sinhalese). Our data confirm the earlier results and furthermore demonstrate that the SLC45A2 allele is a more specific AIM than the SLC24A5 allele because the former clearly distinguishes the Sri Lankans from the Europeans.
Authors

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These results argue for an independent evolution of lighter skin in European and East Asian populations. To further test the hypothesis that SLC24A5 has been shaped by positive directional selection in European (but not East Asian) populations we sequenced 4.8 kb of SLC24A5 spanning a 20 kb region in a geographically diverse panel of human populations representing Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Americas.

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To gain insight into when and where this mutation
arose, we defined common haplotypes in the
genomic region around SLC24A5 across diverse human
populations and deduced phylogenetic relationships
between them. Virtually all chromosomes carrying the
A111T allele share a single 78-kb haplotype that we
call C11, indicating that all instances of this
mutation in human populations share a common origin

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quote:

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A multivariate analysis of four prehistoric and nine historic populations from the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands with large sample sizes (n > 30 individuals for the neurocranium and n > 15 for the facial skeleton) is presented, considering 874 male and 557 female skulls and using 20 craniometric measurements. Cluster analyses have been undertaken using the squared Euclidean distance as a measure of proximity and the average linkage between groups (UPGMA), and neighbor-joining algorithms as a branching method, and a bootstrap analysis was used to assess the robustness of the clustering topology. The study was complemented with a principal coordinate analysis and with the application of the Mantel test to measure the degree of correspondence between the information furnished by the female and the male samples. The analyses show that the main source of morphometric variability in the Iberian Peninsula is the Basque population. The second source of variation is provided by two populations (Muslims and Jews), different from the rest from an archaeological and cultural point of view, and can probably be attributed to influences from sub-Saharan Africa. The massive deportations of the Jews in 1492 and of the Moors between the 15th and 17th centuries may have erased this source of variability from the present population of the Iberian Peninsula. The remaining studied populations, including samples from Castile, Cantabria, Andalusia, Catalonia and Balearic Islands, are grouped together, showing a notable morphological homogeneity, despite their temporal and geographic heterogeneity. These results are in general agreement with those obtained in synthetic maps, by analyzing multiple genetic markers. In such studies, the Basque population is described as the main source of genetic variability, not only in the Iberian Peninsula, but also in Western Europe.

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quote:

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The presence of almost 50% of sub-Saharan lineages L1b, L2 and L3 in Abauntz Chalcolithic deposits and Tres Montes, in Navarre, suggests the existence of an important gene flow from Africa to this geographic region.


The low frequency of these lineages in the current Spanish population indicates that it has gene produced a replacement from the Chalcolithic period.


The entry of African lineages could occur during the Paleolithic, during the Neolithic period, or during both periods.


The phylogenetically related sequences present in the Chalcolithic deposit Iberian Peninsula and Neolithic and Chalcolithic samples of the Middle East points to Neolithic as most likely time of entry into the peninsula of these lineages.


Description: SUMMARY OF DOCTORAL THESIS The origins of European populations have been addressed from different disciplines, highlighting the contribution of population genetics studies. Shuffle two moments in prehistory in which it has been possible to model the gene pool of populations in Europe: the spread of Neolithic and Palaeolithic period expansions. The ability to recover from bygone population genetics provides a unique opportunity to test the assumptions made in situ from other disciplines. We studied 197 samples from 115 dental and bone individuals 17 archaeological sites Sumerian Neolithic and Middle East, when Meroitic Nubia and Paleolithic era, post-Neolithic and Neolithic of the Iberian Peninsula. We obtained complete sequences of mitochondrial DNA of 244 bp of 35 different individuals, were compared with sequences from the same region of present individuals from 38 populations in Europe, Africa and Middle East. In phylogenetic reconstructions based on Reynolds distance groups of ancient samples are grouped together, separated from the rest of current populations. However, phylogenetic reconstructions made from the haplotypes of ancient and modern samples denote that although the majority of ancient mitochondrial variants are not present in current populations sampled, may relate more or less closely with them. The composition of haplotypes and haplogroups of ancient samples from the Near East and the Iberian Peninsula differs markedly from that found in the current populations of these geographical regions. In the ancient Middle East show highlights in particular the absence of mitochondrial haplogroup J, U3, W and X, associated with the Neolithic expansion into Europe. This may be due either to the sample obtained is not old chronologically or geographically-representative populations of the Middle East that spread during the Neolithic well that these variants were not introduced in Europe during the Neolithic. In the ancient sample of the Iberian Peninsula highlights the presence of 50% of sub-Saharan lines. These lines may have been introduced during the Solutrean, the Mesolithic or Neolithic. This work also delved into various technical aspects of obtaining authentic ancient DNA and the influence of several variables in the preservation of genetic material. ABSTRACT The origins of the European Populations Studied extensively from Have Been Different disciplines. It is Thought That ancient demic expansions, like occurred After the Late Those Glacial Maximum or DURING the Middle East from neolithic diffussion to Europe. The Possibility to recover DNA from past Populations offers an unique Opportunity to test in situ These hypothesis. 197 It Were Analyzed teeth and bones from 115 individuos Archaeological Sites and 17 Different from Middle East and the Iberian Peninsula. It WAS possible to recover mitochondrial DNA sequences 244pb-35 from Different Individuals. They Were 38 Compared to sequences from European, African and Middle Eastern Populations present-day. Phylogenetic Reconstructions from Reynolds genetic distance Showed That ancient samples clustered together, extant from Clearly Separated Populations. Howeve, based phylogenetic Reconstructions on ancient and modern mitochondrial haplotypes Showed That ancient haplotypes are related to extant ones. Haplotype frequencies and haplogroup in samples from the ancient Middle East and the Iberian Peninsula are Different from Those Clearly present in the Same Geographical Nowadays regions. Haplogroups related to J neolithic expansion to Europe, U3, W and X-are absent in ancient middle eastern sample. There are two possible Explanations to this fact. First, It Could Be That the ancient samples possible Analyzed wont be representative of the Middle Eastern Populations That expanded the neolithic. Second, It Could Be That Those haplogroups Also possible wont Have Been made to them in Europe associated with expansions to neolithic demic. At This work It Were Also Examined technical Several Aspects related to the obtention of genuine ancient DNA and the Influence of Different variables in DNA preservation.

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Polimorfismos de DNA mitocondrial en poblaciones antiguas de la cuenca mediterránea.


Fernández Domínguez, E. et al.

(2005)



 

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Posted by Akachi (Member # 21711) on :
 
Y'all do realize that these "non Africans" were black people still right? Some of y'all fall entirely too easy for these Eurocentric games (i.e. genetics) that they use to try to imply that non black people existed (unless albino) THAT LONG AGO...THEY ARE TRYING TO EQUATE ANCIENT POPULATIONS WITH THOSE MODERN POPULATIONS LIVING IN THE AREAS TODAY. That being said since everyone was black back then why the Hell does it matter whether or not that a gene mutated on the continent of Africa or Asia? THEY WERE ARE ALL BLACK PEOPLE and white people (the source of all non black people actually) did not exist until 6,600 years when they left their island.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x-sMq5LIC88
 

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Posted by the lioness, (Member # 17353) on :
 

quote:

---

Originally posted by Akachi:

white people (the source of all non black people actually) did not exist until 6,600 years when they left their island.

---

this is an anhropology website not that fairly tale Yakub religious nonsense


furthermore, this particular article was talking about a back migration 3,000 years ago, not 6,600 years ago
 

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Posted by Trollkillah # Ish Gebor (Member # 18264) on :
 

quote:

---

Originally posted by the lioness,:

quote:

---

Originally posted by Akachi:

white people (the source of all non black people actually) did not exist until 6,600 years when they left their island.

---

this is an anhropology website not that fairly tale Yakub religious nonsense


furthermore, this particular article was talking about a back migration 3,000 years ago, not 6,600 years ago


Blah blah blah...

quote:

---

Originally posted by the lioness,:
However the EEF farmers were replaced

_________________________________

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/04/130423134037.htm

"The record of this maternally inherited genetic group, called Haplogroup H, shows that the first farmers in Central Europe resulted from a wholesale cultural and genetic input via migration, beginning in Turkey and the Near East where farming originated and arriving in Germany around 7,500 years ago," says joint lead author Dr Paul Brotherton, formerly at ACAD and now at the University of Huddersfield, UK.
ACAD Director Professor Alan Cooper says: "What is intriguing is that the genetic markers of this first pan-European culture, which was clearly very successful, were then suddenly replaced around 4,500 years ago, and we don't know why. Something major happened, and the hunt is now on to find out what that was."

"We have established that the genetic foundations for modern Europe were only established in the Mid-Neolithic, after this major genetic transition around 4,000 years ago," says Dr Haak. "This genetic diversity was then modified further by a series of incoming and expanding cultures from Iberia and Eastern Europe through the Late Neolithic."
"The expansion of the Bell Beaker culture (named after their pots) appears to have been a key event, emerging in Iberia around 2800 BC and arriving in Germany several centuries later," says Dr Brotherton. "This is a very interesting group as they have been linked to the expansion of Celtic languages along the Atlantic coast and into central Europe."

The team has been working closely on the genetic prehistory of Europeans for the past 7-8 years.

____________________________________


http://www.nature.com/ncomms/journal/v4/n4/full/ncomms2656.html

Neolithic mitochondrial haplogroup H genomes and the genetic origins of Europeans

Paul Brotherton,

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quote:

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Lalueza-Fox states: "However, the biggest surprise was to discover that this individual possessed African versions in the genes that determine the light pigmentation of the current Europeans, which indicates that he had dark skin, although we can not know the exact shade."

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quote:

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"A team of scientists has tracked down a genetic mutation that leads to blue eyes. The mutation occurred between 6,000 and 10,000 years ago, so before then, there were no blue eyes."

---

quote:

---

Originally posted by Trollkillah # Ish Gebor:
Bu... bu...but, the Cro Magnon are extinct. Was there a population replacement, in Europe?

---

Most scientists believe that much of Western Europe became depopulated after the last ice age (LGM) due to temperature drop

Many also believe that many of them went to southern Europe during this period

During this time they may also have undergone further genetic changes.

This would be one of the three populations that Lazaridis believes are ancestral to modern Europeans

Nevertheless not every recent article dovetails, some have other viewpoints on replacement and "basal" populations, not eveything corresponds

When you consider any recent article on replacement remember to look at where they think the replacement popualtion comes from
 

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Posted by Akachi (Member # 21711) on :
 
Lioness bitch you know I'm telling the truth...

The Messenger's teaching on Yakub:

“When they make mockery of what God has revealed to the Honorable Elijah Muhammad, they say that Yakub was an evil scientist. Wrong!Yakub was a scientist who saw in the genetic makeup of the Black man that he could bring out of us a new people, the opposite of the original. That is not evil. That is high science.”

Since the June release of The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews, Vol. 2, Ashkenazi (or White European) Jews have scrambled to create a diversion away from the unanswerable 512-page indictment by ridiculing the history of Yakub. The latest open attack was orchestrated by the ADL's Abraham Foxman, with the milquetoast acquiescence of radio host Michael Eric Dyson. Foxman brought along with him the disaffected negro Judeophile Stanley Crouch to defend him against The Minister's crushing indictments revealed in The Secret Relationship. Foxman had Crouch to question The Messenger's teaching about the origin of the White man, but all that Crouch could muster was the following: “You can't call Farrakhan a truth teller—a guy who has a, has a religion, purportedly, based upon the idea that the White man was invented 6,000 years ago by a mad Black scientist.” That sentence is the substance of his entire challenge to the Yakub story. So, let us look into Crouch's concerns.

The Most Honorable Elijah Muhammad teaches that the White man first appeared 6,000 years ago on the Island of Patmos (or Pelan), in the Aegean Sea, where they had been “made” by a 600-year process of selective breeding called “grafting.” Under the auspices of a brilliant Black scientist named Yakub, and by divine authority of Allah Himself, the Blacks who came with Yakub to the island were placed under a system of laws by which mating was based on skin color and in which only lighter-complexioned babies were allowed to survive. Over the course of many generations, the population of Patmos began to grow lighter and lighter until, after 600 years of this dedicated grafting process, the people became very pale with blue eyes and blonde hair. From this island-based tribe of white-skinned albinos came an aggressive race of rulers who then spread into every corner of the world—namely, the Caucasians, who now represent 9 percent of the world population (that's 1 in every 11 human beings).

But The Messenger is not the only source to address the origin of the White race. There are many echoes of this account chronicled by other histories, religions, and folklores, including Judaism. The ancient rabbis use the biblical account of Jacob's grafted flocks of sheep and goat to bear witness to the teachings of Mr. Muhammad. Genesis 30:35 says that Jacob (English translation of the name Yakub) was able to produce unusually colored livestock through the use of a skillful breeding technique. Significantly, it took Jacob six years to successfully change the color of the flock (Genesis 31:41). The book of Jewish traditions called the Midrash Rabbah actually uses this Bible story to explain the birth of White children to Black parents. The rabbis present this parable :

The king of the Arabs put this question to Rabbi Akiba: “I am Black and my wife is Black, yet she gave birth to a White son. Shall I kill her for having played the harlot while lying with me?” Said the other, “Are the figures in your house painted Black or White?” “White,” he said. The other assured him, “When you had intercourse with her, she fixed her eyes upon the White figures and bore a child like them.”

These Caucasian rabbis, who ALWAYS present themselves in their writings as superior to both the “Arab” and the Blacks, use this apocryphal passage to explain their own racial origin in terms of a breeding process.

And with the assistance of Lawrence Guthrie's powerful little book, The Making of The Whiteman, we are led to other more recent testimonials. The Baptist theologian Bernard L. Ramm explained:

By scientific breeding we can shuffle these genes with their characteristics and breed traits in or breed them out. ...The laws of heredity plus principles of separation or selection operating over a period of time will produce the various races of the world.

But religious leaders are not the only ones alluding to a created man. Men of science have also grappled with what they saw as the unusual appearance of this odd human anomaly, the White man. The Dutch anatomist Lodewijk “Louis” Bolk wrote in Origin of Racial Characteristics in Man, “White skin ... started from an ancestor with a black skin, in whose offspring hair and iris color were suppressed more and more.”

The notable English naturalist Charles Darwin concluded that without some form of selective breeding, such skin color differences simply “cannot be accounted for in a satisfactory manner”:

“We have thus far been baffled in all our attempts to account for the differences between the races of man; but there remains one important agency, namely, Sexual Selection, which appears to have acted as powerfully on man as on many other animals.”

The English physician James Cowles Prichard likewise concluded that the physical differences between the races of man could only have resulted from a method comparable to “the process of artificial selection carried on by plant and animal breeders.” It seems, he said “probable that the fairest races of White people of Europe, are descended from … Negroes.”

American biologist Dr. Edwin Grant Conklin wrote in The Evolution of Man:

t is evident that distinct races could not have been established and perpetuated except by the aid of isolation, chiefly geographical.

[I]The ancient Egyptians worried about an immigrant-tribe of blue-eyed people among them that seemed to have a proclivity for trouble-making. They had red or blonde hair and blue eyes and lived at the edge of the desert. The Egyptians called them Tamahu—the created ones—a clear allusion to their unnatural origins. More recently, a Jewish scientist at the University of Copenhagen confirmed that all blue-eyed humans have a single, common ancestor. Dr. Hans Eiberg refers to this condition as a “genetic mutation” and he says it occurred 6-10 thousand years ago. According to Mr. Elijah Muhammad this is EXACTLY when Mr. Yakub's work began on Patmos! Further, Dr. Eiberg and his team found a specific gene, known as the OCA2 gene, which if altered would result in human beings without melanin in their hair, eyes, or skin color—a condition known as albinism. Thus, this OCA2 gene was targeted and manipulated by some force or event around 6,000+ years ago.

In a 2006 New York Times article is yet more proof of a drastic alteration of genetic structure within this 6,000-year time frame. It reported that researchers at the University of Chicago had found “where genes appear to have been reshaped by natural selection …within the last 5,000 to 15,000 years.” Incredibly, Dr. Jonathan Pritchard estimates that the point in time when the genes of the Asian and European populations were altered was 6,600 years ago—the exact date that The Messenger said that Mr. Yakub began his grafting process! The scientists say that “the selected genes, which affect skin color, hair texture and bone structure, may underlie the present-day differences in racial appearance.” How exactly they were “selected,” why, and by whom or by what process the scientist cannot or will not say, but in a human timeline of millions of years this recent genetic alteration is drastic indeed and suggests a purpose-driven effort to create this incredible change.

These are extraordinary testaments to the truth taught by the Most Hon. Elijah Muhammad, and believe it or not, none of the aforementioned witness-bearers have ever been members of the Nation of Islam. These scientific sources have never been impeached or even interrogated by the mischievous voices of mockery that have yet to account for the independent findings of all these White scientists. Despite the recent radio hijinks of Foxman and crew, it is the truths revealed by The Messenger and his most powerful Servant, The Hon. Minister Louis Farrakhan, which are vindicated by science, and that still stand alone.

Just like I said these genetics test are all illusions to mask the truth of the matter. PS. I'm not a Muslim either.

The Tamahu (literally meaning the created ones).




If you want to hear the full story here you go

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4ia9CZyGCh0
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TPhIIjmTdLw

Enjoy!

Notice the 666 number....The Devil aka the Narga "N-G-R" (aka "nigga")...aka the return of the pharaoh who was worshipped as what back in the day?...God.



https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LClvrDFQWBw

Believe these white lies if you want to. The Tetrad blood moon occurred in 1492 which is when the Moors were finally repelled from Spain and the Hebrews left as well. This year also marked the year Columbus being sailed to America (by a Moor) and the murder of 100 million Native Americans. This one now represents the reversal of the white bullshit, which is what Revelations in the New Testament is really about (which is based on the older black bird prophecy...you can guess what that means).

(check the end)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pFhS-49WGGY

Funny thing is that many of the founding fathers of the nation WERE NOT CHRISTIAN and knew very well about this prophecy and the destruction of America based on it's evil (genocide and slavery). :

quote:

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And can the liberties of a nation be thought secure when we have removed their only firm basis, a conviction in the minds of the people that these liberties are of the gift of God? That they are not to be violated but with his wrath? Indeed I tremble for my country when I reflect that God is just: that his justice cannot sleep for ever: that considering numbers, nature and natural means only, a revolution of the wheel of fortune, an exchange of situation, is among possible events: that it may become probable by supernatural interference! The Almighty has no attribute which can take side with us in such a contest.

---

The black people (the chosen people) will rise from their oppressive state starting with the blacks here in America. The Greatest boxer known as Ali mentioned this prophecy in an interview decades ago.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HqiWFLsgVi4

Minus the white girl playing the pharaoh Katy Perry and Juicy J (666 mafia...R.I.P scarecrow) are telling you what's about to happen in the dark horse video:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0KSOMA3QBU0

Isn't the snake also associated with the Devil or "evil" as they tell us?


 

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Posted by Amun-Ra The Ultimate (Member # 20039) on :
 
^^^ Can you reduce the size of your pics, they are too large. We can't read the lines without scrolling. Thank you.
 

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Posted by Trollkillah # Ish Gebor (Member # 18264) on :
 

quote:

---

Originally posted by the lioness,:

quote:

---

Originally posted by Trollkillah # Ish Gebor:
Bu... bu...but, the Cro Magnon are extinct. Was there a population replacement, in Europe?

---

Most scientists believe that much of Western Europe became depopulated after the last ice age (LGM) due to temperature drop

Many also believe that many of them went to southern Europe during this period

During this time they may also have undergone further genetic changes.

This would be one of the three populations that Lazaridis believes are ancestral to modern Europeans

Nevertheless not every recent article dovetails, some have other viewpoints on replacement and "basal" populations, not eveything corresponds

When you consider any recent article on replacement remember to look at where they think the replacement popualtion comes from

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quote:

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Originally posted by Trollkillah # Ish Gebor:

quote:

---

Originally posted by the lioness,:

quote:

---

Originally posted by Trollkillah # Ish Gebor:
Bu... bu...but, the Cro Magnon are extinct. Was there a population replacement, in Europe?

---

Most scientists believe that much of Western Europe became depopulated after the last ice age (LGM) due to temperature drop

Many also believe that many of them went to southern Europe during this period

During this time they may also have undergone further genetic changes.

This would be one of the three populations that Lazaridis believes are ancestral to modern Europeans

Nevertheless not every recent article dovetails, some have other viewpoints on replacement and "basal" populations, not eveything corresponds

When you consider any recent article on replacement remember to look at where they think the replacement popualtion comes from

---

I notice the word believe is being used allot.


You said, "Western Europe became depopulated after the last ice age (LGM)". Are you sure it became "depopulated", instead of populated? And of whom do you speak here, exactly?


You then state: "Many also believe that many of them went to southern Europe during this period". But, from where did "many of them" come in the first place, and who do you mean by " many of them"?


Then you say: "during this time they may also have undergone further genetic changes. Of which genetic changes do you speak? Can you be more specific?


And of "which three populations" do you speak exactly. Can you be specific. So we all know what we are talking about, and refer to?

Thank in advance.

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quote:

---

Originally posted by Trollkillah # Ish Gebor:


You said, "Western Europe became depopulated after the last ice age (LGM)". Are you sure it became "depopulated", instead of populated? And of whom do you speak here, exactly?


You then state: "Many also believe that many of them went to southern Europe during this period". But, from where did "many of them" come in the first place, and who do you mean by " many of them"?

---

quote:

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Originally posted by Trollkillah # Ish Gebor:

Then you say: "during this time they may also have undergone further genetic changes. Of which genetic changes do you speak? Can you be more specific?

---

quote:

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Originally posted by Trollkillah # Ish Gebor:

And of "which three populations" do you speak exactly. Can you be specific. So we all know what we are talking about, and refer to?

Thank in advance. [/QB]

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http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2014/04/05/001552

see download PDF


Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans




40,000 years a long time
A lot mutations can occur
And in that time in Europe there were also dramatic climate changes which affect the natural selction process.
Since humans entered Europe there have also been multiple migration waves into and out of Europe prbably resulting in various admixtures in the modern people today
 

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Posted by zarahan- aka Enrique Cardova (Member # 15718) on :
 
Since humans entered Europe there have also been multiple migration
waves into and out of Europe prbably resulting in various admixtures in the modern people today

So then you agree with Cavalli-Sforza that Europeans
are a population with as you say, "various admixtures"
of African and Asian?


 

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Posted by the lioness, (Member # 17353) on :
 

quote:

---

Originally posted by zarahan- aka Enrique Cardova:
Since humans entered Europe there have also been multiple migration
waves into and out of Europe prbably resulting in various admixtures in the modern people today

So then you agree with Cavalli-Sforza that Europeans
are a population with as you say, "various admixtures"
of African and Asian?

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No, refer to the Lazaridis article

(furthermore above tree chart does not support such a conclusion
and it shows the closest branch to Africans being Europeans




http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2014/04/05/001552
 

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Posted by the lioness, (Member # 17353) on :
 
Further elaborations

Paul Brotherton

quote:

---

Originally posted by the lioness,:
http://www.nature.com/ncomms/journal/v4/n4/full/ncomms2656.html

Neolithic mitochondrial haplogroup H genomes and the genetic origins of Europeans

Paul Brotherton, Wolfgang Haak, Jennifer Templeton, Guido Brandt, Julien Soubrier, Christina Jane Adler, Stephen M. Richards,
doi:10.1038/ncomms2656
Received 20 September 2012 Accepted 27 February 2013 Published 23 April 2013

Haplogroup H dominates present-day Western European mitochondrial DNA variability (>40%), yet was less common (~19%) among Early Neolithic farmers (~5450 BC) and virtually absent in Mesolithic hunter-gatherers. Here we investigate this major component of the maternal population history of modern Europeans and sequence 39 complete haplogroup H mitochondrial genomes from ancient human remains. We then compare this ‘real-time’ genetic data with cultural changes taking place between the Early Neolithic (~5450 BC) and Bronze Age (~2200 BC) in Central Europe. Our results reveal that the current diversity and distribution of haplogroup H were largely established by the Mid Neolithic (~4000 BC), but with substantial genetic contributions from subsequent pan-European cultures such as the Bell Beakers expanding out of Iberia in the Late Neolithic (~2800 BC). Dated haplogroup H genomes allow us to reconstruct the recent evolutionary history of haplogroup H and reveal a mutation rate 45% higher than current estimates for human mitochondria.

From around 2800 BC, the LNE Bell Beaker culture emerged from the Iberian Peninsula to form one of the first pan-European archaeological complexes. This cultural phenomenon is recognised by a distinctive package of rich grave goods including the eponymous bell-shaped ceramic beakers. The genetic affinities between Central Europe’s Bell Beakers and present-day Iberian populations (Fig. 2) is striking and throws fresh light on long-disputed archaeological models3. We suggest these data indicate a considerable genetic influx from the West during the LNE. These far-Western genetic affinities of Mittelelbe-Saale’s Bell Beaker folk may also have intriguing linguistic implications, as the archaeologically-identified eastward movement of the Bell Beaker culture has recently been linked to the initial spread of the Celtic language family across Western Europe39. This hypothesis suggests that early members of the Celtic language family (for example, Tartessian)40 initially developed from Indo-European precursors in Iberia and subsequently spread throughout the Atlantic Zone; before a period of rapid mobility, reflected by the Beaker phenomenon, carried Celtic languages across much of Western Europe. This idea not only challenges traditional views of a linguistic spread of Celtic westwards from Central Europe during the Iron Age, but also implies that Indo-European languages arrived in Western Europe substantially earlier, presumably with the arrival of farming from the Near East41.

The demographic reconstruction, which is based on direct calibration points, has major implications for understanding post-glacial human history in Europe. Our new estimate is incompatible with traditional views that the majority of present-day hg H lineages were carried into Central, Northern and Eastern Europe via a post-glacial human population expansion before the Holocene (12 kya)13. Our data complement a recent study, based on present-day mt genomes, which describes a pronounced population increase at ~7000 BC (interpreted as a Neolithic expansion into Europe), but followed by a slow population growth until the present day26. By including ancient DNA data from across the critical time points in question, our skyride plot corrects for missing temporal data and suggests substantial growth of hg H from the beginning of the Neolithic and continuing throughout the entire Neolithic period. This emphasizes the role of farming practices and cultural developments in the demographic expansions inferred in subsequent time periods, which have not yet been explored genetically.

---

quote:

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Originally posted by the lioness,:



http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn24988-humanitys-forgotten-return-to-africa-revealed-in-dna.html#.U6JWIUZ4S9s


Professor Chris Tyler-Smith of the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute in Cambridge, UK, a researcher on the study, told BBC News: "Genetics can tell us about historical events.
"By analysing the genetics of Ethiopia and several other regions we can see that there was gene flow into Ethiopia, probably from the Levant, around 3,000 years ago, and this fits perfectly with the story of the Queen of Sheba."

---

quote:

---

Originally posted by the lioness,:

quote:

---

Originally posted by Trollkillah # Ish Gebor:


You said, "Western Europe became depopulated after the last ice age (LGM)". Are you sure it became "depopulated", instead of populated? And of whom do you speak here, exactly?


You then state: "Many also believe that many of them went to southern Europe during this period". But, from where did "many of them" come in the first place, and who do you mean by " many of them"?

---

First Human beings migrated to Europe, approximately 35-45 K.
They entered in Northern Europe and had come in from across Russia, before that they were in Central Asia, before that the Middle East. before that Africa
also Neanderthal admixture discovered in modern human DNA
The admixture would have had to have occurred in this period, the Neanderthals died out 32-33 K.
In the East it was a similar to neanderthal hominid the Denisova and some Oceanic people have as much as 5.5% Densiova ancestry.
Not to be confused with Homo heidelbergensis which is an earlier hominid thought to be ancestor to both humans and Neanderthals

LGM Ice age happened between 26,500 and 19,000–20,000 years ago


So before 26,500 humans were living in Western Europe.
At that point 26,500 temperatures dropped drastically influencing people to go south
Others may have starved to death
- Depopulation of some of Europe
I say "many of them went to southern Europe" because who could be sure that a few didn't remain somewhere in Central Europe if there wasn't an ice sheet there and if they weren't in the coldest parts

Then after 19,000 years ago some of these populations who had left the Central and North regions returned to those regions, others remained in Southern Europe

Farmers from Anatolia/Near East then came into Central Europe around 7-10,000 years ago

They were thought to be replaced by some of the people who had stayed in the South (Bell beakers)


"Researchers suggest that human populations over the past 50,000 years have changed from dark-skinned to light-skinned and vice versa as they migrated to different UV zones, and that such major changes in pigmentation may have happened in as little as 100 generations (~2,500 years) through selective sweeps."

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That's odd, I swear the diagram shows something else from what you've claimed.





Anyway, who were these "First Human beings" from Africa, who eventually entered North Europe, approximately 35-45 K? What is this group called?


I don't see what

quote:

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"In the East it was a similar to neanderthal hominid the Denisova and some Oceanic people have as much as 5.5% Densiova ancestry. Not to be confused with Homo heidelbergensis which is an earlier hominid thought to be ancestor to both humans and Neanderthals",

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quote:

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"So before 26,500 humans were living in Western Europe. At that point 26,500 temperatures dropped drastically influencing people to go south Others may have starved to death - Depopulation of some of Europe"

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quote:

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I say "many of them went to southern Europe" because who could be sure that a few didn't remain somewhere in Central Europe if there wasn't an ice sheet there and if they weren't in the coldest parts

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Then after 19,000 years ago some of these populations who had left the Central and North regions returned to those regions, others remained in Southern Europe

Farmers from Anatolia/Near East then came into Central Europe around 7-10,000 years ago

They were thought to be replaced by some of the people who had stayed in the South (Bell beakers)

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"Researchers suggest that human populations over the past 50,000 years have changed from dark-skinned to light-skinned and vice versa as they migrated to different UV zones, and that such major changes in pigmentation may have happened in as little as 100 generations (~2,500 years) through selective sweeps."

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Originally posted by the lioness,:

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Originally posted by zarahan- aka Enrique Cardova:
Since humans entered Europe there have also been multiple migration
waves into and out of Europe prbably resulting in various admixtures in the modern people today

So then you agree with Cavalli-Sforza that Europeans
are a population with as you say, "various admixtures"
of African and Asian?

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No, refer to the Lazaridis article

(furthermore above tree chart does not support such a conclusion
and it shows the closest branch to Africans being Europeans




http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2014/04/05/001552

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Ancient DNA Reveals Prehistoric Gene-Flow from Siberia in the Complex Human Population History of North East Europe

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Abstract

North East Europe harbors a high diversity of cultures and languages, suggesting a complex genetic history. Archaeological, anthropological, and genetic research has revealed a series of influences from Western and Eastern Eurasia in the past. While genetic data from modern-day populations is commonly used to make inferences about their origins and past migrations, ancient DNA provides a powerful test of such hypotheses by giving a snapshot of the past genetic diversity. In order to better understand the dynamics that have shaped the gene pool of North East Europeans, we generated and analyzed 34 mitochondrial genotypes from the skeletal remains of three archaeological sites in northwest Russia. These sites were dated to the Mesolithic and the Early Metal Age (7,500 and 3,500 uncalibrated years Before Present). We applied a suite of population genetic analyses (principal component analysis, genetic distance mapping, haplotype sharing analyses) and compared past demographic models through coalescent simulations using Bayesian Serial SimCoal and Approximate Bayesian Computation. Comparisons of genetic data from ancient and modern-day populations revealed significant changes in the mitochondrial makeup of North East Europeans through time. Mesolithic foragers showed high frequencies and diversity of haplogroups U (U2e, U4, U5a), a pattern observed previously in European hunter-gatherers from Iberia to Scandinavia. In contrast, the presence of mitochondrial DNA haplogroups C, D, and Z in Early Metal Age individuals suggested discontinuity with Mesolithic hunter-gatherers and genetic influx from central/eastern Siberia. We identified remarkable genetic dissimilarities between prehistoric and modern-day North East Europeans/Saami, which suggests an important role of post-Mesolithic migrations from Western Europe and subsequent population replacement/extinctions. This work demonstrates how ancient DNA can improve our understanding of human population movements across Eurasia. It contributes to the description of the spatio-temporal distribution of mitochondrial diversity and will be of significance for future reconstructions of the history of Europeans.

Author Summary

The history of human populations can be retraced by studying the archaeological and anthropological record, but also by examining the current distribution of genetic markers, such as the maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA. Ancient DNA research allows the retrieval of DNA from ancient skeletal remains and contributes to the reconstruction of the human population history through the comparison of ancient and present-day genetic data. Here, we analysed the mitochondrial DNA of prehistoric remains from archaeological sites dated to 7,500 and 3,500 years Before Present. These sites are located in North East Europe, a region that displays a significant cultural and linguistic diversity today but for which no ancient human DNA was available before. We show that prehistoric hunter-gatherers of North East Europe were genetically similar to other European foragers. We also detected a prehistoric genetic input from Siberia, followed by migrations from Western Europe into North East Europe. Our research contributes to the understanding of the origins and past dynamics of human population in Europe.


[...]


Coalescent simulations

In coalescent simulation analyses we considered the ancient populations of aUzPo, aBOO, Central/East/Scandinavian European hunter-gatherers (aHG [12], [14], aPWC [13]), and the modern populations of NEE, CE, and Saami (saa). Population statistics (haplotype diversity and fixation indexes, FST) for the ancient and extant populations were calculated in Arlequin version 3.11 (Table 2, [91]).

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Originally posted by the lioness,:

"LGM glaciers forced early human populations who had originally migrated from northeast Siberia into refugia, reshaping their genetic variation through mutation and drift.

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This phenomenon established the older haplogroups found among Native Americans, whereas post-LGM migrations are responsible for northern North American haplogroups."

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Also note European skulls from say, 35,000 yeas ago look different from skulls from say, 22 thousand years ago, that's evolution to adapt more to European environmental conditions

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http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2014/04/05/001552

see download PDF

Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans




40,000 years a long time
A lot mutations can occur
And in that time in Europe there were also dramatic climate changes which affect the natural selction process.
Since humans entered Europe there have also been multiple migration waves into and out of Europe prbably resulting in various admixtures in the modern people today

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Lalueza-Fox states: "However, the biggest surprise was to discover that this individual possessed African versions in the genes that determine the light pigmentation of the current Europeans, which indicates that he had dark skin, although we can not know the exact shade."

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Modelling the ancestry of present-day Europeans as a simple mixture of two ancestral populations 2, however, does not take into account their genetic affinity to an Ancient North Eurasian (ANE) population 4,5 who also contributed genetically to Native Americans 6.


To better understand the deep ancestry of present-day Europeans, we sequenced nine ancient genomes that span the transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture in Europe (Fig. 1A; Extended Data Fig. 1): “Stuttgart” (19-fold coverage), a ~7,000 year old skeleton found in Germany in the context of artifacts from the first widespread Neolithic farming culture of central Europe, the Linearbandkeramik; “Loschbour” (22-fold coverage), an ~8,000 year old skeleton from the Loschbour rock shelter in Heffingen, Luxembourg, discovered in the context of Mesolithic hunter-gatherer artifacts (SI1; SI2); and seven samples (0.01-2.4-fold coverage) from an ~8,000 year old Mesolithic hunter-gatherer burial in Motala, Sweden.


DNA (mtDNA) consensus sequences, and based on the number of sites that differed, estimated contamination rates of 0.3% for Loschbour, 0.4% for Stuttgart, and 0.01%-5% for the Motala individuals (SI3). We inferred similar levels of contamination for the nuclear DNA of Loschbour (0.4%) and Stuttgart (0.3%) using a maximum-likelihood-based test (SI3). The effective contamination rate for the high coverage samples is likely to be far lower, as consensus diploid genotype calling (SI2) tends to reduce the effects of a small fraction of contaminating reads.


Stuttgart belongs to mtDNA haplogroup T2, typical of Neolithic Europeans9, while Loschbour and all Motala individuals belong to haplogroups U5 and U2, typical of pre-agricultural Europeans1,7 (SI4). Based on the ratio of reads aligning to chromosomes X and Y, Stuttgart is female, while Loschbour and five of seven Motala individuals are male10 (SI5).

Loschbour and the four Motala males whose haplogroups we could determine all belong to Y-chromosome haplogroup I, suggesting that this was a predominant haplogroup in pre-agricultural northern Europeans analogous to mtDNA haplogroup U11 (SI5).


We carried out most of our sequencing on libraries prepared in the presence of uracil DNA glycosylase (UDG), which reduces C->T and G->A errors due to ancient DNA damage (SI3). We first confirm that the ancient samples had statistically indistinguishable levels of Neandertal ancestry to each other (~2%) and to present-day Eurasians (SI6), and so we do not consider this further in our analyses of population relationships. We report analyses that leverage the type of information that can only be obtained from deep coverage genomes, mostly focusing on Loschbour and Stuttgart, and for some analyses also including Motala12 (2.4×) and La Braña from Mesolithic Iberia (3.4×)12. Heterozygosity, the number of differences per nucleotide between an individual’s two chromosomes, is 0.00074 for Stuttgart, at the high end of present- day Europeans, and 0.00048 for Loschbour, lower than in any present-day humans (SI2). Through comparison of Loschbour’s two chromosomes we find that this low diversity is not due to recent inbreeding but instead due to a population bottleneck in this individual’s more distant ancestors (Extended Data Fig. 2). Regarding alleles that affect phenotype, we find that the AMY1 gene coding for salivary amylase had 5, 6, 13, and 16 copies in La Braña12, Motala12, Loschbour and Stuttgart respectively; these numbers are within the range of present-day Europeans (SI7), suggesting that high copy counts of AMY1 are not entirely due to selection since the switch to agriculture13.


The genotypes at SNPs associated with lactase persistence indicate that Stuttgart, Loschbour, and Motala12 were unable to digest milk as adults.

Both Loschbour and Stuttgart likely had dark hair (>99% probability); Loschbour, like La Braña and Motala12, likely had blue or intermediate-colored eyes (>75% probability), while Stuttgart most likely had brown eyes (>99% probability) (SI8). Neither Loschbour nor La Braña carries the skin-lightening allele in SLC24A5 that is homozygous in Stuttgart and nearly fixed in Europeans today, indicating that they probably had darker skin12.


However, Motala12 carries at least one copy of the derived allele, indicating that this locus was already polymorphic in Europeans prior to the advent of agriculture.


To place the ancient European genomes in the context of present-day human genetic variation, we assembled a dataset of 2,345 present-day humans from 203 populations genotyped at 594,924 autosomal single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)5 (SI9) (Extended Data Table 1). We used ADMIXTURE14 to identify 59 “West Eurasian” populations (777 individuals) that cluster with Europe and the Near East (SI9 and Extended Data Fig. 3). Principal component analysis (PCA)15 (SI10) (Fig. 1B) reveals a discontinuity between the Near East and Europe, with each showing north-south clines bridged only by a few populations of mainly Mediterranean origin. Our PCA differs from previous studies that showed a correlation with the map of Europe16,17, which we determined is due to our study having relatively fewer central and northwestern Europeans, and more Near Easterners and eastern Europeans (SI10). We projected18 the newly sequenced and previously published2,6,12,19 ancient genomes onto the first two PCs inferred from present-day samples (Fig. 1B). MA1 and AG2, both Upper Paleolithic hunter-gatherers from Lake Baikal6 in Siberia, project at the northern end of the PCA, suggesting an “Ancient North Eurasian” meta- population (ANE). European hunter-gatherers from Spain, Luxembourg, and Sweden fall outside the genetic variation of West Eurasians in the direction of European differentiation from the Near East, with a “West European Hunter-Gatherer” (WHG) cluster including Loschbour and La Braña12, and a “Scandinavian Hunter-Gatherer” (SHG) cluster including the Motala individuals and ~5,000 year old hunter-gatherers from the Swedish Pitted Ware Culture2. An “Early European Farmer” (EEF) cluster includes Stuttgart, the ~5,300 year old Tyrolean Iceman19 and a ~5,000 year old southern Swedish farmer2, and is near present-day Sardinians2,19.

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Originally posted by the lioness,Brenna Henn mentioned more than one back to Africa migration including one 12,000 years ago. However they were talking about Magrebians and Hodgson is talking about Horn Africans

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Originally posted by the lioness,:

Other articles in this thread I have mentioned in this thread relate to the past few thousand years, 3000 years ago etc.

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This reminds my of the Assyrian invasion. Into Northeast Africa.

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Originally posted by the lioness,:
The Ethio-Somali ancestry is found in all admixed HOA ethnic groups, shows little inter-individual variance within these ethnic groups, is estimated to have diverged from all other non-African ancestries by at least 23 ka, and does not carry the unique Arabian lactase persistence allele that arose about 4 ka. Taking into account published mitochondrial, Y chromosome, paleoclimate, and archaeological data, we find that the time of the Ethio-Somali back-to-Africa migration is most likely pre-agricultural.

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What are the authors implying here?

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Originally posted by the lioness,: Y chromosome data are also suggestive of at least two episodes of non-African migration into the HOA prior to 3 ka. First, HOA populations carry E-M78 Y chromosomes at high frequencies [40], [41]. E-M78 originated in northeastern Africa around 19 ka with a descendant lineage (E-V32) unique to the HOA that arrived by at least 6 ka [41].

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Originally posted by the lioness,:
Because northern African populations in this timeframe are inferred to have substantial non-African ancestry [42], [43], the expansion south of E-M78 could have introduced non-African ancestry into the HOA prior to 6 ka.

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Originally posted by the lioness,:
Second, some HOA populations carry moderate to high frequencies of T-M70 (previously K2-M70) Y chromosomes [44]–[46]. The T haplogroup originated in the area of the Levant approximately 21 ka and the T-M70 sub-haplogroup was present in northeast Africa by at least 14 ka, possibly arriving in the HOA as early as 5 ka [44], [45], [47].

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Originally posted by the lioness,: We close with a provisional linguistic hypothesis. The proto-Afro-Asiatic speakers are thought to have lived either in the area of the Levant or in east/northeast Africa [8], [107], [108]. Proponents of the Levantine origin of Afro-Asiatic tie the dispersal and differentiation of this language group to the development of agriculture in the Levant beginning around 12 ka [8], [109], [110].

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"The genetic data do not support a model of demic
difusion by farmers from the Levant to explain
the Neolithic in northern or Eastern Africa, or
the spread of the Afro-Asiatic languages into
Africa."

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This extensive, well-grounded linguistic research places the Afroasiatic homeland in the southeastern Sahara or adjacent Horn of Africa

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Linguistics and writing can give some clues to migration or major cultural interactions. Semitic and perhaps Sumerian speakers in the Near East developed agriculture some 2,000 years before it emerged in the Nile Valley. If Egypt had been peopled by a mass migration of farmers from the Near East, ancient Egyptians would have spoken either a Semitic language or Sumerian (considered a language isolate, meaning that it has no obvious close relatives). Although certain major domesticated species used in Egypt came from the Near East, it is interesting to note that the words for these in Egyptian were not borrowed from any members of the Semitic family whose common ancestor had terms for them. They are all Egyptian. The beginnings of Egyptian writing can be traced back to the cultures that led to dynastic Egypt. Flora and fauna used in the hieroglyphs are Nilotic, indicating that the writing system developed locally, with some symbols traceable back to a period before the first dynasty rulers emerged. The titles for the king, major officials, and the royal insignia are Egyptian, which is of interest because one old theory held that the dynastic Egyptians or their elites came from the Near East; however, the archaeological evidence shows that they came from southern Egypt.

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Little change in body shape was found through time, suggesting that all body segments were varying in size in response to environmental and social conditions. The change found in body plan is suggested to be the result of the later groups having a more tropical (Nilotic) form than the preceding populations.

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The results indicate overall population continuity over the Predynastic and early Dynastic, and high levels of genetic heterogeneity, thereby suggesting that state formation occurred as a mainly indigenous process.

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Originally posted by the lioness,:
In the African-origins model, the original diversification of the Afro-Asiatic languages is pre-agricultural, with the source population living in the central Nile valley, the African Red Sea hills, or the HOA [108], [111]. In this model, later diversification and expansion within particular Afro-Asiatic language groups may be associated with agricultural expansions and transmissions, but the deep diversification of the group is pre-agricultural. We hypothesize that a population with substantial Ethio-Somali ancestry could be the proto-Afro-Asiatic speakers.

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"These results indicate that the ancestor of all Semitic languages in our dataset was being spoken in the Near East no earlier than approximately 7400 YBP, after having after having diverged from Afroasiatic in Africa"

(i) Semitic had an Early Bronze Age origin (approx. 5750 YBP) in the Levant, followed by an expansion of Akkadian into Mesopotamia;

(ii) Central and South Semitic diverged earlier than previously thought throughout the Levant during the Early to Middle Bronze Age transition; and

(iii) Ethiosemitic arose as the result of a single, possibly pre-Aksumite, introduction of a lineage from southern Arabia to the Horn of Africa approximately 2800 YBP.

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-- (Ehret 1995; Ehret et al. 2004; Blench 2006).

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Originally posted by the lioness,: A later migration of a subset of this population back to the Levant before 6 ka would account for a Levantine origin of the Semitic languages [18] and the relatively even distribution of around 7% Ethio-Somali ancestry in all sampled Levantine populations (Table S6). Later migration from Arabia into the HOA beginning around 3 ka would explain the origin of the Ethiosemitic languages at this time [18], the presence of greater Arabian and Eurasian ancestry in the Semitic speaking populations of the HOA (Table 2, S6), and ROLLOFF/ALDER estimates of admixture in HOA populations between 1–5 ka (Table 1).

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Southwest Arabia During the Holocene: Recent Archaeological Developments
Christopher Edens and T. J. Wilkinson
Journal of World Prehistory
Vol. 12, No. 1 (March 1998), pp. 55-119



 

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Posted by Trollkillah # Ish Gebor (Member # 18264) on :
 
The Origins of Afroasiatic

IN THEIR REVIEW “FARMERS AND THEIR

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languages: the first expansions” (25 Apr. 2003, p. 597), J. Diamond and P. Bellwood suggest that food production and the Afroasiatic language family were brought simultaneously from the Near East to Africa by demic diffusion, in other words, by a migration of food-producing peoples. In resurrecting this generally abandoned view, the authors misrepresent the views of the late I. M. Diakonoff (1), rely on linguistic reconstructions inapplicable to their claims (2), and fail to engage the five decades of Afroasiatic scholarship that rebutted this idea in the first place. This extensive, well-grounded linguistic research places the Afroasiatic homeland in the southeastern Sahara or adjacent Horn of Africa (3–8) and, when all of Afroasiatic’s branches are included, strongly indicates a pre–food-producing proto-Afroasiatic economy (1, 7, 8). A careful reading of Diakonoff (1) shows his continuing adherence to his long-held position of an exclusively African origin (4, 5) for the family. He explicitly describes proto-Afroasiatic vocabulary as consistent with non–food- producing vocabulary and links it to pre- Neolithic cultures in the Levant and in Africa south of Egypt, noting the latter to be older. Diakonoff does revise his loca- tion for the Common Semitic homeland, moving it from entirely within northeast Africa to areas straddling the Nile Delta and Sinai, but continues to place the origins of the five other branches of the Afroasiatic language family wholly in Africa (1). One interpretation of the archaeological data supports a pre–food- producing population movement from Africa into the Levant (9), consistent with the linguistic arguments for a pre-Neolithic migration of pre–proto-Semitic speakers out of Africa via Sinai (8).

The proto-language of each Afroasiatic branch developed its own distinct vocabu- lary of food production, further supporting the view that herding and cultivation emerged separately in each branch after the proto-Afroasiatic period (7, 8). Diamond and Bellwood adopt Militarev’s (2) solitary counterclaim of proto-Afroasiatic cultiva- tion. However, not one of Militarev’s proposed 32 agricultural roots can be considered diagnostic of cultivation. Fifteen are reconstructed as names of plants or loose categories of plants. Such evidence may reveal plants known to early Afroasiatic speakers, but it does not indi- cate whether they were cultivated or wild. Militarev’s remaining roots are each semantically mixed, i.e., they have food- production–related meanings in some languages, but in other languages have meanings applicable to foraging or equally applicable to foraging or cultivating.


Furthermore, the archaeology of northern Africa does not support demic diffusion of farming populations from the Near East. The evidence presented by Wetterstrom (10) indicates that early African farmers in the Fayum initially incorporated Near Eastern domesticates into an indigenous foraging strategy, and [...]

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That proto-Arabic had morphological case is an assumption which has hardly generated debate. Like all assumptions, however, it rests on concrete arguments. The two most important of these are probably (1), the existence of case in Classical Arabic and (2), the existence of case elsewhere in Semitic, particularly in Akkadian. However, applying standard comparative and philological methodology, one is equally led to the opposite conclusion, that proto-Arabic did not have case. Relevant arguments to support this position are:(1) most Semitic languages do/did not have case, nor probably did proto-Afroasiatic; (2) the oldest Arabic epigraphic record probably does not show case; (3) there are various problematic issues in the Arabic grammatical and many tradition which suggest the existence of caseless varieties parallel to Classical Arabic; (4) modern Arabic dialects do not have case. The present paper expanded upon points 1-3 in Part I. In Part II it incorporates point 4 and goes on to construct a model for the development of a case-based Classical Arabic out of an original caseless variety.

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(1)

Arabian peoples have been held to be related to a variety of groups, with homelands in almost all directions outside Arabia: the view that sought to visualize all Arabians as a single race has never been valid.

The oldest evidence indicates the presence of Africans in the Red Sea coastal plain, Iranians in the southeastern tip of the peninsula, and peoples of Aramaean stock in the north. The racial affinities of the ancient Yemeni peoples remain unsolved; the marked similarity of their culture to the Semitic cultures that arose in the Fertile Crescent to the north of the peninsula can be attributed to cultural spread rather than to immigration.

(2)

a. In the north and centre the dominant linguistic form is Old North Arabian (subclassified into Lihyanic, Thamudic, and Safaitic); despite close connections between this group and Arabic, the latter cannot be regarded as lineally descended from it.

b. The Yemenite inscriptions are in Old South Arabian (subclassified into Minaean, Sabaean, Qatabanian, and Hadhramautic), which is a wholly independent group within the Semitic family of languages. (The Old North Arabian and Old South Arabian inscriptions and graffiti are in scripts of a South Semitic type, of which Ethiopic is the only present-day survivor; modern Arabic script is of a North Semitic type.)

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/31568/history-of-Arabia/45964/Pre-Islamic-Arabia-to-the-7th-Century-ad


This large pre-Islamic inscription is depicted on a rock near a well in southern Arabia and consists of ten lines. It is popularly known as "the inscription of Abraha." The inscription is still in its original location; a replica is on display in the museum


نقش سبئي







(i)
Transliteration
b kh ya l / r h m n n / w m s ya h ha /
m l k n / a b r ha / z ya b m n / m l k / s b a / w z r ya d n / w h dh r m d t

Transcription
B'khail / ar-rahman / wmaseeha /
malikan / Abraha / Zaybm / malik /
sab'a / w zarydan / w hadarmaut

Translation
With the power (help) of god, and the Jesus (=Christian) King Abraha Zeebman (King's title), the King of Saba'a, Zuridan and Hadrmaut.

(ii)
w ya m n t / w r a a'in r b ha m r / ta w d m /
w t ha m t / s ta r w / z n / s ta r n / k gh z ya w

w yement / wa r'a rab hamw / Twadam / w thamat / satro / zn / satran / K'ghazow

and Yemen and the tribes (on)
the mountains and the coast wrote these lines on his battle

(iii)
m a'in d m / gh z w t n / r b a'in t n /
b w r kh n / z th b t n / k f s d w / k l / b n ya a'in m r m

Ma'ndam / Ghazwatn / rab'atan / b'warkhan / Zthbatan /Kafa saadu / kl/ bani amrm

against the tribe of Ma'ad ( in ) the battle of al-Rabiya in the
month of "Dhu al Thabithan" (April) and fight (against) all the (tribes) of Bani A'amir.

(iv)
w z k ya / m l k n / a b j b r / b a'in m /
k d t / w a'in l / w b sh r m / b n h sa n m / b a'in / m

Wazaki/ malikn/ abjabar / b ainam/ kadat/ wain/ w basharm / bin hasahanm/ bainm

and appointed the King (the leader) "Abi Jabar" with (tribe)
Kinda and (Qahtani tribe) Al (and the leader) "Bishar bin Hasan" with

(v)
s a'in d m / w m r d m / w h dh r w /
q d m ya / j ya sh n / a'in l ya b n ya a'in m r m /
k d t / w a'in l / b w d / z m r kh / w m r d m / w s d m / b w d.

San dam/ wa mardam / wa hadaru/ qadami / jayshan/
alia bani yamram/ kadat/ wail/ b wad /samrakh / wa mardam/ wa sadam/ b wad..

(Tribe) Sa'ad ( and the tribe) Murad and ( the tribe)
Hadarmaut (stand) in front of the army against Bani Amir of Kinda.
and (the tribe) Al in wadi "zu markh" and Murad and Sa'ad in wadi

(vi)
b m n ha j / t r b n / w z b h w / w a s r w /
w gh n m w / z a'in s m / w m kh dh / m l k n / b h l b n / w d n w.

B manhaj / tarban/ w zabahow / wa sarw /
w ghanamw / zaisam / wa makhdah/ malakin/ b halban/ wa danw

Manha on the way to Turban and killed and captured
and took the booty in large quantities and the
King and fought at Halban and reached

(vii)
k za l / m a'in d m / w r ha n w / w b a'in d n ha w /
w s a'in ha m w / a'in m r m / b n / m z r n..

Ka zalam/ maidam / wrahanw / wa badanahaw /
nwa sa'aham mw / amram / bin/ mazran.

Ma'ad and took booty and prisoners, and after that, conquered
(from the tribe of Ma'ad) Omro bin al-Munzir …

(viii)
w r ha n m w / b n ha w / w s t kh l fa ha w /
a'in l ya / m a'in d m / w q f l w / b n / h l

Wa rahanamw / bin haw / wa sata khalafw / ala/ ma'dam/ wa qafalw/ bin/ hal.

(and according to the agreement between Abrha and the tribe of Ma'ad)
(Abrhas) appointed the son (of Omro) as the ruler and returned (Abraha) from Hal.

(ix)
(b) n / (b) kh ya l / r h m n n / w r kh ha w /
z a'in l n / z l th n ya / w s th ya / w s

( bi)n / (b) akhayal / rahman / wa rakhaw / zalan / salthany / w sathya/ ws

Ban (halban) with the power of the god in the month of Zu A'allan in the year sixty-two

(x)
th / m a t m

Tha / matam

and six hundred

النص
ب خ ى ل / ر ح م ن ن / و م س ى ح هـ / م ل ك ن / أ ب ر هـ / ز ى ب م ن / م ل ك / س ب أ / و ذ ر ي د ن / و ح ض ر م و ت

القراءة
بقوة الرحمن ومسيحة الملك أبرهة زيبمان ملك سبأ وذو ريدان وحضرموت

ـ 2 ـ
و ي م ن ت / و ر أ ع ر ب هـ م و / ط و د م / و ت هـ م ت / س ط ر و / ذ ن / س ط ر ن / ك غ ز ى و

.ويمنات وقبائلهم (في) الجبال والسواحل ، سطر هذا النقش عندما غزا

ـ 3 ـ
م ع د م / غ ز و ت ن / ر ب ع ت ن / ب و ر خ ن / ذ ث ب ت ن / ك ف س د و / ك ل / ب ن ى ع م رم/

(قبيلة) معد (في) غزوة الربيع في شهر "ذو الثابة" (ابريل) عندما ثاروا كل (قبائل) بنى عامر

ـ 4 ـ
و ذ ك ى / م ل ك ن / أ ب ج ب ر / ب ع م / ك د ت / و ع ل / و ب ش ر م / ب ن ح ص ن م / ب ع م

وعين الملك (القائد) "أبي جبر" مع (قبيلة) على (والقائد) "بشر بن حصن" مع

ـ 5 ـ
س ع د م / و م ر د م / و ح ض ر و / ق د م ى / ج ي ش ن / ع ل ي / ب ن ي ع م ر م / ك د ت / و ع ل / ب و د / ذ م ر خ / و م ر د م / و س ع د م / ب و د

قبيلة) سعد (وقبيلة) مراد وحضروا أمام الجيش ـ ضد بنى عامر (وجهت) كندة وعلى في) وادي "ذو مرخ" ومراد وسعد في وادي

ـ 6 ـ
ب م ن هـ ج / ت ر ب ن / و ذ ب ح و / و أ س ر و / و غ ن م و / ذ ع س م / و م خ ض / م ل ك ن / ب ح ل ب ن / و د ن و

على طريق تربن وذبحوا وأسروا وغنموا بوفرة وحارب الملك في حلبن واقترب

ـ 7 ـ
ك ظ ل / م ع د م / و ر هـ ن و / و ب ع د ن هـ و / و س ع هـ م و / ع م ر م / ب ن / م ذ ر ن

كظل معد (وأخذ) اسرى، وبعد ذلك فوضوا (قبيلة معد) عمروا بن المنذر (في

ـ 8 ـ
و ر هـ ن هـ م و / ب ن هـ و / و س ت خ ل ف هـ و / ع ل ى / م ع د م / و ق ف ل و / ب ن / ح ل

الصلح) فضمنهم ابنه (عروا) (عن أبرهة) فعينه حاكماً على) معد ورجع (أبرهة) من حلـ

ـ 9 ـ
(ب) ن / ( ب ) خ ى ل / ر ح م ن ن / و ر خ هـ و / ذ ع ل ن / ذ ل ث ن ى / و س ث ى / و س

بن (حلبان) بقوة الرحمن في شهر ذو علان في السنة الثانية والستين وسـ

ـ 10 ـ
ث / م أ ت م

ستمائة


مسند جنوبي



Transliteration
ha z a'in
n b t a l

Transcription/Translation
Haza'a nabt al

(name of the deceased)



النص

ح ذ ع
ن ب ت أ ل

القراءة
حذع نبت أل


مسند جنوبي






Transliteration
n ya a'in th t / k ya l / w m q m / sh ya m ha m w
gh wa n ha m w / b n / a a'in r b n / w b z t
t a t b / r ya m m / s a'in d / w ha w f ya n
r ya m m / r dh w / w h sd ya / m r a ha m

Transcription
Nai Asath/ Khail/ w maqam/ shai mahamo/
Ghawnham/bin/ A'araban/ w bazat/
Ta'atab/remom/sad/w hawfain
Remom/ Rado/ wa hasiya/ mraham

Translation
With the power of Naiqthat and his high position
Ghawnaham from the Arabian tribe of
Dhat Ta'atab - Raimam Sa'ad
Fulfilled and pleased with the will of their Lord and his presence.

حجر عليه نقش مسند جنوبي مفقود جزء منه والجزء الواضح يتكون من اربعة أسطر كتبت بطريقة النقر وبخط غائر من اليمين إلى اليسار

النص
1- ن ي ع ث ت ، خ ي ل ، و م ق م ، ش ي م هـ م و ،
2- غ و ن هـ م و ، ب ن ، أ ع غ ب ن ، و ب ذ ت
3- ت أ ت ب ، ر ي م م ، س ع د ، و هـ و ف ي ن
4- ر ي م م ، ر ض و ، و ح ص ي ، م ر أ هـ م

القراءة
نيعست خيل ومقام شيمهمو
ونهمو بن (من) أعربن (بمعنى قبيلة) وبذت
(وتأتتب ريمم سعد وهوفين (بمعنى وأوفى
(ريمم بوصية المعبود رضو على مرآ هم (_على سمعهم
 

---

Posted by the lioness, (Member # 17353) on :
 
^^ the linguistic connection here

The oldest evidence indicates the presence of Africans in the Red Sea coastal plain, Iranians in the southeastern tip of the peninsula, and peoples of Aramaean stock in the north. The racial affinities of the ancient Yemeni peoples remain unsolved; the marked similarity of their culture to the Semitic cultures that arose in the Fertile Crescent to the north of the peninsula can be attributed to cultural spread rather than to immigration.

It suggests gene flow of Africna and non-African people on the Arabian penninsula before Islam


The first civilization on the penninsula was the Ubaid which was part of Mesopotamia but also extended down the Arabian coast
5500BC to about 4000BC

This does not mean there was not also earlier gene flow from the Levant into Africa
 

---

Posted by Trollkillah # Ish Gebor (Member # 18264) on :
 

quote:

---

Originally posted by the lioness,:
^^ the linguistic connection here

The oldest evidence indicates the presence of Africans in the Red Sea coastal plain, Iranians in the southeastern tip of the peninsula, and peoples of Aramaean stock in the north. The racial affinities of the ancient Yemeni peoples remain unsolved; the marked similarity of their culture to the Semitic cultures that arose in the Fertile Crescent to the north of the peninsula can be attributed to cultural spread rather than to immigration.

It suggests gene flow of Africna and non-African people on the Arabian penninsula before Islam


The first civilization on the penninsula was the Ubaid which was part of Mesopotamia but also extended down the Arabian coast
5500BC to about 4000BC

This does not mean there was not also earlier gene flow from the Levant into Africa

---

quote:

---

Abstract

Cylindrical objects made usually of fired clay but sometimes of stone were found at the Yarmukian Pottery Neolithic sites of Sha‘ar HaGolan and Munhata (first half of the 8th millennium BP) in the Jordan Valley. Similar objects have been reported from other Near Eastern Pottery Neolithic sites. Most scholars have interpreted them as cultic objects in the shape of phalli, while others have referred to them in more general terms as “clay pestles,” “clay rods,” and “cylindrical clay objects.” Re-examination of these artifacts leads us to present a new interpretation of their function and to suggest a reconstruction of their technology and mode of use. We suggest that these objects were components of fire drills and consider them the earliest evidence of a complex technology of fire ignition, which incorporates the cylindrical objects in the role of matches.

[...]


Drilling has been documented as early as the Natufian culture (15,000–11,700 years calBP) through increased numbers of cap stones and drilled stones including beads [26]–[27].

---

quote:

---

Barbed bone points, typical of those from the early Holocene settlement of “Early Khartoum”, have been found at three sites along the White Nile, south of Khartoum. The form of the fragments and the stratigraphy of the sites throw light on the environment and technology of the early settlements along this part of the Nile.

---

--D. ADAMSON*, J. D. CLARK† & M. A. J. WILLIAMS‡


Nature 249, 120 - 123 (10 May 1974); doi:10.1038/249120a0


Barbed bone points from Central Sudan and the age of the “Early Khartoum” tradition







http://whyfiles.org/122ancient_ag/2.html


Colombia University

The Natufian Culture in the Levant, Threshold to the Origins of Agriculture
http://www.columbia.edu/itc/anthropology/v1007/baryo.pdf


University of Tel Aviv

http://www.tau.ac.il/humanities/archaeology/info/ran_barkai/XV.pdf








The site of Beisamoun is located in the western margins of the Hula Basin, c. 10 km south of Qiryat Shemona. A moderate Mediterranean climate and water resources in the immediate vicinity of the site, such as the ‘Enan and Agamon springs, were one of the major factors for establishing prehistoric settlements in this region, one  of which was ‘Ein Mallaha, a major Natufian site in the Levant.

http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.asp?id=809&mag_id=114
 

---

Posted by Trollkillah # Ish Gebor (Member # 18264) on :
 
Dedicated to the lioness productions team.

quote:

---

8 Cush had a son named Nimrod, who became the world's first great conqueror. 9 By the Lord's help he was a great hunter, and that is why people say, “May the Lord make you as great a hunter as Nimrod!” 10 At first his kingdom included Babylon, Erech, and Accad, all three of them in Babylonia. 11 From that land he went to Assyria and built the cities of Nineveh, Rehoboth Ir, Calah,

12 and Resen, which is between Nineveh and the great city of Calah.

---

quote:

---

"A potential issue that could in theory influence our findings is that the exact population contributing to African ancestry in West Eurasians is unknown. To gain insight into the African source populations, we carried out PCA analyses, which suggested that the African ancestry in West Eurasians is at least as closely related to East Africans (e.g. Hapmap3 Luhya (LWK)) as to West Africans (e.g. Nigerian Yoruba (YRI)) (the same analyses show that there is no evidence of relatedness to Chadic populations like Bulala) (Text S5 and Figure S12).

We also used the 4 Population Test to assess whether the tree ((LWK, YRI),(West Eurasian, CEU)) is consistent with the data, and found no evidence for a violation,

which is consistent with a mixture of either West African or East African ancestors or both contributing to the African ancestry in West Eurasians (Table S14; Figure S13). Historically, a mixture of West and East African ancestry is plausible, since African gene flow into West Eurasia is documented from both West Africa during Roman times [34] and from East Africa during migrations from Egypt [7]. It is important to point out, however, that the difficulty of pinpointing the exact African source population is not expected to bias our inferences about the total proportion and date of mixture. The f4 Ancestry Estimation method is unbiased even when we use a poor surrogates for the true ancestral African population (as long as the phylogeny is correct), as we confirmed by repeating analyses replacing YRI with LWK, and obtaining similar results (Table S15).Our ROLLOFF admixture date estimates are also similar whether we use LWK or YRI to represent ancestral African population (Table S15), as predicted by the theory.

---

quote:

---

"These results indicate that the ancestor of all Semitic languages in our dataset was being spoken in the Near East no earlier than approximately 7400 YBP, after having after having diverged from Afroasiatic in Africa"

(i) Semitic had an Early Bronze Age origin (approx. 5750 YBP) in the Levant, followed by an expansion of Akkadian into Mesopotamia;

(ii) Central and South Semitic diverged earlier than previously thought throughout the Levant during the Early to Middle Bronze Age transition; and

(iii) Ethiosemitic arose as the result of a single, possibly pre-Aksumite, introduction of a lineage from southern Arabia to the Horn of Africa approximately 2800 YBP.

---

-- (Ehret 1995; Ehret et al. 2004; Blench 2006).


 

---

Posted by the lioness, (Member # 17353) on :
 

quote:

---

Originally posted by Trollkillah # Ish Gebor:

quote:

---

Originally posted by the lioness,:

quote:

---

Originally posted by Trollkillah # Ish Gebor:

quote:

---

(iii) Ethiosemitic arose as the result of a single, possibly pre-Aksumite, introduction of a lineage from southern Arabia to the Horn of Africa approximately 2800 YBP.

---

-- (Ehret 1995; Ehret et al. 2004; Blench 2006).

---

interesting, this was probably accompanied by gene flow in both directions,

---

You couldn't manage to stay on topic. Anyway...






You've f*ckedup again.

quote:

---

followed by an expansion of Akkadian into Mesopotamia;

---

-- (Ehret 1995; Ehret et al. 2004; Blench 2006).

quote:

---

8 Cush had a son named Nimrod, who became the world's first great conqueror. 9 By the Lord's help he was a great hunter, and that is why people say, “May the Lord make you as great a hunter as Nimrod!” 10 At first his kingdom included Babylon, Erech, and Accad, all three of them in Babylonia. 11 From that land he went to Assyria and built the cities of Nineveh, Rehoboth Ir, Calah,

12 and Resen, which is between Nineveh and the great city of Calah.

---

--Moshe et al.

Genesis 10.8-12

quote:

---

"A potential issue that could in theory influence our findings is that the exact population contributing to African ancestry in West Eurasians is unknown. To gain insight into the African source populations, we carried out PCA analyses, which suggested that the African ancestry in West Eurasians is at least as closely related to East Africans (e.g. Hapmap3 Luhya (LWK)) as to West Africans (e.g. Nigerian Yoruba (YRI)) (the same analyses show that there is no evidence of relatedness to Chadic populations like Bulala) (Text S5 and Figure S12).

We also used the 4 Population Test to assess whether the tree ((LWK, YRI),(West Eurasian, CEU)) is consistent with the data, and found no evidence for a violation,

which is consistent with a mixture of either West African or East African ancestors or both contributing to the African ancestry in West Eurasians (Table S14; Figure S13). Historically, a mixture of West and East African ancestry is plausible, since African gene flow into West Eurasia is documented from both West Africa during Roman times [34] and from East Africa during migrations from Egypt [7]. It is important to point out, however, that the difficulty of pinpointing the exact African source population is not expected to bias our inferences about the total proportion and date of mixture. The f4 Ancestry Estimation method is unbiased even when we use a poor surrogates for the true ancestral African population (as long as the phylogeny is correct), as we confirmed by repeating analyses replacing YRI with LWK, and obtaining similar results (Table S15).Our ROLLOFF admixture date estimates are also similar whether we use LWK or YRI to represent ancestral African population (Table S15), as predicted by the theory.

---

--Moorjani et al.

---

How did I fvck up

when nothing you posted contradicted what I said

Again,

interesting, this was probably accompanied by gene flow in both directions,



^^^ do you look at your own maps? Look at the arrows, notice their starting and ending point
back migration

Thanks for verifying

-you need to stop the knee jerk reactions
 

---

Posted by Trollkillah # Ish Gebor (Member # 18264) on :
 

quote:

---

Originally posted by the lioness,:

quote:

---

Originally posted by Trollkillah # Ish Gebor:

quote:

---

Originally posted by the lioness,:

quote:

---

Originally posted by Trollkillah # Ish Gebor:

quote:

---

(iii) Ethiosemitic arose as the result of a single, possibly pre-Aksumite, introduction of a lineage from southern Arabia to the Horn of Africa approximately 2800 YBP.

---

-- (Ehret 1995; Ehret et al. 2004; Blench 2006).

---

interesting, this was probably accompanied by gene flow in both directions,

---

You couldn't manage to stay on topic. Anyway...






You've f*ckedup again.

quote:

---

followed by an expansion of Akkadian into Mesopotamia;

---

-- (Ehret 1995; Ehret et al. 2004; Blench 2006).

quote:

---

8 Cush had a son named Nimrod, who became the world's first great conqueror. 9 By the Lord's help he was a great hunter, and that is why people say, “May the Lord make you as great a hunter as Nimrod!” 10 At first his kingdom included Babylon, Erech, and Accad, all three of them in Babylonia. 11 From that land he went to Assyria and built the cities of Nineveh, Rehoboth Ir, Calah,

12 and Resen, which is between Nineveh and the great city of Calah.

---

--Moshe et al.

Genesis 10.8-12

quote:

---

"A potential issue that could in theory influence our findings is that the exact population contributing to African ancestry in West Eurasians is unknown. To gain insight into the African source populations, we carried out PCA analyses, which suggested that the African ancestry in West Eurasians is at least as closely related to East Africans (e.g. Hapmap3 Luhya (LWK)) as to West Africans (e.g. Nigerian Yoruba (YRI)) (the same analyses show that there is no evidence of relatedness to Chadic populations like Bulala) (Text S5 and Figure S12).

We also used the 4 Population Test to assess whether the tree ((LWK, YRI),(West Eurasian, CEU)) is consistent with the data, and found no evidence for a violation,

which is consistent with a mixture of either West African or East African ancestors or both contributing to the African ancestry in West Eurasians (Table S14; Figure S13). Historically, a mixture of West and East African ancestry is plausible, since African gene flow into West Eurasia is documented from both West Africa during Roman times [34] and from East Africa during migrations from Egypt [7]. It is important to point out, however, that the difficulty of pinpointing the exact African source population is not expected to bias our inferences about the total proportion and date of mixture. The f4 Ancestry Estimation method is unbiased even when we use a poor surrogates for the true ancestral African population (as long as the phylogeny is correct), as we confirmed by repeating analyses replacing YRI with LWK, and obtaining similar results (Table S15).Our ROLLOFF admixture date estimates are also similar whether we use LWK or YRI to represent ancestral African population (Table S15), as predicted by the theory.

---

--Moorjani et al.

---

How did I fvck up

when nothing you posted contradicted what I said

Again,

interesting, this was probably accompanied by gene flow in both directions,



^^^ do you look at your own maps? Look at the arrows, notice their starting and ending point
back migration

Thanks for verifying

-you need to stop the knee jerk reactions

---

You lack understanding on many levels.





Just as those prior to this, this here shows an original Semitic,





It's basically the same people roaming from one place to another. So you've f*ckedup again.
 

---

Posted by the lioness, (Member # 17353) on :
 
BBayesian phylogenetic analysis of Semitic languages identifies an Early Bronze Age origin of Semitic in the Near East
Figure 1



^^^^^

Figure1, the map above is a language map and is a separate issue from migrations and back migrations some of which which are said to have occured prior to the known existence of these languages.
Neverthless as indicated on the map the origin of Semitic is marked point A and located around Syria. At the end of one of the branches ends at G in Ethiopia.
The map supports back migration, Below, the article that the above map is from>

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2839953/

Proc Biol Sci. Aug 7, 2009; 276[1668]: 2703–2710.
Published online Apr 29, 2009. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2009.0408
PMCID: PMC2839953


Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of Semitic languages identifies an Early Bronze Age origin of Semitic in the Near East

Andrew Kitchen,1,* Christopher Ehret,2 Shiferaw Assefa,2 and Connie J. Mulligan1
Author information ► Article notes ► Copyright and License information ►

Our Semitic phylogeny indicates that Ethiosemitic had a single, non-African origin; Ethiosemitic forms a well-resolved monophyletic clade nested within non-African Semitic languages, no earlier than approximately 3800 YBP [node G].

We estimate that: [i] Semitic had an Early Bronze Age origin [approx. 5750 YBP] in the Levant, followed by an expansion of Akkadian into Mesopotamia; [ii] Central and South Semitic diverged earlier than previously thought throughout the Levant during the Early to Middle Bronze Age transition; and [iii] Ethiosemitic arose as the result of a single, possibly pre-Aksumite, introduction of a lineage from southern Arabia to the Horn of Africa approximately 2800 YBP. Furthermore, we employed the first use of log BFs to statistically test competing language histories and provide support for a Near Eastern origin of Semitic. Our inferences shed light on the complex history of Semitic, address key questions about Semitic origins and dispersals, and provide important hypotheses to test with new data and analyses.

______________________________


_____________________________



http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/06/120621130645.htm


Abstract
Humans and their ancestors have traversed the Ethiopian landscape for millions of years, and present-day Ethiopians show great cultural, linguistic, and historical diversity, which makes them essential for understanding African variability and human origins. We genotyped 235 individuals from ten Ethiopian and two neighboring [South Sudanese and Somali] populations on an Illumina Omni 1M chip. Genotypes were compared with published data from several African and non-African populations. Principal-component and STRUCTURE-like analyses confirmed substantial genetic diversity both within and between populations, and revealed a match between genetic data and linguistic affiliation. Using comparisons with African and non-African reference samples in 40-SNP genomic windows, we identified "African" and "non-African" haplotypic components for each Ethiopian individual. The non-African component, which includes the SLC24A5 allele associated with light skin pigmentation in Europeans, may represent gene flow into Africa, which we estimate to have occurred ~3 thousand years ago [kya]. The non-African component was found to be more similar to populations inhabiting the Levant rather than the Arabian Peninsula, but the principal route for the expansion out of Africa ~60 kya remains unresolved. Linkage-disequilibrium decay with genomic distance was less rapid in both the whole genome and the African component than in southern African samples, suggesting a less ancient history for Ethiopian populations.

Similarly, genetic studies indicate that a major component of recent Ethiopian ancestry originates outside Africa: for example, half of the mtDNA haplotypes16 and more than one-fifth of Y haplotypes17 found in Ethiopia belong to lineages that, on the basis of phylogeographic criteria, have been attributed to a non-African rather than a sub-Saharan African origin. These historical admixture events are themselves of interest to historians, anthropologists, and linguists, as well as to geneticists.

Back to Africa

Before considering questions related to ancient demographic events, we needed to separate the probable ancient African components from that which might have originated from more recent [<60 kya] gene flow back to Africa [light blue in Figure 1C].

The results are concordant with the results of the FST analyses in showing that the Egyptians are closer than Yemeni to Ethiopians in their non-African component [Table S3]. A possible explanation for this result is that there has been gene flow into Ethiopia from the Levant and Egypt, although we cannot say whether the gene flow was episodic or continuous. The Ethiopian similarity with the Yemeni detected throughout the genome could be explained as an Ethiopian contribution to the Yemeni gene pool, consistent with that observed with mtDNA.16


We present an extensive genome-wide data set representing Ethiopian geographical, linguistic, and ethnic diversity. Its study has allowed us to cast light on a number of questions, some long-standing, about both ancient and recent demographic events in human evolution. In the Discussion, we again follow a roughly chronological path from the more recent to the older events.

ADMIXTURE analyses revealed a major [40%–50%] contribution to the Ethiopian Semitic-Cushitic genomes that is similar to that of non-African populations. Our estimates of genetic similarity between this component and extant non-African populations suggest that the source was more likely the Levant than the Arabian Peninsula. We estimate that this admixture event took place approximately 3 kya. The more recent admixture dates for the Oromo and Afar can be explained by the effect of a subsequent Islamic expansion that particularly impacted these groups, as well as the North Africans.52 Levant people may have arrived in Ethiopia via land or sea subsequently, leaving a similar signature also in modern Egyptians, or the similarity between Ethiopians and Egyptians may be a consequence of independent genetic relationships.

The ancient kingdom of Axum adopted Christianity as early as the fourth century. Historical contacts established between Ethiopia and the Middle East were maintained across the centuries, with the Ethiopian church in regular contact with Alexandria, Egypt. These long-lasting links between the two regions are reflected in influences still apparent in the modern Ethiopian cultural and, as we show here, genetic landscapes.
 

---

Posted by Trollkillah # Ish Gebor (Member # 18264) on :
 

quote:

---

Map of African areas where E3b1 cluster has been observed (the numbers of individuals are given in parentheses).10 (1) Moroccan Arabs (54), (2) Northern Egyptians (21), (3) Ethiopian Jews (22), (4) Ethiopian Amharas (34), (5) Ethiopian Wolaytas (12), (6) Mixed Ethiopians (12), (7) Ethiopian Oromos (25), (8) Somalia (224 including our Somali data), (9) Boranas (Oromos) from Kenya (seven), (10) Bantus from Kenya (28), (11) Tuaregs from Niger (22). The haplogroups or remaining paragroups are represented by different fill patterns. Lineages excluded from a haplogroup are listed within parentheses after the name of the haplogroup. The distribution of the Cushitic language in East Africa is shown in grey.

---

quote:

---

Bedouins, Jordanians, Palestinians and Saudi Arabians are located in close proximity to each other, which is consistent with a common origin in the Arabian Peninsula25, whereas the Egyptian, Moroccan, Mozabite Berber, and Yemenite samples are located closer to sub- Saharan populations (Fig. 1a and Supplementary Fig. 2a).

---

quote:

---

Originally posted by the lioness,:

Back to Africa

Before considering questions related to ancient demographic events, we needed to separate the probable ancient African components from that which might have originated from more recent [<60 kya] gene flow back to Africa [light blue in Figure 1C].

The results are concordant with the results of the FST analyses in showing that the Egyptians are closer than Yemeni to Ethiopians in their non-African component [Table S3]. A possible explanation for this result is that there has been gene flow into Ethiopia from the Levant and Egypt, although we cannot say whether the gene flow was episodic or continuous. The Ethiopian similarity with the Yemeni detected throughout the genome could be explained as an Ethiopian contribution to the Yemeni gene pool, consistent with that observed with mtDNA.16


We present an extensive genome-wide data set representing Ethiopian geographical, linguistic, and ethnic diversity. Its study has allowed us to cast light on a number of questions, some long-standing, about both ancient and recent demographic events in human evolution. In the Discussion, we again follow a roughly chronological path from the more recent to the older events.

---

quote:

---

Originally posted by the lioness,:

African components from that which might have originated from more recent [<60 kya] gene flow back to Africa

---

quote:

---

Originally posted by the lioness,:

Genotypes were compared with published data from several African and non-African populations. Principal-component and STRUCTURE-like analyses confirmed substantial genetic diversity both within and between populations, and revealed a match between genetic data and linguistic affiliation. Using comparisons with African and non-African reference samples in 40-SNP genomic windows, we identified "African" and "non-African" haplotypic components for each Ethiopian individual. The non-African component, which includes the SLC24A5 allele associated with light skin pigmentation in Europeans, may represent gene flow into Africa, which we estimate to have occurred ~3 thousand years ago [kya].

---

quote:

---

Lalueza-Fox states: "However, the biggest surprise was to discover that this individual possessed African versions in the genes that determine the light pigmentation of the current Europeans, which indicates that he had dark skin, although we can not know the exact shade."

---

quote:

---

Originally posted by the lioness,:
We present an extensive genome-wide data set representing Ethiopian geographical, linguistic, and ethnic diversity. Its study has allowed us to cast light on a number of questions, some long-standing, about both ancient and recent demographic events in human evolution. In the Discussion, we again follow a roughly chronological path from the more recent to the older events.

---

quote:

---

Originally posted by the lioness,:
[QB] BBayesian phylogenetic analysis of Semitic languages identifies an Early Bronze Age origin of Semitic in the Near East
Figure 1



^^^^^

Figure1, the map above is a language map and is a separate issue from migrations and back migrations some of which which are said to have occured prior to the known existence of these languages.
Neverthless as indicated on the map the origin of Semitic is marked point A and located around Syria. At the end of one of the branches ends at G in Ethiopia.
The map supports back migration, Below, the article that the above map is from>

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2839953/

Proc Biol Sci. Aug 7, 2009; 276[1668]: 2703–2710.
Published online Apr 29, 2009. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2009.0408
PMCID: PMC2839953


Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of Semitic languages identifies an Early Bronze Age origin of Semitic in the Near East

Andrew Kitchen,1,* Christopher Ehret,2 Shiferaw Assefa,2 and Connie J. Mulligan1
Author information ► Article notes ► Copyright and License information ►

Our Semitic phylogeny indicates that Ethiosemitic had a single, non-African origin; Ethiosemitic forms a well-resolved monophyletic clade nested within non-African Semitic languages, no earlier than approximately 3800 YBP [node G].

We estimate that: [i] Semitic had an Early Bronze Age origin [approx. 5750 YBP] in the Levant, followed by an expansion of Akkadian into Mesopotamia; [ii] Central and South Semitic diverged earlier than previously thought throughout the Levant during the Early to Middle Bronze Age transition; and [iii] Ethiosemitic arose as the result of a single, possibly pre-Aksumite, introduction of a lineage from southern Arabia to the Horn of Africa approximately 2800 YBP. Furthermore, we employed the first use of log BFs to statistically test competing language histories and provide support for a Near Eastern origin of Semitic. Our inferences shed light on the complex history of Semitic, address key questions about Semitic origins and dispersals, and provide important hypotheses to test with new data and analyses.

---

Do you think there were any post-Natufians.

See, if you look at the map, you'll see the origin of proto-Afrasan speakers. They then moved out, into the Levant where it transforms to proto-Semitic. And move then back, after a few thousand years.


This is theorized by these authors as a "back migration" from "Eurasia". While it's basically the same people who admixed in the Middle East. LOL

quote:

---

Abstract

Cylindrical objects made usually of fired clay but sometimes of stone were found at the Yarmukian Pottery Neolithic sites of Sha‘ar HaGolan and Munhata (first half of the 8th millennium BP) in the Jordan Valley. Similar objects have been reported from other Near Eastern Pottery Neolithic sites. Most scholars have interpreted them as cultic objects in the shape of phalli, while others have referred to them in more general terms as “clay pestles,” “clay rods,” and “cylindrical clay objects.” Re-examination of these artifacts leads us to present a new interpretation of their function and to suggest a reconstruction of their technology and mode of use. We suggest that these objects were components of fire drills and consider them the earliest evidence of a complex technology of fire ignition, which incorporates the cylindrical objects in the role of matches.

[...]


Drilling has been documented as early as the Natufian culture (15,000–11,700 years calBP) through increased numbers of cap stones and drilled stones including beads [26]–[27].

---

quote:

---

Originally posted by Trollkillah # Ish Gebor:


Do you think there were any post-Natufians.

See, if you look at the map, you'll see the origin of proto-Afrasan speakers. They then moved out, into the Levant where it transforms to proto-Semitic. And move then back, after a few thousand years.

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proto-Afrasan and proto-Semitic are languages not ethnic groups.
Languages spread to different ethnic groups, some of these groups were Eurasian, some African, and intermarried admixtures thereof
As Semitic took form in the Levant from African roots it brought with it Eurasian people into the horn. This is reflected in the DNA and Fst analysis, often more evident in the mtDNA
 

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Posted by Djehuti (Member # 6698) on :
 
I must congratulate the Lyinass for citing this study which she thinks will further her Euro-asianist cause, only to allow the intelligent folk here at Egyptsearch to dissect, vivisect, and deconstruct what is fact from wishful fiction as the latter seems to be more the case. While I do not deny Eurasian genetic influence in the Horn, I seriously believe this influence is over-exaggerated.

But it's only when we get to findings like this...



^ that aboriginal southern African populations have recent 'Eurasian' ancestry is when I think we get into the realm of Eurolunacy.
 

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Posted by Djehuti (Member # 6698) on :
 

quote:

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Originally posted by Trollkillah # Ish Gebor:

You lack understanding on many levels.





Just as those prior to this, this here shows an original Semitic,





It's basically the same people roaming from one place to another. So you've f*ckedup again.

---

Actually the ancient black man depicted above is NOT a Semitic speaker but an Elamite that is an indigenous pre-Persian inhabitant of Iran. As Swenet has stated several times before, even Greek writings speak of black peoples living from Mesopotamia to India i.e. 'Eastern Ethiopians' which rather complicates the argument that Southwest Asian = "Caucasian". Even today in rural parts of southern Iran and even Iraq there are blacks who represent the aboriginal populace.

Thus West Eurasian does NOT necessarily mean light-skinned "cockasian" phenotype.

Lyinass productions flushed yet again.
 

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Posted by the lioness, (Member # 17353) on :
 


http://arxiv.org/pdf/1307.8014v2.pdf

Ancient west Eurasian ancestry in southern and eastern Africa

Joseph K. Pickrell et al. 2013

The history of southern Africa involved interactions between indigenous hunter–gatherers and a range of populations that moved into the region. Here we use genome-wide genetic data to show that there are at least two admixture events in the history of Khoisan populations (southern African hunter–gatherers and pastoralists who speak non-Bantu languages with click consonants). One involved populations related to Niger–Congo-speaking African populations, and the other introduced ancestry most closely related to west Eurasian (European or Middle Eastern) populations. We date this latter admixture event to ∼900–1,800 y ago and show that it had the largest demographic impact in Khoisan populations that speak Khoe–Kwadi languages. A similar signal of west Eurasian ancestry is present throughout eastern Africa. In particular, we also find evidence for two admixture events in the history of Kenyan, Tanzanian, and Ethiopian populations, the earlier of which involved populations related to west Eurasians and which we date to ∼2,700–3,300 y ago. We reconstruct the allele frequencies of the putative west Eurasian population in eastern Africa and show that this population is a good proxy for the west Eurasian ancestry in southern Africa. The most parsimonious explanation for these findings is that west Eurasian ancestry entered southern Africa indirectly through eastern Africa.
 

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Posted by Trollkillah # Ish Gebor (Member # 18264) on :
 

quote:

---

Originally posted by the lioness,:


http://arxiv.org/pdf/1307.8014v2.pdf

Ancient west Eurasian ancestry in southern and eastern Africa

Joseph K. Pickrell et al. 2013

The history of southern Africa involved interactions between indigenous hunter–gatherers and a range of populations that moved into the region. Here we use genome-wide genetic data to show that there are at least two admixture events in the history of Khoisan populations (southern African hunter–gatherers and pastoralists who speak non-Bantu languages with click consonants). One involved populations related to Niger–Congo-speaking African populations, and the other introduced ancestry most closely related to west Eurasian (European or Middle Eastern) populations. We date this latter admixture event to ∼900–1,800 y ago and show that it had the largest demographic impact in Khoisan populations that speak Khoe–Kwadi languages. A similar signal of west Eurasian ancestry is present throughout eastern Africa. In particular, we also find evidence for two admixture events in the history of Kenyan, Tanzanian, and Ethiopian populations, the earlier of which involved populations related to west Eurasians and which we date to ∼2,700–3,300 y ago. We reconstruct the allele frequencies of the putative west Eurasian population in eastern Africa and show that this population is a good proxy for the west Eurasian ancestry in southern Africa. The most parsimonious explanation for these findings is that west Eurasian ancestry entered southern Africa indirectly through eastern Africa.

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quote:

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Consideration of the relationships among haplotype variants (Figure 4) indicates that C6, C7, and C9 (but not C8) dispersed out of Africa and have diverse descendants present and originating in East Asia. Among these descendants is C10, which is abundant in East Asia (and the New World) but extremely rare in Africa (0.5% in LWK). Haplotype C3 represents the final early diverging lineage (Figure 4). Although the lineage containing this haplotype must have originated in Africa, C3 is rare in Africa (1.0% in MKK) but widely distributed in East Asia, the New World, and Oceania. The distributions of C3 and C10 are most consistent with origin outside of Africa and subsequent introduction into Africa by migrations such as those documented by uni-parental markers (Richards et al. 2006).

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--Victor A. Canfield et al.

Molecular Phylogeography of a Human Autosomal Skin Color Locus Under Natural Selection


As you can see they simply cited Richards et al. 2006. In a "back migration theory". Theory which has not been backed up by you or any of these authors.
 

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Posted by Trollkillah # Ish Gebor (Member # 18264) on :
 

quote:

---

Originally posted by Djehuti:

quote:

---

Originally posted by Trollkillah # Ish Gebor:

You lack understanding on many levels.





Just as those prior to this, this here shows an original Semitic,





It's basically the same people roaming from one place to another. So you've f*ckedup again.

---

Actually the ancient black man depicted above is NOT a Semitic speaker but an Elamite that is an indigenous pre-Persian inhabitant of Iran. As Swenet has stated several times before, even Greek writings speak of black peoples living from Mesopotamia to India i.e. 'Eastern Ethiopians' which rather complicates the argument that Southwest Asian = "Caucasian". Even today in rural parts of southern Iran and even Iraq there are blacks who represent the aboriginal populace.

Thus West Eurasian does NOT necessarily mean light-skinned "cockasian" phenotype.

Lyinass productions flushed yet again.

---

quote:

---

Originally posted by the lioness,:
remember not to pretend I said or think something but instead quote me and link the page

---

quote:

---

Although the lineage containing this haplotype must have originated in Africa, C3 is rare in Africa (1.0% in MKK) but widely distributed in East Asia, the New World, and Oceania.

---

--Victor A. Canfield et al.
Molecular Phylogeography of a Human Autosomal Skin Color Locus Under Natural Selection

Bye bye...
 

---

Posted by the lioness, (Member # 17353) on :
 
Published Online August 25 2011
Science 7 October 2011:
Vol. 334 no. 6052 pp. 89-94
DOI: 10.1126/science.1209202
REPORT
The Shaping of Modern Human Immune Systems by Multiregional Admixture with Archaic Humans
Laurent Abi-Rached1,

Neandertal HLA-B and -C alleles were sufficiently resolved for us to study their distribution in modern human populations (fig. S20); their frequencies are high in Eurasia and low in Africa (Figs. 3D–G, S21). Our simulations of HLA introgression predicted the increased frequency and haplotype diversity in Eurasia that we observed (Figs. 1, S11) and was particularly strong for B*51 and C*07:02 (fig. S22), and presence of such alleles in Africa was due to back-migrations. Thus, Neandertal admixture contributed B*07, B*51, C*07:02, and C*16:02-bearing haplotypes to modern humans, and was likely the sole source of these allele groups. Unlike the distributions of Denisovan alleles, which center in Asia (Fig. 2E–G), Neandertal alleles display broader distributions peaking in different regions of Eurasia (Fig. 3D–G).

_____________________________

2014

Human Migration Patterns in Yemen and Implications for Reconstructing Prehistoric Population Movements
Aida T. Miró-Herrans mail, Ali Al-Meeri, Connie J. Mulligan


For example, the maximum and average proportion of individuals moving between a pair of locations (0.0036 and 0.0011) can be used to define gene flow (or migration rates) between populations stretching from southern Asia to northern Africa to create simulated DNA for models that address the back-migration into Africa. The larger migration values (0.102 or 0.086) can be used to define the founding population sizes for each new population out-of-Africa and back-to-Africa. Defining these parameters would allow for an in-depth exploration of the timing of the back-migration.

Additionally, our results provide estimates to generate more geographically explicit models. Our mean and median migration distances (96 km and 26 km) provide estimates for the distance between populations, particularly for large scale movements, such as the back-migration from southern Asia. The migration distance between each population would define the number of populations to be simulated for the region under study. For example, a distance of 100 km between each population would require ~70 populations between southern Asia and northern Africa (approx. 7,000 km). Understanding the possible distances involved in large scale movements also helps us determine how rapidly a migration could have occurred and how levels of gene flow may have been affected between the populations.

The lack of migration directionality in our results suggests that explicitly including stochasticity or multidirectionality when describing the movement between populations might more accurately reflect the large-scale migration process. For example, the back-migration to Africa probably included movement through established populations, where the migrants settled in some of the established populations, but not in others. Therefore, a lattice stepping-stone migration model, that includes some randomness in terms of when a migration occurs and between which populations, might better reflect this migration process.

Our results show there is over a 58% correlation between female and male movement in marital pairs, in which more pairs move together with increasing distance. Additionally, we show that 56% of migration events in G3 were by marital pairs. This means that at least 50% of the migrants have a 1:1 female to male ratio. Even if the remaining 50% of migrants are only female or male, the ratio is at most 3:1. These results argue for, at most, a 3:1 ratio (for either sex) of sex-biased migration for migrations at short distances, where post-marital residence has a larger effect on population structuring [19], [29]. Alternatively, for longer migrations, such as the migration from southern Asia to northern Africa, our results suggest that a female to male ratio closer to 1:1 more accurately models demographically balanced populations that would have been reproductively self-sustaining.

_________________________________________


Brief Communication
Brief communication: mtDNA variation in North Cameroon: Lack of asian lineages and implications for back migration from Asia to sub-Saharan Africa
Valentina Coia1,


Abstract
The hypervariable region-1 and four nucleotide positions (10400, 10873, 12308, and 12705) of the coding region of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) were analyzed in 441 individuals belonging to eight populations (Daba, Fali, Fulbe, Mandara, Uldeme, Podokwo, Tali, and Tupuri) from North Cameroon and four populations (Bakaka, Bassa, Bamileke, and Ewondo) from South Cameroon. All mtDNAs were assigned to five haplogroups: three sub-Saharan (L1, L2, and L3), one northern African (U6), and one European (U5). Our results contrast with the observed high frequencies of a Y-chromosome haplogroup of probable Asian origin (R1*-M173) in North Cameroon. As a first step toward a better understanding of the evident discrepancy between mtDNA and Y-chromosome data, we propose two contrasting scenarios. The first one, here termed “migration and asymmetric admixture,” implies a back migration from Asia to North Cameroon of a population group carrying the haplotype R1*-M173 at high frequency, and an admixture process restricted to migrant males. The second scenario, on the other hand, temed “divergent drift,” implies that modern populations of North Cameroon originated from a small population group which migrated from Asia to Africa and in which, through genetic drift, Y-chromosome haplotype R1*-M173 became predominant, whereas the Asian mtDNA haplogroups were lost. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

___________________________________________

http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/v19/n1/abs/ejhg2010146a.html
European Journal of Human Genetics (2011) 19, 95–101; doi:10.1038/ejhg.2010.146; published online 25 August 2010

A major Y-chromosome haplogroup R1b Holocene era founder effect in Central and Western Europe

Natalie M Myres1, Siiri Rootsi2, Alice A Lin3, Mari Järve2, Roy J King3, Ildus Kutuev2,4, Vicente M Cabrera5, Elza K Khusnutdinova4, Andrey Pshenichnov2,6, Bayazit Yunusbayev2,4, Oleg Balanovsky2,6, Elena Balanovska6, Pavao Rudan7, Marian Baldovic2,8, Rene J Herrera9, Jacques Chiaroni10, Julie Di Cristofaro10, Richard Villems2, Toomas Kivisild11 and Peter A Underhill3



_______________________________


The mtDNA legacy of the levantine early upper Palaeolithic in Africa.

The scenario of a back-migration into Africa is supported by another feature of the mtDNA phylogeny. Haplogroup M's Eurasian sister clade, haplogroup N, which has a very similar age to M and no indication of an African origin, includes R, which in turn embraces haplogroup U (Fig. 1). Haplogroup U is subdivided into numerous clades (U1 to U9) and is characterized by an extremely broad geographical distribution ranging from Europe to India and Central Asia (12)


Science
December 15, 2006 | Olivieri, Anna; Achilli, Alessandro; Pala, Maria; Battaglia, Vincenza; Fornarino, Simona; Al-Zahery, Nadia; Scozzari, Rosaria; Cruciani, Fulvio; Behar, Doron M.; Dugoujon, Jean-Michel; Coudray, Clotilde; Santachiara-Benerecetti, A. Silvana; Semino, Ornella; Bandelt, Hans-Jurgen; Torroni, Antonio | Copyright


Science
December 15, 2006 | Olivieri, Anna; Achilli, Alessandro; Pala, Maria; Battaglia, Vincenza; Fornarino, Simona; Al-Zahery, Nadia; Scozzari, Rosaria; Cruciani, Fulvio; Behar, Doron M.; Dugoujon, Jean-Michel; Coudray, Clotilde; Santachiara-Benerecetti, A. Silvana; Semino, Ornella; Bandelt, Hans-Jurgen; Torroni, Antonio | Copyright

_____________________________________________

Genome-Wide and Paternal Diversity Reveal a Recent Origin of Human Populations in North Africa
Karima Fadhlaoui-Zid , Marc Haber , Begoña Martínez-Cruz, Pierre Zalloua, Amel Benammar Elgaaied, David Comas
2013

Early genetic studies have identified an Upper Paleolithic component in current northern African populations, and suggested that the Neolithic transition occurred through cultural diffusion [9], [10]. Studies using autosomal markers such as short tandem repeats (STRs), polymorphic Alu insertions, HLA class II polymorphisms, and GM and KM allotypes have shown close genetic affinity of North Africans to Eurasian populations and found evidence of gene flow from sub-Saharan populations [11]–[24]. Recent genome-wide analysis of North Africans found substantial shared ancestry with the Middle East, and to a lesser extent sub-Saharan Africa and Europe (see Figure S1 for a geographical description of the region). An autochthonous Maghrebi ancestry that increases from east to west across northern Africa was also identified. It was suggested that this ancestry likely derive from “back-to-Africa” gene flow more than 12,000 ya [25]. In addition, it has been suggested that recent gene flow between the Middle East and North Africa was probably promoted by shared cultures after the Islamic expansion, increasing genetic similarities between North Africans and Middle Easterners [26]. Interestingly, genome-wide analysis also shows that increased genetic diversity in Southern Europe, which is higher than in other regions of the continent, is a result of recent gene flow from North Africa [27].

Analysis of uniparental markers have found two Y-chromosome lineages (E1b1b1a-M78 and E1b1b1b-M81) at high frequency in North African populations, although the origin and emergence of these lineages have been controversial, with some studies suggesting a Paleolithic component [28], while other studies pointing to a Neolithic origin [29]–[33]. E1b1b1a-M78 has probably emerged in Northeastern Africa [31] and is today widely distributed in North Africa, East Africa, and West Asia. E1b1b1b-M81 show high frequencies in Northwestern Africa and a high prevalence among Berbers. In particular, the Tuareg have 50% to 80% of their paternal lineages E1b1b1b-M81 [34], [35]. The Tuareg are seminomadic pastoralist groups that are mostly spread between Libya, Algeria, Mali, and Niger. They speak a Berber language and are believed to be the descendents of the Garamantes people of Fezzan, Libya (500 BC - 700 CE) [34]. Another common paternal lineage in North Africa is haplogroup J through its subtypes J1 and J2. J1 is found at high frequencies in the Arabic peninsula and has been previously associated with the Islamic expansion [36]. J2 is very frequent in the Levant/Anatolia/Iran region [37] and its spread in the Mediterranean is believed to have been facilitated by the maritime trading culture of the Phoenicians (1550 BC- 300 BC) [38]. In contrast to the Middle Eastern influence, studies have reported only limited contribution of sub-Saharan paternal lineages to the North African gene pool [39], [40]. Previous analyzes of mtDNA lineages in North African populations suggest significant Eurasian origins [41]–[43] with lineages dating back to Paleolithic times [41] and with recent gene flow from sub-Saharan Africa linked to slave trade [44]. mtDNA variations showed an East-West cline accompanied by a genetic discontinuity on the Libyan/Egyptian border, suggesting a differential gene flow in the Nile River Valley [45].

Although most North Africans appear as an admixture of populations from the surrounding regions, the Tunisian Berbers show long periods of genetic isolation, allowing a distinctive genetic component to evolve. Unlike other North Africans, our admixture tests propose that Berbers diverged from surrounding populations without subsequent mixture. We show that coalescence time estimate from paternal lineages are pushed back ~15,000 years when Tunisians (Berbers and general population) are included in the analyses suggesting an early upper Paleolithic ancestral population with most North Africans (~30,000–44,000 ya).

____________________________________________

The trans-Saharan slave trade - clues from interpolation analyses and high-resolution characterization of mitochondrial DNA lineages
Nourdin Harich1, Marta D Costa23, Verónica Fernandes23, Mostafa Kandil1, Joana B Pereira23, Nuno M Silva2 and Luísa Pereira
2009


When analyzing the proportions of sub-Saharan and West Eurasian mtDNA haplogroups (Table 1) in El Jadida population, the characteristic mixed pool was observed, with frequencies of 30.86% and 69.14%, respectively. The sub-Saharan pool presented the branches L1, L2 and L3, in the following frequencies: 24%, 28% and 48% of the sub-Saharan pool. The basal haplogroup L0 was absent. In the West Eurasian pool, the haplogroups said to have been introduced into North and East Africa as result of a Back-to-Africa migration from the Near East, U6 and M1, were observed with frequencies of 2.47% and 6.17% in El Jadida.

Clearly, the main component of the West Eurasian lineages was made of possible Iberian expanded lineages following the post-glacial climate improvement: H1 (12.35%), V (9.88%) and U5b (1.23%). There were low frequent lineages belonging to the HV branch of the maternal tree which could have come to El Jadida from the Near East, (H* - 3.70%; H7 - 1.23%; HV1 - 1.23%) as well as R0a (3.70%), X (1.23%), N1b (1.23%), J (7.41%), T (2.47%). There was also a considerable amount of U/K lineages, besides the already referred U6 and U5a: K (9.88%), U* (3.70%) and U4 (1.23%). Curiously, five out of eight K individuals in El Jadida presented a substitution on position 16287 (besides the haplogroup defining 16224-16311 polymorphisms); this haplotype was so far observed in 1 Italian (belonging to sub-haplogroup K1a4) and two Moroccan individuals (sub-haplogroup K1a2) out of 789 K sequences in [2] and absent in other North African populations [6].
 

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Posted by the lioness, (Member # 17353) on :
 

quote:

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Originally posted by Trollkillah # Ish Gebor:

quote:

---

Originally posted by the lioness,:
remember not to pretend I said or think something but instead quote me and link the page

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quote:

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Although the lineage containing this haplotype must have originated in Africa, C3 is rare in Africa (1.0% in MKK) but widely distributed in East Asia, the New World, and Oceania.

---

--Victor A. Canfield et al.
Molecular Phylogeography of a Human Autosomal Skin Color Locus Under Natural Selection

Bye bye...

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quote:

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The branches comprising C1, C2, C3, C4, and C5-C11 are early diverging clades.

Haplotype C3 represents the final early diverging lineage (Figure 4). Although the lineage containing this haplotype must have originated in Africa, C3 is rare in Africa (1.0% in MKK) but widely distributed in East Asia, the New World, and Oceania. The distributions of C3 and C10 are most consistent with origin outside of Africa and subsequent introduction into Africa by migrations such as those documented by uniparental markers (Richards et al. 2006).

The paucity of C3 and C10 among existing African haplotypes suggests that both events leading to the origin of C11 took place outside this continent. Our dating for this haplotype is consistent with a non-African origin.

-Victor A. Canfield et al.
Molecular Phylogeography of a Human Autosomal Skin Color Locus Under Natural Selection

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quote:

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Originally posted by the lioness,:

quote:

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Originally posted by Trollkillah # Ish Gebor:

quote:

---

Originally posted by the lioness,:
remember not to pretend I said or think something but instead quote me and link the page

---

quote:

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Although the lineage containing this haplotype must have originated in Africa, C3 is rare in Africa (1.0% in MKK) but widely distributed in East Asia, the New World, and Oceania.

---

--Victor A. Canfield et al.
Molecular Phylogeography of a Human Autosomal Skin Color Locus Under Natural Selection

Bye bye...

---

quote:

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The branches comprising C1, C2, C3, C4, and C5-C11 are early diverging clades.

Haplotype C3 represents the final early diverging lineage (Figure 4). Although the lineage containing this haplotype must have originated in Africa, C3 is rare in Africa (1.0% in MKK) but widely distributed in East Asia, the New World, and Oceania. The distributions of C3 and C10 are most consistent with origin outside of Africa and subsequent introduction into Africa by migrations such as those documented by uniparental markers (Richards et al. 2006).

The paucity of C3 and C10 among existing African haplotypes suggests that both events leading to the origin of C11 took place outside this continent. Our dating for this haplotype is consistent with a non-African origin.

-Victor A. Canfield et al.
Molecular Phylogeography of a Human Autosomal Skin Color Locus Under Natural Selection

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^^^ what is revealed when the statement is placed in context

always check snippets

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The snippets show that the basal arose in Africa, within Africans.


So, I agree that we have to see it in the context as needs to be. Especially when they used the HamMap as reference.


And ironically haplotype C11 is found in populations who include the out of Africa migrations. Who also carry the precursors to C11. Yet, all of a sudden it's not African?

quote:

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Frequencies display strong population differentiation, with the derived light skin pigmentation allele (A111T) fixed or nearly so in all European pop- ulations and the ancestral allele predominant in sub-Saharan Africa and East Asia (Lamason et al. 2005; Norton et al. 2007).

[...]

Phased haplotypes were retrieved from HapMap, Release 21. For phylogenetic analysis, graphs were drawn by the use of a sim- ple nearest-neighbor approach and rooted by the use of ancestral alleles determined by comparison with other primate sequences.

[...]

"Of the remaining 10 common core haplotype groups, all ancestral at rs1426654, eight clearly have their origins in Africa (Figure 3B, Figure 4, and Table S4). Three early diverging haplotypes, C1, C2, and C4, are rare outside of Africa and clearly originated there."

"In the lineage containing the majority of haplotypes, each of the three branches, containing C5, C6-C7, and C8-C11, give strong evidence of having originated in Africa. C5 reaches its greatest abundance in West Africa and is rare outside of Africa. Within the other two branches, C6 and C9, which are the most common haplotypes in Africa, are also common worldwide, whereas C7 is abundant in East Asia and much less common but widespread in Africa. "

[...]

Our dating for this haplotype is consistent with a non-African origin. The most likely location for the origin of C11 is, therefore, within the region in which it is fixed or nearly so. As both models for the origin of C11 imply that C3 and C10 were present in ancestors of Europeans, the observed and inferred distributions of these autosomal haplotypes are consistent with the single-out-of- Africa hypothesis derived using uniparental markers (Oppenheimer 2003; Macaulay et al. 2005).

---

quote:

---

Originally posted by the lioness,:
Published Online August 25 2011
Science 7 October 2011:
Vol. 334 no. 6052 pp. 89-94
DOI: 10.1126/science.1209202
REPORT
The Shaping of Modern Human Immune Systems by Multiregional Admixture with Archaic Humans
Laurent Abi-Rached1,

Neandertal HLA-B and -C alleles were sufficiently resolved for us to study their distribution in modern human populations (fig. S20); their frequencies are high in Eurasia and low in Africa (Figs. 3D–G, S21). Our simulations of HLA introgression predicted the increased frequency and haplotype diversity in Eurasia that we observed (Figs. 1, S11) and was particularly strong for B*51 and C*07:02 (fig. S22), and presence of such alleles in Africa was due to back-migrations. Thus, Neandertal admixture contributed B*07, B*51, C*07:02, and C*16:02-bearing haplotypes to modern humans, and was likely the sole source of these allele groups. Unlike the distributions of Denisovan alleles, which center in Asia (Fig. 2E–G), Neandertal alleles display broader distributions peaking in different regions of Eurasia (Fig. 3D–G).

_____________________________

2014

Human Migration Patterns in Yemen and Implications for Reconstructing Prehistoric Population Movements
Aida T. Miró-Herrans mail, Ali Al-Meeri, Connie J. Mulligan


For example, the maximum and average proportion of individuals moving between a pair of locations (0.0036 and 0.0011) can be used to define gene flow (or migration rates) between populations stretching from southern Asia to northern Africa to create simulated DNA for models that address the back-migration into Africa. The larger migration values (0.102 or 0.086) can be used to define the founding population sizes for each new population out-of-Africa and back-to-Africa. Defining these parameters would allow for an in-depth exploration of the timing of the back-migration.

Additionally, our results provide estimates to generate more geographically explicit models. Our mean and median migration distances (96 km and 26 km) provide estimates for the distance between populations, particularly for large scale movements, such as the back-migration from southern Asia. The migration distance between each population would define the number of populations to be simulated for the region under study. For example, a distance of 100 km between each population would require ~70 populations between southern Asia and northern Africa (approx. 7,000 km). Understanding the possible distances involved in large scale movements also helps us determine how rapidly a migration could have occurred and how levels of gene flow may have been affected between the populations.

The lack of migration directionality in our results suggests that explicitly including stochasticity or multidirectionality when describing the movement between populations might more accurately reflect the large-scale migration process. For example, the back-migration to Africa probably included movement through established populations, where the migrants settled in some of the established populations, but not in others. Therefore, a lattice stepping-stone migration model, that includes some randomness in terms of when a migration occurs and between which populations, might better reflect this migration process.

Our results show there is over a 58% correlation between female and male movement in marital pairs, in which more pairs move together with increasing distance. Additionally, we show that 56% of migration events in G3 were by marital pairs. This means that at least 50% of the migrants have a 1:1 female to male ratio. Even if the remaining 50% of migrants are only female or male, the ratio is at most 3:1. These results argue for, at most, a 3:1 ratio (for either sex) of sex-biased migration for migrations at short distances, where post-marital residence has a larger effect on population structuring [19], [29]. Alternatively, for longer migrations, such as the migration from southern Asia to northern Africa, our results suggest that a female to male ratio closer to 1:1 more accurately models demographically balanced populations that would have been reproductively self-sustaining.

_________________________________________


Brief Communication
Brief communication: mtDNA variation in North Cameroon: Lack of asian lineages and implications for back migration from Asia to sub-Saharan Africa
Valentina Coia1,


Abstract
The hypervariable region-1 and four nucleotide positions (10400, 10873, 12308, and 12705) of the coding region of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) were analyzed in 441 individuals belonging to eight populations (Daba, Fali, Fulbe, Mandara, Uldeme, Podokwo, Tali, and Tupuri) from North Cameroon and four populations (Bakaka, Bassa, Bamileke, and Ewondo) from South Cameroon. All mtDNAs were assigned to five haplogroups: three sub-Saharan (L1, L2, and L3), one northern African (U6), and one European (U5). Our results contrast with the observed high frequencies of a Y-chromosome haplogroup of probable Asian origin (R1*-M173) in North Cameroon. As a first step toward a better understanding of the evident discrepancy between mtDNA and Y-chromosome data, we propose two contrasting scenarios. The first one, here termed “migration and asymmetric admixture,” implies a back migration from Asia to North Cameroon of a population group carrying the haplotype R1*-M173 at high frequency, and an admixture process restricted to migrant males. The second scenario, on the other hand, temed “divergent drift,” implies that modern populations of North Cameroon originated from a small population group which migrated from Asia to Africa and in which, through genetic drift, Y-chromosome haplotype R1*-M173 became predominant, whereas the Asian mtDNA haplogroups were lost. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

___________________________________________

http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/v19/n1/abs/ejhg2010146a.html
European Journal of Human Genetics (2011) 19, 95–101; doi:10.1038/ejhg.2010.146; published online 25 August 2010

A major Y-chromosome haplogroup R1b Holocene era founder effect in Central and Western Europe

Natalie M Myres1, Siiri Rootsi2, Alice A Lin3, Mari Järve2, Roy J King3, Ildus Kutuev2,4, Vicente M Cabrera5, Elza K Khusnutdinova4, Andrey Pshenichnov2,6, Bayazit Yunusbayev2,4, Oleg Balanovsky2,6, Elena Balanovska6, Pavao Rudan7, Marian Baldovic2,8, Rene J Herrera9, Jacques Chiaroni10, Julie Di Cristofaro10, Richard Villems2, Toomas Kivisild11 and Peter A Underhill3



_______________________________


The mtDNA legacy of the levantine early upper Palaeolithic in Africa.

The scenario of a back-migration into Africa is supported by another feature of the mtDNA phylogeny. Haplogroup M's Eurasian sister clade, haplogroup N, which has a very similar age to M and no indication of an African origin, includes R, which in turn embraces haplogroup U (Fig. 1). Haplogroup U is subdivided into numerous clades (U1 to U9) and is characterized by an extremely broad geographical distribution ranging from Europe to India and Central Asia (12)


Science
December 15, 2006 | Olivieri, Anna; Achilli, Alessandro; Pala, Maria; Battaglia, Vincenza; Fornarino, Simona; Al-Zahery, Nadia; Scozzari, Rosaria; Cruciani, Fulvio; Behar, Doron M.; Dugoujon, Jean-Michel; Coudray, Clotilde; Santachiara-Benerecetti, A. Silvana; Semino, Ornella; Bandelt, Hans-Jurgen; Torroni, Antonio | Copyright


Science
December 15, 2006 | Olivieri, Anna; Achilli, Alessandro; Pala, Maria; Battaglia, Vincenza; Fornarino, Simona; Al-Zahery, Nadia; Scozzari, Rosaria; Cruciani, Fulvio; Behar, Doron M.; Dugoujon, Jean-Michel; Coudray, Clotilde; Santachiara-Benerecetti, A. Silvana; Semino, Ornella; Bandelt, Hans-Jurgen; Torroni, Antonio | Copyright

_____________________________________________

Genome-Wide and Paternal Diversity Reveal a Recent Origin of Human Populations in North Africa
Karima Fadhlaoui-Zid , Marc Haber , Begoña Martínez-Cruz, Pierre Zalloua, Amel Benammar Elgaaied, David Comas
2013

Early genetic studies have identified an Upper Paleolithic component in current northern African populations, and suggested that the Neolithic transition occurred through cultural diffusion [9], [10]. Studies using autosomal markers such as short tandem repeats (STRs), polymorphic Alu insertions, HLA class II polymorphisms, and GM and KM allotypes have shown close genetic affinity of North Africans to Eurasian populations and found evidence of gene flow from sub-Saharan populations [11]–[24]. Recent genome-wide analysis of North Africans found substantial shared ancestry with the Middle East, and to a lesser extent sub-Saharan Africa and Europe (see Figure S1 for a geographical description of the region). An autochthonous Maghrebi ancestry that increases from east to west across northern Africa was also identified. It was suggested that this ancestry likely derive from “back-to-Africa” gene flow more than 12,000 ya [25]. In addition, it has been suggested that recent gene flow between the Middle East and North Africa was probably promoted by shared cultures after the Islamic expansion, increasing genetic similarities between North Africans and Middle Easterners [26]. Interestingly, genome-wide analysis also shows that increased genetic diversity in Southern Europe, which is higher than in other regions of the continent, is a result of recent gene flow from North Africa [27].

Analysis of uniparental markers have found two Y-chromosome lineages (E1b1b1a-M78 and E1b1b1b-M81) at high frequency in North African populations, although the origin and emergence of these lineages have been controversial, with some studies suggesting a Paleolithic component [28], while other studies pointing to a Neolithic origin [29]–[33]. E1b1b1a-M78 has probably emerged in Northeastern Africa [31] and is today widely distributed in North Africa, East Africa, and West Asia. E1b1b1b-M81 show high frequencies in Northwestern Africa and a high prevalence among Berbers. In particular, the Tuareg have 50% to 80% of their paternal lineages E1b1b1b-M81 [34], [35]. The Tuareg are seminomadic pastoralist groups that are mostly spread between Libya, Algeria, Mali, and Niger. They speak a Berber language and are believed to be the descendents of the Garamantes people of Fezzan, Libya (500 BC - 700 CE) [34]. Another common paternal lineage in North Africa is haplogroup J through its subtypes J1 and J2. J1 is found at high frequencies in the Arabic peninsula and has been previously associated with the Islamic expansion [36]. J2 is very frequent in the Levant/Anatolia/Iran region [37] and its spread in the Mediterranean is believed to have been facilitated by the maritime trading culture of the Phoenicians (1550 BC- 300 BC) [38]. In contrast to the Middle Eastern influence, studies have reported only limited contribution of sub-Saharan paternal lineages to the North African gene pool [39], [40]. Previous analyzes of mtDNA lineages in North African populations suggest significant Eurasian origins [41]–[43] with lineages dating back to Paleolithic times [41] and with recent gene flow from sub-Saharan Africa linked to slave trade [44]. mtDNA variations showed an East-West cline accompanied by a genetic discontinuity on the Libyan/Egyptian border, suggesting a differential gene flow in the Nile River Valley [45].

Although most North Africans appear as an admixture of populations from the surrounding regions, the Tunisian Berbers show long periods of genetic isolation, allowing a distinctive genetic component to evolve. Unlike other North Africans, our admixture tests propose that Berbers diverged from surrounding populations without subsequent mixture. We show that coalescence time estimate from paternal lineages are pushed back ~15,000 years when Tunisians (Berbers and general population) are included in the analyses suggesting an early upper Paleolithic ancestral population with most North Africans (~30,000–44,000 ya).

____________________________________________

The trans-Saharan slave trade - clues from interpolation analyses and high-resolution characterization of mitochondrial DNA lineages
Nourdin Harich1, Marta D Costa23, Verónica Fernandes23, Mostafa Kandil1, Joana B Pereira23, Nuno M Silva2 and Luísa Pereira
2009


When analyzing the proportions of sub-Saharan and West Eurasian mtDNA haplogroups (Table 1) in El Jadida population, the characteristic mixed pool was observed, with frequencies of 30.86% and 69.14%, respectively. The sub-Saharan pool presented the branches L1, L2 and L3, in the following frequencies: 24%, 28% and 48% of the sub-Saharan pool. The basal haplogroup L0 was absent. In the West Eurasian pool, the haplogroups said to have been introduced into North and East Africa as result of a Back-to-Africa migration from the Near East, U6 and M1, were observed with frequencies of 2.47% and 6.17% in El Jadida.

Clearly, the main component of the West Eurasian lineages was made of possible Iberian expanded lineages following the post-glacial climate improvement: H1 (12.35%), V (9.88%) and U5b (1.23%). There were low frequent lineages belonging to the HV branch of the maternal tree which could have come to El Jadida from the Near East, (H* - 3.70%; H7 - 1.23%; HV1 - 1.23%) as well as R0a (3.70%), X (1.23%), N1b (1.23%), J (7.41%), T (2.47%). There was also a considerable amount of U/K lineages, besides the already referred U6 and U5a: K (9.88%), U* (3.70%) and U4 (1.23%). Curiously, five out of eight K individuals in El Jadida presented a substitution on position 16287 (besides the haplogroup defining 16224-16311 polymorphisms); this haplotype was so far observed in 1 Italian (belonging to sub-haplogroup K1a4) and two Moroccan individuals (sub-haplogroup K1a2) out of 789 K sequences in [2] and absent in other North African populations [6].

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quote:

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Lalueza-Fox states: "However, the biggest surprise was to discover that this individual possessed African versions in the genes that determine the light pigmentation of the current Europeans, which indicates that he had dark skin, although we can not know the exact shade."

---

quote:

---

Originally posted by Trollkillah # Ish Gebor:

quote:

---

Originally posted by the lioness,:

quote:

---

Originally posted by Trollkillah # Ish Gebor:

quote:

---

Originally posted by the lioness,:
[qb] remember not to pretend I said or think something but instead quote me and link the page

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quote:

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Although the lineage containing this haplotype must have originated in Africa, C3 is rare in Africa (1.0% in MKK) but widely distributed in East Asia, the New World, and Oceania.

---

--Victor A. Canfield et al.
Molecular Phylogeography of a Human Autosomal Skin Color Locus Under Natural Selection

Bye bye...

---

quote:

---

The branches comprising C1, C2, C3, C4, and C5-C11 are early diverging clades.

Haplotype C3 represents the final early diverging lineage (Figure 4). Although the lineage containing this haplotype must have originated in Africa, C3 is rare in Africa (1.0% in MKK) but widely distributed in East Asia, the New World, and Oceania. The distributions of C3 and C10 are most consistent with origin outside of Africa and subsequent introduction into Africa by migrations such as those documented by uniparental markers (Richards et al. 2006).

The paucity of C3 and C10 among existing African haplotypes suggests that both events leading to the origin of C11 took place outside this continent. Our dating for this haplotype is consistent with a non-African origin.

-Victor A. Canfield et al.
Molecular Phylogeography of a Human Autosomal Skin Color Locus Under Natural Selection

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^^^ what is revealed when the statement is placed in context

always check snippets

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The snippets show that the basal arose in Africa, within Africans.

---

quote:

---

Originally posted by the lioness,:

quote:

---

Originally posted by Trollkillah # Ish Gebor:

quote:

---

Originally posted by the lioness,:

quote:

---

Originally posted by Trollkillah # Ish Gebor:

quote:

---

Originally posted by the lioness,:
[qb] remember not to pretend I said or think something but instead quote me and link the page

---

quote:

---

Although the lineage containing this haplotype must have originated in Africa, C3 is rare in Africa (1.0% in MKK) but widely distributed in East Asia, the New World, and Oceania.

---

--Victor A. Canfield et al.
Molecular Phylogeography of a Human Autosomal Skin Color Locus Under Natural Selection

Bye bye...

---

quote:

---

The branches comprising C1, C2, C3, C4, and C5-C11 are early diverging clades.

Haplotype C3 represents the final early diverging lineage (Figure 4). Although the lineage containing this haplotype must have originated in Africa, C3 is rare in Africa (1.0% in MKK) but widely distributed in East Asia, the New World, and Oceania. The distributions of C3 and C10 are most consistent with origin outside of Africa and subsequent introduction into Africa by migrations such as those documented by uniparental markers (Richards et al. 2006).

The paucity of C3 and C10 among existing African haplotypes suggests that both events leading to the origin of C11 took place outside this continent. Our dating for this haplotype is consistent with a non-African origin.

-Victor A. Canfield et al.
Molecular Phylogeography of a Human Autosomal Skin Color Locus Under Natural Selection

---

^^^ what is revealed when the statement is placed in context

always check snippets

---

The snippets show that the basal arose in Africa, within Africans.

---

no it doesn't

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quote:

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The L374F polymorphism of the SLC45A2 gene, encoding the membrane-associated transporter protein that plays an important role in melanin synthesis, has been suggested to be associated with skin color in human populations. In this study, the detailed distribution of the 374f and 374l alleles has been investigated in 2,581 unrelated subjects from 36 North, East, West, and Central African populations. We found once more the highly significant (p 0.001) correlation coefficient (r = 0.957) cline of 374f frequencies with degrees of latitude in European and North African populations. Almost all the African populations located below 16° of latitude are fixed for the 374l allele. Peul, Toucouleur, and Soninké populations have 374l allele frequencies of 0.06, 0.03, and 0.03, respectively.

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quote:

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The two genes SLC24A5 and SLC45A2 were recently identified as major determinants of pigmentation in humans and in other vertebrates. The allele p.A111T in the former gene and the allele p.L374F in the latter gene are both nearly fixed in light-skinned Europeans, and can therefore be considered ancestry informative marker (AIMs). AIMs are becoming useful for forensic identification of the phenotype from a DNA profile sampled, for example, from a crime scene. Here, we generate new allelic data for these two genes from samples of Chinese, Uygurs, Ghanaians, South African Xhosa, South African Europeans, and Sri Lankans (Tamils and Sinhalese). Our data confirm the earlier results and furthermore demonstrate that the SLC45A2 allele is a more specific AIM than the SLC24A5 allele because the former clearly distinguishes the Sri Lankans from the Europeans.
Authors

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--Soejima M, Koda Y, Population differences of two coding SNPs in pigmentation-related genes SLC24A5 and SLC45A2.


Source
Int. J. Legal Med. 2007 Jan; 121(1):36-9.
Institution
Department of Forensic Medicine and Human Genetics, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, 830-0011, Japan.



 

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Posted by the lioness, (Member # 17353) on :
 
^^^ pointless
 

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Posted by Trollkillah # Ish Gebor (Member # 18264) on :
 

quote:

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Originally posted by the lioness,:
^^^ pointless

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quote:

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Originally posted by the lioness,:
^^^ random quoting which doesn't refute anything

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Sure these don't show the ancestral form of the protein. And in the meanwhile you haven't been able to show incoming industries associated with all these hypothetical back migrations. Yet, you have the nerve to speak of random quoting.

The snippets are used to suggest multiple back migrations to Africa, however they all lack archeological and anthological data. Which shows out of Africa migrations to Europe and Middle East, by industries etc....


https://opensnp.org/snps/rs1426654
 

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Posted by Trollkillah # Ish Gebor (Member # 18264) on :
 

quote:

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Medical research in Africa has yet to benefit from the advent of genome-wide association (GWA) analysis, partly because the genotyping tools and statistical methods that have been developed for European and Asian populations struggle to deal with the high levels of genome diversity and population structure in Africa. However, the haplotypic diversity of African populations might help to overcome one of the major roadblocks in GWA research, the fine mapping of causal variants. We review the methodological challenges and consider how GWA studies in Africa will be transformed by new approaches in statistical imputation and large-scale genome sequencing.





A study by Wall et al.76 sequenced 40 intergenic regions in 90 individuals from 6 different ethnic groups. Within these regions, they observed almost all of the SNPs in the HapMap Phase 2 database, as well as discovering many new SNPs. The figure shows the number of SNPs in the HapMap data (green) compared with the number of SNPs that were discovered by resequencing and that were not present in the HapMap data (orange), categorized by derived allele frequency. a | Data from all ethnic groups combined. b | SNPs discovered in an African group (Mandinka) compared with African data (Yoruba people in Ibadan, Nigeria (YRI)) from the HapMap Project. c | SNPs discovered in a European group (Basque) compared with European data (Utah residents with Northern and Western European ancestry from the CEPH collection (CEU)) from the HapMap Project. d | SNPs discovered in an East Asian group (Han Chinese) compared with SNPs from a similar group (Han Chinese in Beijing (CHB)) in the HapMap Project. It can be seen that the HapMap data have greater SNP ascertainment bias for African than for European or Asian populations. In particular, African populations have many low-frequency alleles that are not well represented in current SNP databases. The figure is modified, with permission, from Ref. 76 © (2008) CSHL Press.

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quote:

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Originally posted by Trollkillah # Ish Gebor:


The snippets are used to suggest multiple back migrations to Africa, however they all lack archeological and anthological data. Which shows out of Africa migrations to Europe and Middle East, by industries etc....


https://opensnp.org/snps/rs1426654

---

quote:

---

Originally posted by the lioness,:

quote:

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Originally posted by Trollkillah # Ish Gebor:


The snippets are used to suggest multiple back migrations to Africa, however they all lack archeological and anthological data. Which shows out of Africa migrations to Europe and Middle East, by industries etc....


https://opensnp.org/snps/rs1426654

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All people are said to have originated in Africa. The people in Australia are believed to have been there for 60,000 years.
Australia by air is over 6000 miles away from Africa


the idea that it was impossible for some ancient or prehistoric people to return to Africa, many who lived much closer in distance to it is political dogma

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Who are these people who have lived in Australia for 60.000 years? Did they go over air, and return to Africa over air? Are you suggesting UFO's?


Volume 285, 8 February 2013, Pages 44–56


Genetic evidence for the colonization of Australia






http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1040618211002278

Maybe you haven't noticed this yet, but you still haven't been able to show incoming industries associated with archeological and anthropological data sets. Painfully for you and you cohorts, outgoing sets have been proven.
 

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Posted by the lioness, (Member # 17353) on :
 

quote:

---

Originally posted by Trollkillah # Ish Gebor:
[QB]

quote:

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Originally posted by the lioness,:
[qb] [QUOTE]Originally posted by Trollkillah # Ish Gebor:


The snippets are used to suggest multiple back migrations to Africa, however they all lack archeological and anthological data. Which shows out of Africa migrations to Europe and Middle East, by industries etc....


https://opensnp.org/snps/rs1426654

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All people are said to have originated in Africa. The people in Australia are believed to have been there for 60,000 years.
Australia by air is over 6000 miles away from Africa

---

quote:

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Originally posted by the lioness,:

quote:

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Originally posted by Trollkillah # Ish Gebor:
[QB]

quote:

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Originally posted by the lioness,:
[qb] [QUOTE]Originally posted by Trollkillah # Ish Gebor:


The snippets are used to suggest multiple back migrations to Africa, however they all lack archeological and anthological data. Which shows out of Africa migrations to Europe and Middle East, by industries etc....


https://opensnp.org/snps/rs1426654

---

All people are said to have originated in Africa. The people in Australia are believed to have been there for 60,000 years.
Australia by air is over 6000 miles away from Africa

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It doesn't matter, your questions are irrelevant

>>>If people made it to Austraila 60,000 years ago

then people from outside of Africa, many only a few hundred miles away could have found their way back to Africa


As I schooled you earlier merely following coastal land routes will take you in and out of Africa

But in your mind this was impossible in ancient or prehistoric times

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As is and was proven, there is no abundance of evidence for this back migration settlements along these coastal lines, from these hypothetical back migrations. It's all in your fantasy and dilution. Thus you have no evidence, whereas outgoing industries do exist. So, I have no idea what kind of schooling you're talking about here? Therefor all that is left for eurocentrics is to dismiss all the archeological and anthropological data as irrelevant. Only to "play around" with SNP's.


Yet, you can't even answer a basic question, which you yourself have postulated in the first place.

Which people do you speak of.
 

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Posted by the lioness, (Member # 17353) on :
 
10,000 years ago In the Maghreb Iberomaurusians had very cold adapted limb ratios are not like other hunter gatherer populations like the Capsians.
The Iberomaurusians also had Eurasian mtDNA
including H and U.
Y DNA unknown
There's your industry, bigtime

Another example mucch later the, Axumite empire extended to Arabia.
This could have brought mixing between Eurasians and Africans and some of those people living in Ethiopia.
This is the type of admixture that you cannot isolate and say there was a Eurasian "industry" inside Africa but admixture nonethless and is reflected in some Ethiopians' DNA

Other groups such as the Vandals you may not be able to isolate because they would have melted into other populations
-yet you have acknowledged their presence in North Africa and said they may have left linguistic imprints as well as Eurasian mtDNA of berbers
 

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Posted by Trollkillah # Ish Gebor (Member # 18264) on :
 

quote:

---

Originally posted by the lioness,:
10,000 years ago In the Maghreb Iberomaurusians had very cold adapted limb ratios are not like other hunter gatherer populations like the Capsians.
The Iberomaurusians also had Eurasian mtDNA
including H and U.
Y DNA unknown
There's your industry, bigtime

Another example mucch later the, Axumite empire extended to Arabia.
This could have brought mixing between Eurasians and Africans and some of those people living in Ethiopia.
This is the type of admixture that you cannot isolate and say there was a Eurasian "industry" inside Africa but admixture nonethless and is reflected in some Ethiopians' DNA

Other groups such as the Vandals you may not be able to isolate because they would have melted into other populations
-yet you have acknoledged their presence in North Africa and said they may have left linguistic imprints as well as Eurasian mtDNA of berbers

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More of your unwanted opinion.


Calling something "Eurasian" doesn't make it sound more credible. Iberomaurusians cluster what other Africans, and there is outgoing industries to the Iberia.

quote:

---

Lalueza-Fox states: "However, the biggest surprise was to discover that this individual possessed African versions in the genes that determine the light pigmentation of the current Europeans, which indicates that he had dark skin, although we can not know the exact shade."

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quote:

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Figure 2 | Ancestral variants around the SLC45A2 (rs16891982, above) and SLC24A5 (rs1426654, below) pigmentation genes in the Mesolithic genome.



The SNPs around the two diagnostic variants (red arrows) in these two genes were analysed. The resulting haplotype comprises neighbouring SNPs that are also absent in modern Europeans (CEU) (n = 112) but present in Yorubans (YRI) (n = 113). This pattern confirms that the La Braña 1 sample is older than the positive-selection event in these regions. Blue, ancestral; red, derived.

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quote:

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Originally posted by the lioness,:
the posting of charts and quotes here is not an argument, it is simply random information used to hide behind

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quote:

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Lalueza-Fox states: "However, the biggest surprise was to discover that this individual possessed African versions in the genes that determine the light pigmentation of the current Europeans, which indicates that he had dark skin, although we can not know the exact shade."

---

quote:

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The SNPs around the two diagnostic variants (red arrows) in these two genes were analysed. The resulting haplotype comprises neighbouring SNPs that are also absent in modern Europeans (CEU) (n = 112) but present in Yorubans (YRI) (n = 113). This pattern confirms that the La Braña 1 sample is older than the positive-selection event in these regions. Blue, ancestral; red, derived.

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--Carles Lalueza-Fox

Derived immune and ancestral pigmentation alleles in a 7,000-year-old Mesolithic European

Nature 507, 225–228 (13 March 2014) doi:10.1038/nature12960


These alleles are now no longer relevant, according to the Eurocentrist lioness.

quote:

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This work develops a hypothesis on the origin of a cultural complex which was established in the southwest quadrant of the Iberian Peninsula around the transition from the IV to III millennium BC*. The rupture observed between the cultural groups studied herein and those proceeding them in southern Iberia can also be explained by other mechanisms not migratory movements but important accelerations in the change of human behavior. In addition, the close similarities with other peri-Mediterranean cultures may be due to convergence phenomena. The diffusionist explanation that we are presenting has previously been put forward based only on archeological arguments (Escacena et al. 1988). If we recall again the hypothesis that accredits the cultural dispersion to population movements, it is in order to offer an understanding for other studies, above all, genetic and linguistic ones, that support these connections of the North African world with the Iberian Peninsula during the recent prehistoric period.

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--J. L. Escacena Carrasco


Prehistoric Iberia
2000, pp 125-162

Applications of Evolutive Archeology: Migrations from Africa to Iberia in the Recent Prehistory



 

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Posted by the lioness, (Member # 17353) on :
 

quote:

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Originally posted by Trollkillah # Ish Gebor:

quote:

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Originally posted by the lioness,:
[qb] the posting of charts and quotes here is not an argument, it is simply random information used to hide behind

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It does, but you don't want to see it. That's the problem with Eurocentrism. You all expect us to belief your hype.

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quote:

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Originally posted by the lioness,:

quote:

---

Originally posted by Trollkillah # Ish Gebor:

quote:

---

Originally posted by the lioness,:
[qb] the posting of charts and quotes here is not an argument, it is simply random information used to hide behind

---

It does, but you don't want to see it. That's the problem with Eurocentrism. You all expect us to belief your hype.

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You are like someone who writes an article but the article is references only

Clyde on the other hand uses references also
-but this is after he clealry states a point of view in detail and makes clear how the references relate to specific issues

---

You are like someone who cites stuff, without doing background research into actual archeological and anthropological data. Ie industries to verify the credibility of those claims.


You think everybody is going to belief that hype.


You are like someone who quickly hides behind people's name when you are stuck, and can't show requested evidences.


I on the other hand highlight the subject matter, and showed the alleles. After having stated that the basal of these clades is within Africans. You on the other hand started dancing around the hot fire.


And as expected you still haven't shown evidence to your hypothetical claims. All you do all day is claim Eurasian as supreme, the Eurocentric supremacist that you are.
 

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Posted by the lioness, (Member # 17353) on :
 
I didn't say Eurasians are supreme, they may have been inferior people who migrated back to the motherland
 

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Posted by Djehuti (Member # 6698) on :
 
^ LMAO @ your use of "motherland".

B|tch you can quit with the 'I'm black act'. In fact you should have quit that act years ago!

Unlike YOU we don't put words you never said into your mouth. Nobody said you claimed Eurasians as being 'supreme', however reading between your lines we all can see that you like all other Euronuts are desperate to claim any cultural innovations in Africa by saying that they are in fact 'Eurasian' or at least 'part-Eurasian' via back-migration admixture!!

Your claims are nothing but that without substantial evidence. The title paper of this thread which you cited give nothing but hypothesis and that same paper about light-skin alleles among the Khoisan has been debunked multiple times including here by Ish.

To Ish Gebor, I'm actually just sitting back and laughing at you bombarding the lyinass with your 'snippets' which actually refute everything she claims. This girl is obviously in denial.

As for the whole crux of this issue i.e. paleolithic back-migrations. The problem is that there is still no scientific consensus as to the actual time period or even number of OOA migrations. According to the 'big' name experts like Wells and Rose, there were at least several waves of OOA migrations to have occurred from Africa into Southwest Asia. And as you and Zarahan have stated, these expansions all began as small populations that drifted away from Africa and through bottle-necks certain alleles became over-represented in contrast to other alleles in Africa. Add to all of this the fact that as hunter-gatherers these populations may have actually moved back-and-forth between Africa and Southwest Asia multiple times to which point as Keita stated, there is clear way of knowing where a haplogroup arose whether it be northeast Africa or Southwest Asia next door. Thus the question becomes what exactly is the difference between early OOAs of Southwest Asia and their African brethren next door.

This debate has gotten so out of control, you may recall in a past thread a study which claims that the split between 'Eurasians' and Africans occurred before OOA IN Africa!! I have even recently read a paper which goes against the general consensus in suggesting that mtDNA clade L3 actually arose in Eurasia (Southwest Asia) instead of Africa!!

These people can't even decide what is even 'African' and what is 'Eurasian' to begin with, so can we take for face value what constitutes 'back-migration' at least during the Pleistocene.
 

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Posted by the lioness, (Member # 17353) on :
 

quote:

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Originally posted by Djehuti:


Unlike YOU we don't put words you never said into your mouth. Nobody said you claimed Eurasians as being 'supreme',

---

quote:

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Originally posted by Trollkillah # Ish Gebor:
.All you do all day is claim Eurasian as supreme,

---

quote:

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Originally posted by the lioness,:
blog:

Dispatches from the Turtle Island

http://dispatchesfromturtleisland.blogspot.com/2014/02/sources-of-west-eurasian-ancestry-in.html

Sources Of West Eurasian Ancestry In Eastern and Southern Africans

A new paper by Pickrell (preprint discussed here in 2012) observes that click language speaking, historically hunter-gatherer populations of Southern Africa...

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quote:

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The window of time during which the Neolithic flow of West Eurasian ancestry into Cushitic populations is quite narrow. It had to predate the emergence of the Chadic people around 5200 BCE, and had to post-date the arrival of the Neolithic revolution in Egypt sometime after 8000 BCE.

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quote:

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Ancient Egyptian may in turn have had origins in a Levantine Fertile Crescent language, but that proto-language, if there was one, was probably obliterated by a Semitic derivative of ancient Egyptian's back migration to the Levant from Egypt evidence by the Afro-Asiatic specific Y-DNA E clades found there today and supported by historical evidence of long periods of Egyptian political dominance in much of the Levant. The indications of Y-DNA E migrations into West Eurasia are rare exceptions of Africa to West Asian gene flow when mostly since the Upper Paleolithic, the direction of the flow has been back to Africa.

---

quote:

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Originally posted by the lioness,:
I didn't say Eurasians are supreme, they may have been inferior people who migrated back to the motherland

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quote:

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Originally posted by the lioness,:

Brief communication: mtDNA variation in North Cameroon: Lack of asian lineages and implications for back migration from Asia to sub-Saharan Africa
Valentina Coia1,


Abstract
The hypervariable region-1 and four nucleotide positions (10400, 10873, 12308, and 12705) of the coding region of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) were analyzed in 441 individuals belonging to eight populations (Daba, Fali, Fulbe, Mandara, Uldeme, Podokwo, Tali, and Tupuri) from North Cameroon and four populations (Bakaka, Bassa, Bamileke, and Ewondo) from South Cameroon. All mtDNAs were assigned to five haplogroups: three sub-Saharan (L1, L2, and L3), one northern African (U6), and one European (U5). Our results contrast with the observed high frequencies of a Y-chromosome haplogroup of probable Asian origin (R1*-M173) in North Cameroon. As a first step toward a better understanding of the evident discrepancy between mtDNA and Y-chromosome data, we propose two contrasting scenarios. The first one, here termed “migration and asymmetric admixture,” implies a back migration from Asia to North Cameroon of a population group carrying the haplotype R1*-M173 at high frequency, and an admixture process restricted to migrant males. The second scenario, on the other hand, temed “divergent drift,” implies that modern populations of North Cameroon originated from a small population group which migrated from Asia to Africa and in which, through genetic drift, Y-chromosome haplotype R1*-M173 became predominant, whereas the Asian mtDNA haplogroups were lost. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

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quote:

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This branching pattern, along with the geographical distribution of the major clades A, B, and CT, has been interpreted as supporting an African origin for anatomically modern humans,10 with Khoisan from south Africa and Ethiopians from east Africa sharing the deepest lineages of the phylogeny.15 and 16

[...]





The deepest branching separates A1b from a monophyletic clade whose members (A1a, A2, A3, B, C, and R) all share seven mutually reinforcing derived mutations (five transitions and two transversions, all at non-CpG sites).

[...]





How does the present MSY tree compare with the backbone of the recently published “reference” MSY phylogeny?13 The phylogenetic relationships we observed among chromosomes belonging to haplogroups B, C, and R are reminiscent of those reported in the tree by Karafet et al.13 These chromosomes belong to a clade (haplogroup BT) in which chromosomes C and R share a common ancestor (Figure 2).

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quote:

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The late Professor Richard Atkinson, leading authority on Stonehenge, once replied to the question about the purpose of this monument: "There is one short, simple and perfectly correct answer. We do not know and we shall probably never know". Perhaps one of the reasons for this uncertainty is that Stonehenge evolved.

[...]

Between 3100 and 2800 BC the Great Cursus 300 yards from Stonehenge had been constructed - nearly one and a half miles long and 150 yards wide, on an east-west alignment.

[...]

Around 2700 BC, the henge was constructed. Using only picks made of deer antlers, a ditch about 6 feet deep was dug.

[...]

Over the next 200 years, between 2700 and 2500 BC, a large number of wooden posts were erected.

[...]

From about 2500 BC onwards, the first stones arrived. The bluestones were erected and the Avenue, a grand-scale earthwork monument sweeping nearly 2 miles from the River Avon to the north-eastern entrance of Stonehenge, was begun

[...]

WHO BUILT STONEHENGE?

Given the length of time taken to create Stonehenge, who could have carried out such a feat? We now know that just as the monument was constructed in distinct stages, its builders belonged to distinct groups.

The first group, the Windmill Hill people, named after one of their earthworks on Windmill Hill, near Stonehenge, built the large circular furrows and mounds.

[..]

The second group - The Beaker people - is thought to have originated in Spain, migrating northwards and colonising north-west Europe.

[..]

The Wessex People are considered the third and final group to work on the Stonehenge site. They arrived around 1500 B.C. at the height of the Bronze Age. They were among the most advanced cultures outside the Mediterranean during this period.

---

quote:

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Originally posted by the lioness,:
Why are you posting Stonehenge in an Africa thread?

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quote:

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Originally posted by the lioness,:
Why are you posting Stonehenge in an Africa thread?

---

quote:

---

Originally posted by Amun-Ra The Ultimate:

quote:

---

Originally posted by the lioness,:
Why are you posting Stonehenge in an Africa thread?

---

I don't know why you're asking troll this question since you know troll and djehuti are 2 stupid racists ridiculously trying to prop-up their favorite proxy Eurasian population in Africa (recent Eurasian migrants, horn, berber, etc) and thus denying real indigenous black African their historical heritage. You told me yourself.

---

quote:

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Originally posted by the lioness,:
I didn't tell you that,

I told you Djehuti's 'Filipino'

---

http://www.egyptsearch.com/forums/ultimatebb.cgi?ubb=get_topic;f=8;t=007726;p=1#000000
 

---

Posted by the lioness, (Member # 17353) on :
 
folks, disregard Carlos Coke false claims I said something, like I tell Trollkillah, either you have a quote of me (not him) saying something with a link or you do not.

I could say Trollkillah admited he's half Hungarian
Then in another thread I could link this thread where and I could have a nice URL link to it
But people who know the real deal would know that he's half Bulgarian, not Hungarian
but I don't deal with rumour and gossip, give me quotes and facts, otherwise don't disturb the lioness
 

---

Posted by Amun-Ra The Ultimate (Member # 20039) on :
 
^^ Lame attempt to turn the table on me by a stupid racist. At least, you could have quoted me correctly.

Undercover racists like troll and djehuti prefer to talk only about skin color or geography. Denying indigenous black African people (aka Sub-Saharan African people) their historical and cultural heritage. It becomes easy to counter them, since that's about the only game they play lately, so I can just make repost by changing the posters IDs:

I'm not playing a semantic game with you fake idiots. I don't care what you call Africans, black Africans, Sub-Saharan Africans, people from the Y-DNA:A,B,E and MtDNA L haplogroups, people who stayed back during the OOA migration, indigenous Africans, etc. Those are all the same things in this context.

Ancient Egyptians and African populations (Yoruba, Somali, Dinka, Zulu, Wolof, Kongo, etc) don't just share a skin color or their geography. That's ridiculous. They also share the same origin, history, culture, biology, language, etc. Of course there's some foreign admixture but they are mostly Africans in a similar way you can say Ancient Greek or Rome were Europeans. In term of genetic distance, Ancient Egyptians, especially at their formative stage, would be closer to other African populations than to Eurasians populations (for example on the Tiskkoff genetic distance tree posted before).


I hope people can see what Troll, Djehuti and other racists are trying to do here. It's the same trickery used by horn supremacists before (probably from the same people).

1- They find a proxy caucasian populations in Africa (admixed, back migrations, etc)
2- Declare them African, black or whatever
3- Then claim Ancient Egyptians are closer to them but not to other Africans like West Africans or Great Lakes people. Then it's just an etymological trickery about what we call African, not truly about the shared history and culture of African people and Ancient Egyptians . Ancient Egyptians becomes only Africans because they are on the same continent (geography) or because they had black skins. Which is ridiculous.

Ancient Egyptians are Africans in every sense of the word. It wouldn't even be argued, if it weren't for the racism of past historians, until proof of the contrary. The burden of proving they are not black Africans should be on the racists people.

Those terms always depend on the context. Anybody who's citizen of an African country is an African, this include people of Arab and European origins.

For example, this man is Vice-President of Zambia and he's an African:


Of course, he's an African of European origin and I would guess he's proud of his origin as any people. In other context like for police reports, archeological studies, history or for medical studies, like genetic studies, you would classify him as somebody of European descent. The same way Berber and modern Egyptians are probably proud of their admixed heritage (European, West Asian, African).

Evidently everybody nowadays is admixed to some degree. But Ancient Egyptians were mostly black Africans in similar way Ancient Greeks or Romans were mostly Europeans. They are not the products of Eurasian people migrating in Africa (a dynastic race). They were for the most part indigenous Africans. People from the Y-DNA haplogroup A, B, E and MtDNA L, people who cluster closer to African populations than Eurasians populations, at least considering the current genetic (Ramses III E1b1a, 18th Dynasty mummies, etc) and archaeological evidences.
 

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Posted by the lioness, (Member # 17353) on :
 
these undercover agents are slick
 

---

Posted by Swenet (Member # 17303) on :
 

quote:

---

Originally posted by Amun-Ra The Ultimate:
They also share the same origin, history, culture, biology, language, etc. Of course there's some foreign admixture but they are mostly Africans in a similar way you can say Ancient Greek or Rome were Europeans.

---

quote:

---

Originally posted by the lioness,:
folks, disregard Carlos Coke false claims I said something, like I tell Trollkillah, either you have a quote of me (not him) saying something with a link or you do not.

I could say Trollkillah admited he's half Hungarian
Then in another thread I could link this thread where and I could have a nice URL link to it
But people who know the real deal would know that he's half Bulgarian, not Hungarian
but I don't deal with rumour and gossip, give me quotes and facts, otherwise don't disturb the lioness

---

quote:

---

Originally posted by Amun-Ra The Ultimate:
^^ Lame attempt to turn the table on me by a stupid racist. At least, you could have quoted me correctly.

Undercover racists like troll and djehuti prefer to talk only about skin color or geography. Denying indigenous black African people (aka Sub-Saharan African people) their historical and cultural heritage. It becomes easy to counter them, since that's about the only game they play lately, so I can just make repost by changing the posters IDs:

I'm not playing a semantic game with you fake idiots. I don't care what you call Africans, black Africans, Sub-Saharan Africans, people from the Y-DNA:A,B,E and MtDNA L haplogroups, people who stayed back during the OOA migration, indigenous Africans, etc. Those are all the same things in this context.

Ancient Egyptians and African populations (Yoruba, Somali, Dinka, Zulu, Wolof, Kongo, etc) don't just share a skin color or their geography. That's ridiculous. They also share the same origin, history, culture, biology, language, etc. Of course there's some foreign admixture but they are mostly Africans in a similar way you can say Ancient Greek or Rome were Europeans. In term of genetic distance, Ancient Egyptians, especially at their formative stage, would be closer to other African populations than to Eurasians populations (for example on the Tiskkoff genetic distance tree posted before).


I hope people can see what Troll, Djehuti and other racists are trying to do here. It's the same trickery used by horn supremacists before (probably from the same people).

1- They find a proxy caucasian populations in Africa (admixed, back migrations, etc)
2- Declare them African, black or whatever
3- Then claim Ancient Egyptians are closer to them but not to other Africans like West Africans or Great Lakes people. Then it's just an etymological trickery about what we call African, not truly about the shared history and culture of African people and Ancient Egyptians . Ancient Egyptians becomes only Africans because they are on the same continent (geography) or because they had black skins. Which is ridiculous.

Ancient Egyptians are Africans in every sense of the word. It wouldn't even be argued, if it weren't for the racism of past historians, until proof of the contrary. The burden of proving they are not black Africans should be on the racists people.

Those terms always depend on the context. Anybody who's citizen of an African country is an African, this include people of Arab and European origins.

For example, this man is Vice-President of Zambia and he's an African:


Of course, he's an African of European origin and I would guess he's proud of his origin as any people. In other context like for police reports, archeological studies, history or for medical studies, like genetic studies, you would classify him as somebody of European descent. The same way Berber and modern Egyptians are probably proud of their admixed heritage (European, West Asian, African).

Evidently everybody nowadays is admixed to some degree. But Ancient Egyptians were mostly black Africans in similar way Ancient Greeks or Romans were mostly Europeans. They are not the products of Eurasian people migrating in Africa (a dynastic race). They were for the most part indigenous Africans. People from the Y-DNA haplogroup A, B, E and MtDNA L, people who cluster closer to African populations than Eurasians populations, at least considering the current genetic (Ramses III E1b1a, 18th Dynasty mummies, etc) and archaeological evidences.

---

quote:

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Originally posted by Trollkillah # Ish Gebor:


Ps. Did you know the the Senegambia Stonehenge is older than the Moroccan Stonehenge?

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Stone Circles of Senegambia

Stone Circles of Senegambia
"dates between 3rd century BC and 16th century AD"
--UNESCO


^^^ a huge varience here, 19 centuries


" These enigmatic stone circles are thought to be 700 to 800 years old and the relics of a civilisation which once prospered here."
http://www.rickmann-uk.com/index.php/categories/The%20Gambia/facts/


"Dating Wassu Stone Cicles – Senegambia Stone Circles

Researchers are not certain when these monuments were built. Dating of the burial mounds pushes them back to about the 3rd century BCE, and the most recent appear to be from the 16th century. The bulk of the stones, however, do seem to have been erected sometime between 640 and 860. The generally accepted range is between the third century B.C. and the sixteenth century "
http://uk.gscgambia.com/portfolio/wassu-stone-circles/





___________________________________


Morocco
Megalithic Circle of Mzoura


dating of the Stone Circles of Senegambia is sketchy and ranged over a very wide period. It doesn't seem very relaible

There is even less info on the Megalithic Circle of Mzoura in Morocco

" There are many stories about the circle’s origins. Some people suggest that the monument was the grave of a Mauritian king, whilst other legends claim that it is the tomb of the mythical giant Anthe."

http://www.asilahinfo.com/blog/mzoura-ancient-stone-circle-el-utad/


The Archaeological Museum in Tetouan has a model of theMzoura cicle but no website as far as I know
 

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Posted by the lioness, (Member # 17353) on :
 

(photo Nicholae Pina)

http://www.panoramio.com/user/7602336?with_photo_id=90435358

"This is a group of 52 stone circles with more than 1000 standing stones, erected mostly in between 640 - 860 AD."

http://www.wondermondo.com/Attractions/Megaliths.htm
 

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Posted by Trollkillah # Ish Gebor (Member # 18264) on :
 

quote:

---

Originally posted by the lioness,:

quote:

---

Originally posted by Trollkillah # Ish Gebor:


Ps. Did you know the the Senegambia Stonehenge is older than the Moroccan Stonehenge?

---

Stone Circles of Senegambia

Stone Circles of Senegambia
"dates between 3rd century BC and 16th century AD"
--UNESCO


^^^ a huge varience here, 19 centuries


" These enigmatic stone circles are thought to be 700 to 800 years old and the relics of a civilisation which once prospered here."
http://www.rickmann-uk.com/index.php/categories/The%20Gambia/facts/


"Dating Wassu Stone Cicles – Senegambia Stone Circles

Researchers are not certain when these monuments were built. Dating of the burial mounds pushes them back to about the 3rd century BCE, and the most recent appear to be from the 16th century. The bulk of the stones, however, do seem to have been erected sometime between 640 and 860. The generally accepted range is between the third century B.C. and the sixteenth century "
http://uk.gscgambia.com/portfolio/wassu-stone-circles/





___________________________________


Morocco
Megalithic Circle of Mzoura


dating of the Stone Circles of Senegambia is sketchy and ranged over a very wide period. It doesn't seem very relaible

There is even less info on the Megalithic Circle of Mzoura in Morocco

" There are many stories about the circle’s origins. Some people suggest that the monument was the grave of a Mauritian king, whilst other legends claim that it is the tomb of the mythical giant Anthe."

http://www.asilahinfo.com/blog/mzoura-ancient-stone-circle-el-utad/


The Archaeological Museum in Tetouan has a model of theMzoura cicle but no website as far as I know

---

The youngest dates are due to burials. The burials in the region appear to be younger.


And I like how vivid you've become in this...


Did you know the Nabta Playa is older than the Stonehenge of Senegambia and Morocco? Such irony, isn't it?








The archaeological literature for Sahelian and Sub-saharan Africa record numerous presumed regional ceremonial centers with megalithic alignments, burial mounds, and stone circles similar to, but not identical with, those at Nabta. These ceremonial centers occur from Ethiopia to Senegal and north to the Maghreb (Camps 1953; Connah 1987; Desplagnes 1951; Fergusson 1872; Joussaume 1974, 1985; Milburn 1988; Tilner 1981). They are particularly abundant in West Africa where there are literally thousands of tumuli and megaliths (Martin and Becker 1974, 1984). Only a few of these tumuli and megaliths have been dated, but they are usually assigned to the Iron Age or later. There are two older, but rejected radiocarbon dates of 7440 and 6700 B.P. associated with megaliths in the Central African Republic (Vidal 1969, Bayle des Hermens 1975: 260 –261).
--Fred Wendorf

Nabta Playa and Its Role in Northeastern African Prehistory

journal of anthropological archaeology 17, 97–123 (1998) article no. AA980319
 

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Posted by Trollkillah # Ish Gebor (Member # 18264) on :
 

quote:

---

Originally posted by the lioness,:
keep me out of your beef

---

http://www.egyptsearch.com/forums/ultimatebb.cgi?ubb=get_topic;f=15;t=007448;p=1#000000


http://youtu.be/J420Pw-y3lw
 

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Posted by Amun-Ra The Ultimate (Member # 20039) on :
 
@Swenet



The E and E-P2 haplogroups unite the majority of African populations. While a lot of admixtures and exchanges characterize the relations between A, B and E carriers throughout history (often female mediated).

Everybody should know the E-P2 haplogroups unites both Horn Africans and West Africans. They are both descendants of the same E-P2 ancestor (after the OOA). The same person. The same common grandfather. E and E-P2 carriers (as well as A and B carriers of course) were NOT part of the OOA migration. It's only much later on, that back migrating Eurasian (carrying the F-descendant haplogroups) admixed with African borderline states to various significant degrees depending on the population and region. Those African population admixed with Eurasian populations are the favorite of racists on this site like Swenet, Troll and Djehuti. As if only populations admixed with Eurasians to a high significant degree could be behind Ancient Egypt. Ancient Egyptians didn't consider themselves descendants of Aamu/Hyksos.

If we look at the Y-DNA tree above. We can see that the OOA migrants (in purple) at that time were closer to the E carriers than the A and B carriers (Mbuti populations, etc) through the CT haplogroup. This is like 60-100kya more than enough time to become their own people afterward. But this doesn't work for Swenet's feeble little racist mind because E carriers is common to most African populations including (of course) East and West Africans. The only thing this tells us that is that OOA migrants from about 65kya ago were a bit closer to East and West Africans, for example, than to Mbuti-like people and other A, and B carriers.
 

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Posted by Swenet (Member # 17303) on :
 
See, this is what happens when they give unlettered
idiots like you the mic. E is a branch which departed
just before Eurasian CF. Genetically speaking, E is
closer to Eurasian paternal lineages than hg A. Your
own image even shows that E is a sibling to Eurasian
haplogroup D. Your fiction-based view of Africans
being horizontally aligned sister populations,
together supposedly genetically diametrically
opposite to all Eurasian populations, and that
closeness of East Africans to Eurasians relative
to West Africans is exclusively a function of
admixture with Eurasians, is a figment of your
imagination and has no basis in genetics whatsoever.

quote:

---

We find strong evidence that the Yoruban/Non-African separation took place
over a long time period of about 100,000 years, starting long before the known spatial
dispersal into Eurasia around 50kya. Because we model directly an arbitrary history over
time of relative cross coalescence rate between populations, we can see more clearly a
progressive separation than earlier analyses based on a single separation time with some
subsequent migration [7, 17, 33, 41]. However Yoruba does not represent all of Africa. We
now see that the Maasai separation from the out-of-Africa populations occurred within the
last 100,000 years.

---

quote:

---

Our results suggest that Maasai ancestors
were well mixing with Non-African ancestors until about 80kya, much later than the YRI/Non-
African separation. This is consistent with a model where Maasai ancestors and Non-African
ancestors formed sister groups, which together separated from West African ancestors and
stayed well mixing until much closer to the actual out-of-Africa migration.

---

quote:

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The history of click-speaking Khoe-San, and African populations in general, remains poorly
understood. We genotyped ∼2.3 million single-nucleotide polymorphisms in 220 southern Africans
and found that the Khoe-San diverged from other populations ≥100,000 years ago, but population
structure within the Khoe-San dated back to about 35,000 years ago.

---

quote:

---

Originally posted by Trollkillah # Ish Gebor:


Did you know the Nabta Playa is older than the Stonehenge of Senegambia and Morocco? Such irony, isn't it?

---

It's Eurocentric to call the Stone Circles of Senegambia the Stonehenge of Senegambia and I don't see what's ironic about Nabta Playa being older
Also the word "stonehnege" refers to post and lintel structure
 

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Posted by Trollkillah # Ish Gebor (Member # 18264) on :
 

quote:

---

Originally posted by the lioness,:

quote:

---

Originally posted by Trollkillah # Ish Gebor:


Did you know the Nabta Playa is older than the Stonehenge of Senegambia and Morocco? Such irony, isn't it?

---

It's Eurocentric to call the Stone Circles of Senegambia the Stonehenge of Senegambia and I don't see what's ironic about Nabta Playa being older
Also the word "stonehnege" refers to post and lintel structure

---

quote:

---

Originally posted by Swenet:
Genetically speaking, E is
closer to Eurasian paternal lineages than hg A.

---

quote:

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Using the principle of the phylogeographic parsimony, the resolution of the E1b1b trifurcation in favor of a common ancestor of E-M2 and E-M329 strongly supports the hypothesis that haplogroup E1b1 originated in eastern Africa, as previously suggested [10], and that chromosomes E-M2, so frequently observed in sub-Saharan Africa, trace their descent to a common ancestor present in eastern Africa.

---

quote:

---

We find strong evidence that the Yoruban/Non-African separation took place
over a long time period of about 100,000 years, starting long before the known spatial
dispersal into Eurasia around 50kya. Because we model directly an arbitrary history over
time of relative cross coalescence rate between populations, we can see more clearly a
progressive separation than earlier analyses based on a single separation time with some
subsequent migration [7, 17, 33, 41]. However Yoruba does not represent all of Africa. We
now see that the Maasai separation from the out-of-Africa populations occurred within the
last 100,000 years.

---

quote:

---

Our results suggest that Maasai ancestors
were well mixing with Non-African ancestors until about 80kya, much later than the YRI/Non-
African separation. This is consistent with a model where Maasai ancestors and Non-African
ancestors formed sister groups, which together separated from West African ancestors and
stayed well mixing until much closer to the actual out-of-Africa migration.

---

quote:

---

The history of click-speaking Khoe-San, and African populations in general, remains poorly
understood. We genotyped ∼2.3 million single-nucleotide polymorphisms in 220 southern Africans
and found that the Khoe-San diverged from other populations ≥100,000 years ago, but population
structure within the Khoe-San dated back to about 35,000 years ago.

---

--Schlebusch et al 2012 [/QB][/QUOTE]
 

---

Posted by Amun-Ra The Ultimate (Member # 20039) on :
 
I just want to point out that racists like Swenet, Troll, Djehuti, etc wants to attribute the Ancient Egyptians civilizations to back migrating Eurasian (the dynastic/hamitic race theory). This is what it's all about.

But genetic and archeological studies we have on Ancient Egyptians and AE mummies aDNA doesn't point to that direction. It seems from the evidences we have at the moment, that AEians at their formative stage were truly indigenous black Africans for the most part. In a similar way that Ancient Greece and Rome were mostly Europeans for the most part. I say at their formative stage because AEians were later invaded/occupied peacefully or not by other people (Hyksos/Aamu, Assyrians,Ancient Greeks, Romans, etc).

Ancient Egyptians are culturally, archaeologically, genetically, biologically, geographically, historically, etc indigenous black Africans in every sense of the words based on the evidences we have at the moment. They were not Europeans or West Asians.

If it weren't from the past historians racism and bigotry (19th/early 20th century) who couldn't admits indigenous black African people being behind the great AE civilization and preferring to attribute it to some dynastic and/or Hamitic race; We wouldn't even be discussing this issue here as the burden of proof to prove AEians were not Africans should be on their side. Ancient Egypt is in Africa and all archaeological data demonstrate they are the children of the desert (green Sahara, Nabta Playa) and comes from the south, from Africa, not from the Levant, Europe or West Asia. aDNA and biological data adds to it.

Modern science has debunked Swenet and other racists but somehow they still continue to come to this site trying to attribute it to some back migrating Eurasian population using the debunked dynastic/hamitic race theory.

Ancient Egypt is a product of an indigenous African process. The expansion of the Naqada/Badarian/Tasian/Green Sahara culture from the south.
 

---

Posted by Swenet (Member # 17303) on :
 
You can run but you can't hide, bum. Reality has
a way of not caring about whether you decide to
bury your malnourished brains in your ass and
decide to believe facts don't exist.

quote:

---

Originally posted by Swenet:
Go home, you unlettered bum. You have no idea what
you're talking about. I've already shown that the
people you call "racist" are documenting facts and
that it's simply a matter of you not liking facts.

*Africans are not as in Noah's fairy tale, equally
distant, clean-cut separations from Eurasians. When
all back-migrations are removed, Africans will
show a pattern of closeness to Eurasians which is
a function of time since MRCA. But I bet your dumb
ass doesn't even know what that means, do you?

*All African ancestral components do not have
short genetic distances amongst each other, in
any way, shape or form. You're horribly mistaken
here, too, as usual.

*By virtue of splitting off partly from the same
pre-OOA population as OOA populations, East Africans,
including ancient Egyptians, have subsets of
ancestry which is intermediate to or closer to
OOA populations than to ancestry which is native
to extant inner Africans. As the text below
intimates, the ancestors of certain East Africans
formed sister populations with the ancestors of
OOA populations.

*Aside from nagging like a butt-hurt degenerate
bum in the past two years, you've have yet to post
evidence that supports your crap (see the points
above) or refute the evidence put forth that shows
you're wrong on all counts. Calling others racists
or posting cartoons from Tishkoff (who does NOT
support your delusional crap) is not a substitute
for supporting your fictive narratives with direct
and textual quotations from reputable geneticists,
who mirror what you're saying.

quote:

---

We find strong evidence that the Yoruban/Non-African separation took place
over a long time period of about 100,000 years, starting long before the known spatial
dispersal into Eurasia around 50kya. Because we model directly an arbitrary history over
time of relative cross coalescence rate between populations, we can see more clearly a
progressive separation than earlier analyses based on a single separation time with some
subsequent migration [7, 17, 33, 41]. However Yoruba does not represent all of Africa. We
now see that the Maasai separation from the out-of-Africa populations occurred within the
last 100,000 years.

---

--Schiffels and Durbin (2014)

quote:

---

Our results suggest that Maasai ancestors
were well mixing with Non-African ancestors until about 80kya, much later than the YRI/Non-
African separation. This is consistent with a model where Maasai ancestors and Non-African
ancestors formed sister groups, which together separated from West African ancestors and
stayed well mixing until much closer to the actual out-of-Africa migration.

---

--Schiffels and Durbin (2014)

quote:

---

The history of click-speaking Khoe-San, and African populations in general, remains poorly
understood. We genotyped ∼2.3 million single-nucleotide polymorphisms in 220 southern Africans
and found that the Khoe-San diverged from other populations ≥100,000 years ago, but population
structure within the Khoe-San dated back to about 35,000 years ago.

---

--Schlebusch et al 2012

---

quote:

---

I just want to point out that racists like Swenet, Troll, Djehuti, etc wants to attribute the Ancient Egyptians civilizations to some back migrating Eurasian (the dynastic/hamitic race theory). This is what it's all about.

---

'nuff said!
 

---

Posted by Amun-Ra The Ultimate (Member # 20039) on :
 

Swenet is that a picture of you looking at the JAMA, BMJ and DNA Tribes results pointing out that Ramses III is E1b1a and that the autosomal genetic profiles of Ancient Egyptians mummies are mostly prevalent among modern Great Lakes, Southern and West African populations? LOL

It must hurts your racist ass, admit it.
 

---

Posted by Swenet (Member # 17303) on :
 

quote:

---

Originally posted by Amun-Ra The Ultimate:
The lying part is when he said that Tishkoff found and I quote an "equivalent" IAC than his non-African ethio-somali IAC.

---

quote:

---

Originally posted by Amun-Ra The Ultimate:
Tishkkoff's AAC had clear a clear African affinity contrary to his non-African AAC.

---

quote:

---

Originally posted by Amun-Ra The Ultimate:
Ancient Egyptians and African populations (Yoruba, Somali, Dinka, Zulu, Wolof, Kongo, etc) don't just share a skin color or their geography. That's ridiculous.They also share the same origin, history, culture, biology, language, etc.

---

quote:

---

Individuals from Saharan and Eastern Africa show
heterogeneous ancestry, reflecting descent from populations ancestral to non-Africans
and/or gene flow from non-Africans into Africa.

---

quote:

---

The Fulani and Cushitic (an eastern Afroasiatic subfamily)
AACs, which likely reflect Saharan African and East African ancestry, respectively, are
closest to the non-African AACs, consistent with an East African migration of modern
humans out of Africa or a back-migration of non-Africans into Saharan and Eastern
Africa.

---

quote:

---

What I'm more interested is your end game.

---

quote:

---

Originally posted by Swenet:
I see no textual sources.

---

quote:

---

Originally posted by Amun-Ra The Ultimate:
Since when textual sources are more important than the actual genetic data?

---

quote:

---

We characterize the extent of whole-genome and exome diversity among the five men, reporting 1.3 million novel DNA differences genome-wide, including 13,146 novel amino acid variants. In terms of nucleotide substitutions, the Bushmen seem to be, on average, more different from each other than, for example, a European and an Asian.

---

quote:

---

Originally posted by Swenet:
I see no textual sources. All I see is images
annotated with your own amateur opinions and
commentary.

1) Textual sources which state that Africans have
low genetic distances amongst each other.

2) Textual sources which state that Africans are
all sister populations amongst each other and never
with the African ancestors of OOA populatons, so
that any pull of Africans towards OOA populations
can be recklessly written off as necessarily due
to admixture, because "Africans all share the same
origin, history, culture, biology, language".

---

 

---

Posted by Amun-Ra The Ultimate (Member # 20039) on :
 
So how do you interpret this?:

From the Tiskhoff study supp.Mat ( The genetic structure and history of Africans and African Americans ):

I see 'Cushitic AAC' and I see they are pretty close to other African populations NOT that much to Eurasian populations.
 

---

Posted by Swenet (Member # 17303) on :
 
I can take that exact same study and obliterate
your crackpot interpretation of that graphic.
Where are your textual sources, illiterate bum?
Everyone can glance at fancy pictures, make
sh!t up, and claim the paper supports it.

quote:

---

Originally posted by Swenet:
I see no textual sources. All I see is images
annotated with your own amateur opinions and
commentary.

1) Textual sources which state that Africans have
low genetic distances amongst each other.

2) Textual sources which state that Africans are
all sister populations amongst each other and never
with the African ancestors of OOA populatons, so
that any pull of Africans towards OOA populations
can be recklessly written off as necessarily due
to admixture, because "Africans all share the same
origin, history, culture, biology, language".

---

quote:

---

Originally posted by Swenet:
Where are your textual sources, illiterate bum?
Everyone can glance at cartoons and make sh!t up.

---

quote:

---

Originally posted by Swenet:
I see no textual sources. All I see is images
annotated with your own amateur opinions and
commentary.

1) Textual sources which state that Africans have
low genetic distances amongst each other.

2) Textual sources which state that Africans are
all sister populations amongst each other and never
with the African ancestors of OOA populatons, so
that any pull of Africans towards OOA populations
can be recklessly written off as necessarily due
to admixture, because "Africans all share the same
origin, history, culture, biology, language".

---

quote:

---

Originally posted by Swenet:
I see no textual sources. All I see is images
annotated with your own amateur opinions and
commentary.

1) Textual sources which state that Africans have
low genetic distances amongst each other.

2) Textual sources which state that Africans are
all sister populations amongst each other and never
with the African ancestors of OOA populatons, so
that any pull of Africans towards OOA populations
can be recklessly written off as necessarily due
to admixture, because "Africans all share the same
origin, history, culture, biology, language".

---

quote:

---

Specifically, both of these ancient individuals (Edit:Ramses III and the screaming mummy) inherited the alleles D21S11=35 and CSFIPO=7, which are found throughout Sub-Saharan Africa but are comparatively rare or absent in other regions of the world . These African related alleles are different from the African related alleles identified for the previously studied Amarna period mummies (D18S51=19 and D21S11=34).11 This provides independent evidence for African autosomal ancestry in two different pharaonic families of New Kingdom Egypt

---

quote:

---

Additionally, populations with high levels of
genetic drift (i.e., the Americas, Oceania, and Pygmy, Hadza, and SAK
hunter-gatherers) have longer branch lengths.

---

quote:

---

Note that population
clustering in the tree may reflect common
ancestry and/or admixture.

---

quote:

---

Within Africa, the two SAK
populations cluster together and are the most
distant from other populations, consistent with
mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), Y chromosome,
and autosomal chromosome diversity studies, indicating
that SAK populations have the most
diverged genetic lineages (12, 17–21).

---

--Tishkoff 2009

Where are your
sources? We already know that Tishkoff does not
align herself with the crap you spout on a day to
day basis, despite you posting her as supposedly
supportive of your crackpot claims. Now what, buffoon?
 

---

Posted by beyoku (Member # 14524) on :
 
@ Amunra the ultimate. IN order for all these Africans to be equally close to themselves and equally close to Eurasians the image from tishkoff would have to look like this:



In the modified image you see ALL Africans are equidistant from each other as well as to the Eurasian sample. You would in essence measure the genetic distance / affinity from the MIDDLE of that star. All African would be equally close to each other in this instance. Eurasians would also be measured from the center of the star. Since all African population have the same length...and come from the same centroid they are equally close to the Eurasian sample. Again notice....ALL African have the same distance to the centroid.

Of course Tishkoffs image is not like this. It if was you would be correct. But its not.

Edit - I nixed the western pygmy cluster to keep it at an even 8 twigs from simplicity sake.
 

---

Posted by Swenet (Member # 17303) on :
 
It's not even funny anymore. How wrong can you be
and act like you're right. Notice that the image
he posts shows the same natural (i.e. non-admixture
mediated) closeness of some Africans to OOA
populations he vehemently denies. It shows that
Khoisan and Pygmies split off first from the
human tree, and the Cushitic and Fulani speakers
split off lastly when it comes to the African
populations. Then, the OOA populations are next
up; the Oceanians split off early and head East,
then East Eurasians and West Eurasians split off
lastly.

Yet his constipated brains look at this image, and
come to the conclusion that it says that the only
cause of relative closeness of Africans to Eurasian
populations can be admixture. I've seen this sort of
mental denseness before. It's typically ES trolls
who have this dense-beyond-help condition.
 

---

Posted by Tukuler (Member # 19944) on :
 
Good to see input from "absent" members.

The wider the input opinion the greater the
knowledge base. The more knowledgeable
the posters and posts the more likely to
attract intelligent new blood.
 

---

Posted by Truthcentric (Member # 3735) on :
 

quote:

---

Originally posted by Amun-Ra The Ultimate:

quote:

---

Specifically, both of these ancient individuals (Edit:Ramses III and the screaming mummy) inherited the alleles D21S11=35 and CSFIPO=7, which are found throughout Sub-Saharan Africa but are comparatively rare or absent in other regions of the world . These African related alleles are different from the African related alleles identified for the previously studied Amarna period mummies (D18S51=19 and D21S11=34).11 This provides independent evidence for African autosomal ancestry in two different pharaonic families of New Kingdom Egypt

---

from: http://dnatribes.com/dnatribes-digest-2013-02-01.pdf

---

quote:

---

Originally posted by Truthcentric:


Take the putative Neanderthal-like ancestry in Eurasians for instance. If this admixture affected Eurasians who left Africa but never made it to the Northeast African groups who evolved into ancient Egypto-Nubians, maybe said Egypto-Nubians might appear more "equatorial/southern African" in DNA Tribes' analyses than they actually are due to the relative absence of a Eurasian Neanderthal component.

Just a thought... [/QB]

---

quote:

---

Originally posted by Amun-Ra The Ultimate:

I just want to point out that racists like Swenet, Troll, Djehuti, etc wants to attribute the Ancient Egyptians civilizations to back migrating Eurasian (the dynastic/hamitic race theory). This is what it's all about.

---

Exactly how did you come to above conclusion??! Neither I, nor Troll-Patrol, nor Swenet have said anything about "dynastic" or "Hamitic" race at all! And the only one talking about "back-migrations" is Lioness, yet for some bizarre reason you do not include lioness in your accusations!!

In fact, Troll-Patrol and I have been doing nothing else but refuting lyinass's claims of back-migrations to Africa, yet you accuse US of being racists who want to white-wash Africa!!

Either your are incredibly stupid OR you are incredibly psychotic. Perhaps both. I suggest you leave this forum and seek professional help.
 

---

Posted by Djehuti (Member # 6698) on :
 

quote:

---

Originally posted by Swenet:

It's not even funny anymore. How wrong can you be
and act like you're right. Notice that the image
he posts shows the same natural (i.e. non-admixture
mediated) closeness of some Africans to OOA
populations he vehemently denies. It shows that
Khoisan and Pygmies split off first from the
human tree, and the Cushitic and Fulani speakers
split off lastly when it comes to the African
populations. Then, the OOA populations are next
up; the Oceanians split off early and head East,
then East Eurasians and West Eurasians split off
lastly.

Yet his constipated brains look at this image, and
come to the conclusion that it says that the only
cause of relative closeness of Africans to Eurasian
populations can be admixture. I've seen this sort of
mental denseness before. It's typically ES trolls
who have this dense-beyond-help condition.

---

Apparently Ahmanut does not understand that since Out-of-Africans are a subset of East Africans, East Africans tend to show closer relation to OOA than West Africans do. There is NO equal distance to OOA by all African populations. Even a grade school child can understand this.

In the meantime...


I find it rather interesting that the West African Fulani show closer distance to OOA than the East African Cushitic peoples. What is this about??

Could it have something to do with my argument that there were multiple waves of OOA so some populations not necessarily in East Africa could show affinities with OOA populations?



The above wiki graph which Ahmanut keeps citing is questionable. It assumes that CF and its derivative F* (M89) is 'Eurasian', yet F-M89 is found in significant frequencies in the Kordofan region of central Sudan but not in the Arab hub north.
 

---

Posted by Trollkillah # Ish Gebor (Member # 18264) on :
 

quote:

---

Originally posted by Amun-Ra The Ultimate:

quote:

---

I just want to point out that racists like Swenet, Troll, Djehuti, etc wants to attribute the Ancient Egyptians civilizations to some back migrating Eurasian (the dynastic/hamitic race theory). This is what it's all about.

---

'nuff said!

---

quote:

---

For many of the individuals for which we have obtained DNA, we also collected phenotype data for traits likely to play a role in adaptation, some of which demonstrate a complex pattern of inheritance and are likely influenced by multiple loci and environmental factors. In addition to case/control analyses of variation at candidate genes, we are using whole-genome association studies to identify novel genes that are associated with these traits. Together with collaborators, we are also developing methods for mapping complex traits (including disease) in highly structured African populations.

---

quote:

---

A number of novel genetic and phenotypic adaptations have also evolved in Africans in response to dramatic variation in environment, diet, and exposure to infectious disease across the continent.

---

quote:

---

Although the study's main focus was on Africa, Tishkoff and her colleagues studied DNA markers from around the planet, identifying 14 "ancestral clusters" for all of humanity. Nine of those clusters are in Africa. "You're seeing more diversity in one continent than across the globe," Tishkoff said.

---

quote:

---

Originally posted by Djehuti:

quote:

---

Originally posted by Swenet:

It's not even funny anymore. How wrong can you be
and act like you're right. Notice that the image
he posts shows the same natural (i.e. non-admixture
mediated) closeness of some Africans to OOA
populations he vehemently denies. It shows that
Khoisan and Pygmies split off first from the
human tree, and the Cushitic and Fulani speakers
split off lastly when it comes to the African
populations. Then, the OOA populations are next
up; the Oceanians split off early and head East,
then East Eurasians and West Eurasians split off
lastly.

Yet his constipated brains look at this image, and
come to the conclusion that it says that the only
cause of relative closeness of Africans to Eurasian
populations can be admixture. I've seen this sort of
mental denseness before. It's typically ES trolls
who have this dense-beyond-help condition.

---

Apparently Ahmanut does not understand that since Out-of-Africans are a subset of East Africans, East Africans tend to show closer relation to OOA than West Africans do. There is NO equal distance to OOA by all African populations. Even a grade school child can understand this.

In the meantime...


I find it rather interesting that the West African Fulani show closer distance to OOA than the East African Cushitic peoples. What is this about??

Could it have something to do with my argument that there were multiple waves of OOA so some populations not necessarily in East Africa could show affinities with OOA populations?



The above wiki graph which Ahmanut keeps citing is questionable. It assumes that CF and its derivative F* (M89) is 'Eurasian', yet F-M89 is found in significant frequencies in the Kordofan region of central Sudan but not in the Arab hub north.

---

quote:

---

This branching pattern, along with the geographical distribution of the major clades A, B, and CT, has been interpreted as supporting an African origin for anatomically modern humans,10 with Khoisan from south Africa and Ethiopians from east Africa sharing the deepest lineages of the phylogeny.15 and 16

[...]

---

quote:

---

The CF(xDE) haplogroup was the common ancestor of all people who migrated outside of Africa until recent times. The defining mutation occurred 31-55,000 years bp in North East Africa and is still most common in Africa today in Ethiopia and Sudan.

---

quote:

---

Originally posted by Truthcentric:

quote:

---

Originally posted by Amun-Ra The Ultimate:

quote:

---

Specifically, both of these ancient individuals (Edit:Ramses III and the screaming mummy) inherited the alleles D21S11=35 and CSFIPO=7, which are found throughout Sub-Saharan Africa but are comparatively rare or absent in other regions of the world . These African related alleles are different from the African related alleles identified for the previously studied Amarna period mummies (D18S51=19 and D21S11=34).11 This provides independent evidence for African autosomal ancestry in two different pharaonic families of New Kingdom Egypt

---

from: http://dnatribes.com/dnatribes-digest-2013-02-01.pdf

---

The results of the autosomal analyses do indicate to me that the ancient Egyptians sampled were biologically indigenous Africans. However, they may not necessarily negate the existence of the Northeast African substructure as described by Swenet et al. Even if Northeast Africans have a fraternal relationship to the ancestors of Eurasians, Eurasians could have still picked up some genetic components that distinguish them from the former.

Take the putative Neanderthal-like ancestry in Eurasians for instance. If this admixture affected Eurasians who left Africa but never made it to the Northeast African groups who evolved into ancient Egypto-Nubians, maybe said Egypto-Nubians might appear more "equatorial/southern African" in DNA Tribes' analyses than they actually are due to the relative absence of a Eurasian Neanderthal component.

Just a thought...

---

^^^You are welcome to post but it would be nice if you read the rest of the thread instead of just jumping in without reading the rest.

I already discussed all of this in a previous post in this thread . Basically there was indeed some substructure (obviously) among African population during the OOA migrations of non-Africans but it's between the CT haplogroup and the A and B haplogroups. So only 3 basal grandfathers left uniparental lineage descendants on earth, the A grandfather, the B grandfather and the CT grandfather. This is the substructure that was actually present as CT haplogroup carriers were closer to future non-Africans than A or B carriers. But then of course A and B haplogroup carriers continued to eventually interact, intermarry and admix with E haplogroup carriers in Africa (East Africa period, Green Sahara period, Bantu migration, various population movements and admixtures throughout history, etc). Between the time non-Africans left Africa some 65kya and their back migrations into Africa they had more than enough time to become their own people (with their own genetic make up, history, general physiological appearences, etc). Combined with the founder/bottleneck effect, that's why there's a relatively large genetic distance between African populations and non-African populations. Nowadays population living in African borderlines states have non-African gene flow because of back to Africa migrations (much later than the OOA migrations). The same way some Europeans are of African origin because of "recent" immigration of Africans in Europe.

So there was an A, B and CT substructure in Africa before the OOA migrations. But CT is an haplogroup common to most African populations including east and west Africans as most of them are E carriers. So OOA migrants were closer to future E haplogroup carriers than A and B haplogroup carriers. Not just Northeast Africans like Swenet and you are trying to claim but also West, Central and Southern Africans. The CT and its E descendant haplogroups are common all across Africa. Then between the time non-Africans left Africa some 65kya and their back migration into Africa they had more than enough time to become their own people (with their own genetic make up, history, general physiological appearances, cultures, etc).

Nowadays populations living in African borderlines states have significant non-African gene flows because of the back to Africa migrations (much later than the OOA migrations).


 

---

Posted by Trollkillah # Ish Gebor (Member # 18264) on :
 

quote:

---

Originally posted by Amun-Ra The Ultimate:



Nowadays population living in African borderlines states have significant non-African gene flows because of the back to Africa migrations (much later that the OOA migrations).

---

quote:

---

The CF(xDE) haplogroup was the common ancestor of all people who migrated outside of Africa until recent times. The defining mutation occurred 31-55,000 years bp in North East Africa and is still most common in Africa today in Ethiopia and Sudan.

---

quote:

---

Originally posted by the lioness,:

quote:

---

Originally posted by Truthcentric:


Take the putative Neanderthal-like ancestry in Eurasians for instance. If this admixture affected Eurasians who left Africa but never made it to the Northeast African groups who evolved into ancient Egypto-Nubians, maybe said Egypto-Nubians might appear more "equatorial/southern African" in DNA Tribes' analyses than they actually are due to the relative absence of a Eurasian Neanderthal component.

Just a thought...

---

http://www.egyptsearch.com/forums/ultimatebb.cgi?ubb=get_topic;f=8;t=008694


North African Populations Carry the Signature of Admixture with Neandertals 2012


Federico Sánchez-Quinto equal contributor,
Laura R. Botigué equal contributor,
Sergi Civit,
Conxita Arenas,
María C. Ávila-Arcos,
Carlos D. Bustamante,
David Comas
Carles Lalueza-Fox


Abstract

One of the main findings derived from the analysis of the Neandertal genome was the evidence for admixture between Neandertals and non-African modern humans. An alternative scenario is that the ancestral population of non-Africans was closer to Neandertals than to Africans because of ancient population substructure. Thus, the study of North African populations is crucial for testing both hypotheses. We analyzed a total of 780,000 SNPs in 125 individuals representing seven different North African locations and searched for their ancestral/derived state in comparison to different human populations and Neandertals. We found that North African populations have a significant excess of derived alleles shared with Neandertals, when compared to sub-Saharan Africans. This excess is similar to that found in non-African humans, a fact that can be interpreted as a sign of Neandertal admixture. Furthermore, the Neandertal's genetic signal is higher in populations with a local, pre-Neolithic North African ancestry. Therefore, the detected ancient admixture is not due to recent Near Eastern or European migrations. Sub-Saharan populations are the only ones not affected by the admixture event with Neandertals. [/QB]

---

You know this is a lie, right?


And what is the purpose anyway, for "comparing the sub-Sahara" anyway? Nor can you or the author prove with any archeological and anthropological evidence any of this ancient Paleolithic, Holocene back to Africa migrations. What it shows is that these authors are parroting each other.

However, what the author failed to mention was the many recent invasions in Northern Africa. What this shows is that these authors are listening other's echoes.


Thus the author even mentions, that North Africans carry only "a fraction" of what is found in Europeans. We also now know that population replacement took place in Europe, recently.

And we know that the demographic changed in Northern Africa recently, by recent immigrants who shifted the population. These are facts.

quote:

---

Figure 3. Neandertal genetic introgression in North African populations as a fraction of that found in Europeans.

---

quote:

---

In western Eurasia, the process led to the replacement of an archaic population (Neandertals) with Middle Paleolithic technologies by a population of modern humans (Homo sapiens) with Upper Paleolithic ones [3]–[5].

[...]

Into the 1980’s many paleoanthropologists argued that the Neandertals had evolved into modern humans (or modern Europeans) and that the Upper Paleolithic derived from the Middle Paleolithic Neandertal culture. The opposite view assumed a single origin of modern humans and replacement of archaic populations, including Neandertals, by modern humans immigrating from an unknown source area [6]. This view became widely accepted with advances in genetic studies and dating of fossils and sites in Africa, Europe and the Near East. In 1987 the work of Cann and colleagues [7] provided compelling mitochondrial evidence for a recent African origin of all modern humans. Later, the genetic evidence was supported by fossils which showed that Africans were far more modern looking than their Neandertal contemporaries, with dates for the Omo Kibish 1 and Herto skulls in Ethiopia suggesting that the early modern human morphology emerged in East Africa possibly as early as 195,000 year ago [8]–[10]. There is now general agreement that modern humans originated in Africa, and subsequently expanded their range into the Near East and later into Europe. This is the core of the so-called Out-of-Africa hypothesis [11].

In tandem with these developments, archaeologists began looking for modern behavioral markers in African sites dated between 200,000 and 60,000 years ago. Many (see below) would now suggest that there is indeed evidence for significant behavioral and cognitive differences between Neandertals and their African contemporaries, and that when early moderns encountered Neandertals in Western Eurasia, these differences would have entailed the demise of the Neandertals.

---

quote:

---

Originally posted by Amun-Ra The Ultimate:

quote:

---

I just want to point out that racists like Swenet, Troll, Djehuti, etc wants to attribute the Ancient Egyptians civilizations to some back migrating Eurasian (the dynastic/hamitic race theory). This is what it's all about.

---

'nuff said!

---

quote:

---

"Analysis of Predinastic skeletal material showed tropical African elements in the population of the earliest populations of the earliest Badarian culture" [...]

---

quote:

---

Little change in body shape was found through time, suggesting that all body segments were varying in size in response to environmental and social conditions. The change found in body plan is suggested to be the result of the later groups having a more tropical (Nilotic) form than the preceding populations.

---

quote:

---

The results indicate overall population continuity over the Predynastic and early Dynastic, and high levels of genetic heterogeneity, thereby suggesting that state formation occurred as a mainly indigenous process. Nevertheless, significant differences were found in morphology between both geographically-pooled and cemetery-specific temporal groups, indicating that some migration occurred along the Egyptian Nile Valley over the periods&time; studied.

---

quote:

---

Originally posted by Trollkillah # Ish Gebor:

A new hype is coming out, for some odd reason the Pharaoh is being played by the cold adapted in body portion "Australian actor Joel Edgerton". The role player of Moses is laughable too.

quote:

---

In fact, in terms of body shape, the European and the Inuit samples tend to be cold-adapted and tend to be separated in multivariate space from the more tropically adapted Africans, especially those groups from south of the Sahara.

---

--Holliday TW, Hilton CE.
Body proportions of circumpolar peoples as evidenced from skeletal data: Ipiutak and Tigara (Point Hope) versus Kodiak Island Inuit.

---

quote:

---

Originally posted by Truthcentric:
I have just downloaded this new limb proportion study onto my laptop at UCSD. If anyone's interested in taking a look, PM me your e-mail so I can send it to you.

To give you a preview of the findings, here's a dendrogram showing similarities in limb proportions between the populations measured:



Population Affinities of the Jebel Sahaba Skeletal Sample (Holliday 2013)

---

This Holliday chart shows the Mechta-Afalou marked on the chart "Afalou" from Algeria were cold adapted

They were a late Paleolithic and Mesolithic Iberomaurusian population
However I'm not saying that has anything to do with Nile Valley cultures.
 

---

Posted by the lioness, (Member # 17353) on :
 


http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2838831/

Evidence that a West-East admixed population
lived in the Tarim Basin as early as the early Bronze Age 2010

Chunxiang Li,1,2 Hongjie Li,2 Yinqiu Cui,1,2 Chengzhi Xie,2 Dawei Cai,1 Wenying Li,3 Victor H Mair,4 Zhi Xu,5 Quanchao Zhang,1 Idelisi Abuduresule,3 Li Jin,4 Hong Zhu,1 and Hui Zhou1,2

Abstract
Background

The Tarim Basin, located on the ancient Silk Road, played a very important role in the history of human migration and cultural communications between the West and the East. However, both the exact period at which the relevant events occurred and the origins of the people in the area remain very obscure. In this paper, we present data from the analyses of both Y chromosomal and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) derived from human remains excavated from the Xiaohe cemetery, the oldest archeological site with human remains discovered in the Tarim Basin thus far.

Results

Mitochondrial DNA analysis showed that the Xiaohe people carried both the East Eurasian haplogroup (C) and the West Eurasian haplogroups (H and K), whereas Y chromosomal DNA analysis revealed only the West Eurasian haplogroup R1a1a in the male individuals.

Conclusion

Our results demonstrated that the Xiaohe people were an admixture from populations originating from both the West and the East, implying that the Tarim Basin had been occupied by an admixed population since the early Bronze Age. To our knowledge, this is the earliest genetic evidence of an admixed population settled in the Tarim Basin.


_______________________________________________

similarly:

Kefi's Taforalt and Afalou samples from North Africa also had high H frequencies.
Haplogroup H is the most common mtDNA haplogroup in Europe.




Taforalt skull


The Libyan Tuareg have the highest H frequencies in the world but low diversity
Second to the Libyan Tuareg are Basques

quote:

---

This process of autochthonous differentiation continues in the Libyan Tuareg who, probably due to isolation and recent founder events, are characterized by village-specific maternal mtDNA lineages.

A high degree of homogeneity in the Libyan H1 lineages was observed, suggesting that the high frequency of H1 in the Tuareg may be the result of genetic drift and recent founder events.

It is worth noting the extensive village-specificity of the sub-clades. Indeed H1v1b and H1w harbored frequencies of 22% and 63% in Al Awaynat, but were not found at all in Tahala, and 80% of the mtDNAs from the village of Tahala were members of H1v1a in contrast to the only four out of 54 (7%) from the village of Al Awaynat. Similar to H1v1a, haplogroup H1x was also shared between the two groups with two instances in Tahala and four in Al Awaynat.

The sharp homogeneity of H1 in the Libyan Tuareg, who show extremely low values of haplotype diversity (0.165), is straightforward.

As for the Libyan Tuareg, the extremely low values of the diversity indices confirm that the outstanding high frequency of H1 in this population is the result of even more recent founder events.
--Ottoni 2010

---

quote:

---

Originally posted by the lioness,:

quote:

---

Originally posted by Trollkillah # Ish Gebor:

A new hype is coming out, for some odd reason the Pharaoh is being played by the cold adapted in body portion "Australian actor Joel Edgerton". The role player of Moses is laughable too.

quote:

---

In fact, in terms of body shape, the European and the Inuit samples tend to be cold-adapted and tend to be separated in multivariate space from the more tropically adapted Africans, especially those groups from south of the Sahara.

---

--Holliday TW, Hilton CE.
Body proportions of circumpolar peoples as evidenced from skeletal data: Ipiutak and Tigara (Point Hope) versus Kodiak Island Inuit.

---

quote:

---

Originally posted by Truthcentric:
I have just downloaded this new limb proportion study onto my laptop at UCSD. If anyone's interested in taking a look, PM me your e-mail so I can send it to you.

To give you a preview of the findings, here's a dendrogram showing similarities in limb proportions between the populations measured:



Population Affinities of the Jebel Sahaba Skeletal Sample (Holliday 2013)

---

This Holliday chart shows the Mechta-Afalou marked on the chart "Afalou" from Algeria were cold adapted

They were a late Paleolithic and Mesolithic Iberomaurusian population
However I'm not saying that has anything to do with Nile Valley cultures.

---

quote:

---

Our results demonstrate an ancient local evolution in Tunisia of some African haplogroups (L2a, L3*, and L3b).


[...]


Since the end of the extreme Saharan desiccation, lasting from before 25,000 years ago up to about 15,000 years ago, the Sahara has had post- and pre- Holocene cyclical climatic changes (Street and Grove 1976), and corresponding increases and decreases in population are probable. Wetter phases with better habitats perhaps allowed for increased colonization and gene and cultural exchange.

---

quote:

---

Frequently termed Mechta-Afalou or Mechtoid, these were a skeletally robust people and definitely African in origin, though attempts, such as those of Ferembach (1985), to establish similarities with much older and rarer Aterian skeletal remains are tenuous given the immense temporal separation between the two (Close and Wendorf 1990). At the opposite end of the chronological spectrum, dental morphology does suggest connections with later Africans, including those responsible for the Capsian Industry (Irish 2000) and early mid-Holocene human remains from the western half of the Sahara (Dutour 1989), something that points to the Maghreb as one of the regions from which people recolonised the desert (MacDonald 1998).

---

quote:

---

Large-scale climate change forms the backdrop to the beginnings of food production in northeastern Africa (Kröpelin et al. 2008).[ Hunter-gatherer communities deserted most of the northern interior of the continent during the arid glacial maximum and took refuge along the North African coast, the Nile Valley, and the southern fringes of the Sahara (Barich and Garcea 2008; Garcea 2006; Kuper and Kröpelin 2006). During the subsequent Early Holocene African humid phase, from the mid-eleventh to the early ninth millennium cal BP, ceramic-using hunter-gatherers took advantage of more favorable savanna conditions to resettle much of northeastern Africa (Holl 2005; Kuper and Kröpelin 2006). Evidence of domestic animals first appeared in sites in the Western Desert of Egypt, the Khartoum region of the Nile, northern Niger, the Acacus Mountains of Libya, and Wadi Howar (Garcea 2004, 2006; Pöllath and Peters 2007; fig. 1).

---

quote:

---

The great similarities between Taforalt and Hassi-el-Abiod men (malian Sahara)

---

quote:

---

we suggest that there may have been a relationship, albeit a complex one, between climatic events and cave activity on the part of Iberomaurusian populations.

---

quote:

---

Large-scale climate change forms the backdrop to the beginnings of food production in northeastern Africa (Kröpelin et al. 2008).[ Hunter-gatherer communities deserted most of the northern interior of the continent during the arid glacial maximum and took refuge along the North African coast, the Nile Valley, and the southern fringes of the Sahara (Barich and Garcea 2008; Garcea 2006; Kuper and Kröpelin 2006). During the subsequent Early Holocene African humid phase, from the mid-eleventh to the early ninth millennium cal BP, ceramic-using hunter-gatherers took advantage of more favorable savanna conditions to resettle much of northeastern Africa (Holl 2005; Kuper and Kröpelin 2006). Evidence of domestic animals first appeared in sites in the Western Desert of Egypt, the Khartoum region of the Nile, northern Niger, the Acacus Mountains of Libya, and Wadi Howar (Garcea 2004, 2006; Pöllath and Peters 2007; fig. 1).

---

quote:

---

Evidence from throughout the Sahara indicates that the region experienced a cool, dry and windy climate during the last glacial period, followed by a wetter climate with the onset of the current interglacial, with humid conditions being fully established by around 10,000 years BP, when we see the first evidence of a reoccupation of parts of the central Sahara by hunter gathers, most likely originating from sub-Saharan Africa (Cremaschi and Di Lernia, 1998; Goudie, 1992; Phillipson, 1993; Ritchie, 1994; Roberts, 1998).


[...]


Conical tumuli, platform burials and a V-type monument represent structures similar to those found in other Saharan regions and associated with human burials, appearing in sixth millennium BP onwards in northeast Niger and southwest Libya (Sivilli, 2002). In the latter area a shift in emphasis from faunal to human burials, complete by the early fifth millennium BP, has been interpreted by Di Lernia and Manzi (2002) as being associated with a changes in social organisation that occurred at a time of increasing aridity. While further research is required in order to place the funerary monuments of Western Sahara in their chronological context, we can postulate a similar process as a hypothesis to be tested, based on the high density of burial sites recorded in the 2002 survey. Fig. 2: Megaliths associated with tumulus burial (to right of frame), north of Tifariti (Fig. 1). A monument consisting of sixty five stelae was also of great interest; precise alignments north and east, a division of the area covered into separate units, and a deliberate scattering of quartzite inside the structure, are suggestive of an astronomical function associated with funerary rituals. Stelae are also associated with a number of burial sites, again suggesting dual funerary and astronomical functions (Figure 2). Further similarities with other Saharan regions are evident in the rock art recorded in the study area, although local stylistic developments are also apparent. Carvings of wild fauna at the site of Sluguilla resemble the Tazina style found in Algeria, Libya and Morocco (Pichler and Rodrigue, 2003), although examples of elephant and rhinoceros in a naturalistic style reminiscent of engravings from the central Sahara believed to date from the early Holocene are also present.

---

quote:

---

Originally posted by the lioness,:


http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2838831/

Evidence that a West-East admixed population
lived in the Tarim Basin as early as the early Bronze Age 2010

Chunxiang Li,1,2 Hongjie Li,2 Yinqiu Cui,1,2 Chengzhi Xie,2 Dawei Cai,1 Wenying Li,3 Victor H Mair,4 Zhi Xu,5 Quanchao Zhang,1 Idelisi Abuduresule,3 Li Jin,4 Hong Zhu,1 and Hui Zhou1,2

Abstract
Background

The Tarim Basin, located on the ancient Silk Road, played a very important role in the history of human migration and cultural communications between the West and the East. However, both the exact period at which the relevant events occurred and the origins of the people in the area remain very obscure. In this paper, we present data from the analyses of both Y chromosomal and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) derived from human remains excavated from the Xiaohe cemetery, the oldest archeological site with human remains discovered in the Tarim Basin thus far.

Results

Mitochondrial DNA analysis showed that the Xiaohe people carried both the East Eurasian haplogroup (C) and the West Eurasian haplogroups (H and K), whereas Y chromosomal DNA analysis revealed only the West Eurasian haplogroup R1a1a in the male individuals.

Conclusion

Our results demonstrated that the Xiaohe people were an admixture from populations originating from both the West and the East, implying that the Tarim Basin had been occupied by an admixed population since the early Bronze Age. To our knowledge, this is the earliest genetic evidence of an admixed population settled in the Tarim Basin.


_______________________________________________

similarly:

Kefi's Taforalt and Afalou samples from North Africa also had high H frequencies.
Haplogroup H is the most common mtDNA haplogroup in Europe.




Taforalt skull


The Libyan Tuareg have the highest H frequencies in the world but low diversity
Second to the Libyan Tuareg are Basques

quote:

---

This process of autochthonous differentiation continues in the Libyan Tuareg who, probably due to isolation and recent founder events, are characterized by village-specific maternal mtDNA lineages.

A high degree of homogeneity in the Libyan H1 lineages was observed, suggesting that the high frequency of H1 in the Tuareg may be the result of genetic drift and recent founder events.

It is worth noting the extensive village-specificity of the sub-clades. Indeed H1v1b and H1w harbored frequencies of 22% and 63% in Al Awaynat, but were not found at all in Tahala, and 80% of the mtDNAs from the village of Tahala were members of H1v1a in contrast to the only four out of 54 (7%) from the village of Al Awaynat. Similar to H1v1a, haplogroup H1x was also shared between the two groups with two instances in Tahala and four in Al Awaynat.

The sharp homogeneity of H1 in the Libyan Tuareg, who show extremely low values of haplotype diversity (0.165), is straightforward.

As for the Libyan Tuareg, the extremely low values of the diversity indices confirm that the outstanding high frequency of H1 in this population is the result of even more recent founder events.
--Ottoni 2010

---

H1 as a
whole has a higher diversity in the Near East than in Iberia
(Ennafaa et al., 2009).

---

quote:

---

Our results demonstrate an ancient local evolution in Tunisia of some African haplogroups (L2a, L3*, and L3b).
[...]
Indeed, taking into account the Tunisian sequences belonging to haplogroup L2a from Sejnane, Zriba, Kesra, Matmata, Sned, and Chenini-Douiret, we obtain a divergence age of about 28,000 ± 8,900 years, which is the same age calculated for this haplogroup including all the described sequences. However, we noticed two pairs of related haplotypes in the Kesra population, where we detected a local evolution of the L2a cluster, suggesting that this haplogroup could have been introduced earlier in Kesra.

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quote:

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C16223T – L0b – 16223C, L0d1a – 16223C, L0k2 – 16223C, L1c1a1 – 16223C, L2d – 16223C, L3x2a – 16223C, L3e2b – 16223C, M1a3b – 16223C, M7c3 – 16223C, N21 – 16223C, Q1a – 16223C, R – 16223C, R2a – 16223C, U4a2b – 16223T, X2h – 16223C, D4c1a – 16223C, D4g2a1 – 16223C, D5c2 – 16223C, B5b1b – 16223T,

C12705T – R- 12705C.

---

quote:

---

Evolutionary history of mtDNA haplogroup structure in African populations inferred from mtDNA d-loop and RFLP analysis.

(A) Relationships among different mtDNA haplogroup lineages inferred from mtDNA d-loop sequences and mtDNA coding region SNPs from previous studies (Kivisild, Metspalu, et al. 2006). Dashed lines indicate previously unresolved relationships.

(B) Relative frequencies of haplogroups L0, L1, L5, L2, L3, M, and N in different regions of Africa from mtDNA d-loop and mtDNA coding region SNPs from previous studies.

(C) Relative frequencies of haplogroups L0, L1, and L5 subhaplogroups (excluding L2 and L3) in different regions of Africa from mtDNA d-loop and mtDNA coding region SNPs from previous studies. Haplogroup frequencies from previously published studies include East Africans (Ethiopia [Rosa et al. 2004], Kenya and Sudan [Watson et al. 1997; Rosa et al. 2004]), Mozambique (Pereira et al. 2001; Salas et al. 2002), Hadza (Vigilant et al. 1991), and Sukuma (Knight et al. 2003); South Africans (Botswana !Kung [Vigilant et al. 1991]); Central Africans (Mbenzele Pygmies [Destro-Bisol et al. 2004], Biaka Pygmies [Vigilant et al. 1991], and Mbuti Pygmies [Vigilant et al. 1991]); West Africans (Niger, Nigeria [Vigilant et al. 1991; Watson et al. 1997]; and Guinea [Rosa et al. 2004]). L1*, L2*, and L3* from previous studies indicate samples that were not further subdivided into subhaplogroups.

---

quote:

---

"The new topology here reported has important implications as to the origins of the haplogroup E1b1. Using the principle of the phylogeographic parsimony, the resolution of the E1b1 trifurcation in favor of a common ancestor of E-M2 and E-M329 strongly supports the hypothesis that haplogroup E1b1 originated in eastern Africa, as previously suggested [10], and that chromosomes E-M2, so frequently observed in sub-Saharan Africa, trace their descent to a common ancestor present in eastern Africa.

Within E-M35, there are striking parallels between two haplogroups, E-V68 and E-V257. Both contain a lineage which has been frequently observed in Africa (E-M78 and E-M81, respectively) [6], [8], [10], [13]–[16] and a group of undifferentiated chromosomes that are mostly found in southern Europe (Table S2). An expansion of E-M35 carriers, possibly from the Middle East as proposed by other Authors [14], and split into two branches separated by the geographic barrier of the Mediterranean Sea, would explain this geographic pattern. However, the absence of E-V68* and E-V257* in the Middle East (Table S2) makes a maritime spread between northern Africa and southern Europe a more plausible hypothesis. A detailed analysis of the Y chromosomal microsatellite variation associated with E-V68 and E-V257 could help in gaining a better understanding of the likely timing and place of origin of these two haplogroups."

---

Before (A) and after (B):


--Beniamino et al.
 

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Posted by Trollkillah # Ish Gebor (Member # 18264) on :
 
By Bonnie Schrack author at Rootsweb.


RootsWeb: GENEALOGY-DNA-L [DNA] Spanish mtDNA and 16223

I originally wrote this in response to Grant's earlier message:

Grant wrote:
>I know that women pass on mtDNA
>as a sealed unit, and the U-2 with
>16129-A has a lot of other baggage,
>but Spanish mtDNA might explain
>the source of that results. It came
>from my g-grandmother, Dorah Francisco
>MIDDLETON. Francisco was her
>middle name, proudly recorded
>in several places, and passed on
>to one of her sons.

But -- I've just now read the followup from Bennett that you forwarded,
explaining that what you have is 16129C. I'm so happy for you, and
delighted that he was so good about correcting the error!

what other mutations it's found with, as I'll explain.

As implied by what Ana (below) said, 16129A is a widespread mutation,
found in many haplogroups all over the world, including L1a, L1c and
M1. Since it's in L1, it can be considered a feature of earliest mtDNA
strain coming out of Africa, and the loss of it would constitute a
marker of distance from African origins.

That is certainly the case with the mutation 16223T>C. Macaulay says,
"Eurasian mtDNAs are split, by 16223 C/T, into two substantial classes
(e.g., 16223T is in 7% of Europeans .... and 65% of Mongolians...),
whereas Africans predominantly have 16223T [91%...] The 16223T state
also characterizes the Neanderthal sequence ...
Whether the thymine-cytosine transition, inferred to have occurred
around the time of "out-of-Africa" event, happened just once has never
been clear... [However], there is another T>C transition] at np 12705
that also splits off the 16223C clusters (J, T, U, H, and V). Thus, we
confidently can identify a single common 16223 event, at least for these
clusters.
...This is fully consistent with modern Eurasian mtDNA being derived
from the 16223[T] sequence (in HVS1) which, during an Upper Paleolithic
expansion, gave rise to, among others, clusters A, I, M, W, X, and,
after the 16223T-C/12705T-C events, all the Reference-Sequence-derived
clusters (e.g., B, F, T, J, U, H, and V) in the concomitant rapid
branching of the genealogy."

He refers more than once to the 16223T>C transition as causing a "deep
split in the phylogeny."

What does this mean? It means that any time you see an mtDNA haplotype
that includes 16223 in its list of mutations, you can assume that it
does not belong to U, K (they left that out of their list since it's
really a clade of U), T, J, H, V, etc., but instead belongs to one of
the less common European groups, I, W, or X, or else one of the many
non-European haplogroups who retain this ancestral marker.

Since samples 18, 34, 39, and 48 in the Spanish database, who have
16129A, also have 16223T, the ancient African state of that marker, you
can be sure they are not in haplogroup U, for example.

Since your haplotype does not have 16223T (but instead 16223C), you can
be pretty sure that you are in one of the haplogroups B, F, T, J, U, K,
H, or V. Since you do have the key mutation 16051, and the other
typical U2 mutations you can be pretty sure that you're in that
haplogroup.

For the samples 6, 47, 54, and 90, they have the mutation 16129A, but
not 16223T. Thus, we can presume that like you, they are in one of
those haplogroups that has the modern 16223C, but one would have to
examine their other mutations more carefully to determine which one.

Since sample 99 does have 16051, there's a chance that it could be in
U2. But it's hard to say for sure, given just this data.

And Ana wrote:
>Although we are L1c, we also have
>16129 A as one of our 13 HVR1
>mutations and we do have documented
>direct ancestors from Spain. Do you
>have any idea where your great-
>grandmother was born or what area
>she was from? We could check to
>see if anyone with the surname Francisco
>is listed in Spain's Archivos de las Indias . . .

Searching on the surname Francisco in Spanish records is a worthwhile
idea in and of itself, if you want to try that, regardless of the mtDNA
involved. I did a tiny bit of research on the Francisco surname. They
often intermarried with the Dutch in colonial America, seem to have been
French, Belgian, or from the Spanish Netherlands, are reputed to be
Huguenots, and many believe them to have Spanish origins, though this
isn't clear. I'll send you more off-list.

The fact that Ana has 16129A does not link her family particularly to
Spain, though.

The haplogroup L1c would be indicative of African ancestry, probably in
historical times, while, as I mentioned, your U2 mtDNA is Eurasian, and
on the other side of the 16223 split from L1c (and L1a, M, etc.)


http://archiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com/th/read/GENEALOGY-DNA/2003-07/1057946048


Apparently the so called C-split 16223C, is found in Africa as well, clustering with old clades. This split they tend to cluster with out of Africa migrations. And since it is out of Africa, and then became predominant, they say it's Eurasian. However, the root is already found within African populations.


In addition to IronLion's work:

quote:

---

http://www.cell.com/cms/attachment/1077329/7908829/mmc2.xls


http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/sequences_by_group/L0k_genbank_sequences.htm


http://www.nature.com/jhg/journal/v56/n9/extref/jhg201171x2.xls


C16223T – L0b – 16223C, L0d1a – 16223C, L0k2 – 16223C, L1c1a1 – 16223C, L2d – 16223C, L3x2a – 16223C, L3e2b – 16223C, M1a3b – 16223C, M7c3 – 16223C, N21 – 16223C, Q1a – 16223C, R – 16223C, R2a – 16223C, U4a2b – 16223T, X2h – 16223C, D4c1a – 16223C, D4g2a1 – 16223C, D5c2 – 16223C, B5b1b – 16223T,

C12705T – R- 12705C.

---

quote:

---

Originally posted by Truthcentric:
I have just downloaded this new limb proportion study onto my laptop at UCSD. If anyone's interested in taking a look, PM me your e-mail so I can send it to you.

To give you a preview of the findings, here's a dendrogram showing similarities in limb proportions between the populations measured:



Population Affinities of the Jebel Sahaba Skeletal Sample (Holliday 2013)

---

quote:

---

Originally posted by Amun-Ra The Ultimate:

quote:

---

[/URL]

Population Affinities of the Jebel Sahaba Skeletal Sample (Holliday 2013)

---

Here again we can see East and West Africans clustering very close with one another along with other African populations (biologically, physiologically).

At the top, we can see African populations, at the bottom non-African populations.

It's nothing special since it has been demonstrated many times that almost all black African people have their origin in Northeastern Africa at a period of time postdating the OOA migrations. From where they later immigrated in the Green Sahara and eventually in the rest of Africa. For example, most Africans are from the E haplogroups or have their language family originating there in Northeastern Africa.

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This chart does not prove that modern Africans priginated in East Africa, it probably reflects the role of diet in determining selected craniometric feature of African populations overtime. for example Kerma is located in Nubia, but the populations according to this chart are distantly related.

.
 

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Posted by Clyde Winters (Member # 10129) on :
 
Generally, physical anthropologists can tell the difference between the skeletal remains of an African,and European. This is due to “extremes” in African craniometrics. Carlson and Gerven observed that the variance in craniofacial features in African populations may be due to diet( See: Carlson,D. and Van Gerven,D.P. (1979). Diffussion, biological determinism and bioculdtural adaptation in the Nubian corridor,American Anthropologist, 81, 561-580.)
.



.
The research indicates that craniofacial features, in relation to the skull can be shaped, in evolutionary terms by heritability and high biomechanical load. This is reflected in the morphological heterogeneity within the same population studied by Carlson and Gerven when they studied Nubian craniometrics.


These researchers explained that the differences in Nubian skeletal remains was not the result of populaton changes resulting from invasion. They argued that the skeletal remains represented the same population.

So instead of the changes in crania reflecting biological diffusion, the changes in facial features result from changes in diet that lead to less masticatory stress associated with changes in subsistence patterns . Research shows that changes in diet lead to variation in the size and position of the muscles of mastication which inturn lead to reduction in the robustness of the craniofacial complex. This would explain why the use of multivariate techniques show variability between modern and ancient crania and skulls of African people and the broad or fine features associated with diverse African populations.
.
 

---

Posted by the lioness, (Member # 17353) on :
 

quote:

---

Originally posted by Trollkillah # Ish Gebor:
If you like to copy-paste behind my back, then do it right.


http://www.egyptsearch.com/forums/ultimatebb.cgi?ubb=get_topic;f=8;t=008928;p=1#000016

http://www.egyptsearch.com/forums/ultimatebb.cgi?ubb=get_topic;f=8;t=008928;p=1#000017

quote:

---

Our results demonstrate an ancient local evolution in Tunisia of some African haplogroups (L2a, L3*, and L3b).


[...]


Since the end of the extreme Saharan desiccation, lasting from before 25,000 years ago up to about 15,000 years ago, the Sahara has had post- and pre- Holocene cyclical climatic changes (Street and Grove 1976), and corresponding increases and decreases in population are probable. Wetter phases with better habitats perhaps allowed for increased colonization and gene and cultural exchange.

---

--Frigi et al., 2010

Ancient Local Evolution of African mtDNA Haplogroups in Tunisian Berber Populations

---

quote:

---

Originally posted by Trollkillah # Ish Gebor:

quote:

---

Frequently termed Mechta-Afalou or Mechtoid, these were a skeletally robust people and definitely African in origin, though attempts, such as those of Ferembach (1985), to establish similarities with much older and rarer Aterian skeletal remains are tenuous given the immense temporal separation between the two (Close and Wendorf 1990). At the opposite end of the chronological spectrum, dental morphology does suggest connections with later Africans, including those responsible for the Capsian Industry (Irish 2000) and early mid-Holocene human remains from the western half of the Sahara (Dutour 1989), something that points to the Maghreb as one of the regions from which people recolonised the desert (MacDonald 1998).

---

--Lawrence Barham

The First Africans: African Archaeology from the Earliest Toolmakers to Most Recent Foragers (Cambridge World Archaeology)

---

quote:

---

Originally posted by The Explorer

similarities in dental traits has no bearing on cranio-metric revelations that said coastal northwestern specimens do not form some homogeneous cranial type, which a number of researchers had been compelled to acknowledge, despite attempts to force them into a preconceived taxonomic type(s) spanning several of some or the other of the groups that Irish mentions above.

For instance, as pointed out here before, Briggs came up with four "types" from his analysis of EpiPaleolithic and early Holocene Maghrebi specimens [including the so-called "Ibero-Maurusians" and so-called "Capsian" groups], three of which were described as "Mediterranean" sub-types, while the remainder was reckoned to be a mixture of these "Mediterranean" sub-types; these "types" were named respectively as follows: "Type A", "Type B", "Type C", and "Type D".

Chamla on the other hand, came up with two primary "types" and a derivative type namely, the "Mectha-Afalou", the "Mediterranean" types (the "Proto Mediterranean"), and the "Mechtoids" respectively. The "Mechta-Afalou" were associated with the "Ibero-Maurusian" industry, while the latter two were associated with the "Capsian" industry, with the Mechtoids being representative of the Upper Capsian industry [which is interesting, considering that Chamla saw them as the "gracile" version of the "Mechta-Afalou" type, whom as noted, had been associated with "Ibero-Maurusian" industry]. The "Mechta-Afalou" were considered to be generally more robust than the latter Capsian groups.

It is not inconceivable that Mesolithic Maghrebi groups [who do not appear to be ancestors of recent Maghreb Tamazight or "Berber" speaking groups based on cranial findings and genetic material] may have interacted and exchanged genes with geographically proximate groups that "back-migrated" into the African continent

---